长白山地区土地利用及生态系统服务价值变化研究

在遥感和GIS技术的支持下,以2000年和2010年两期Landsat TM/ETM+影像解译数据为基础,分析长白山地区近10a土地利用变化情况。应用Costanza生态系统服务价值计算公式,采用谢高地等人的中国陆地生态系统单位面积生态服务价值表,并对其作适当修订后进行该区生态系统服务价值变化的计算。结果表明:10a间,长白山地区土地利用发生了较大变化,旱田、建筑用地面积呈增加趋势,水田、林地、水域和湿地面积呈减少趋势;生态系统服务价值由2000年的1 507.37亿元减少到2010年的1 505.57亿元,减少幅度为0.12%;生态系统各单项服务功能价值呈减少趋势,水源涵养、气体调节功能的价值减少剧烈;敏感性指数小于1,研究结果可信。     

滇中城市群土地利用转型及生态系统服务价值交叉敏感性分析

为探清滇中城市群土地利用转型对生态系统服务功能的影响,基于2000年、2010年、2020年3期Landsat TM/OLI遥感土地利用解译数据,运用土地利用动态变化模型、生态系统服务价值计算模型和土地利用转型生态贡献度研究了不同土地利用转型过程和生态系统服务价值的时空演变特征,并结合交叉敏感性系数模型定量评估了土地利用转型对生态系统服务价值的响应程度并划定敏感性分区。结果表明:(1)滇中城市群土地利用类型以林地、草地、耕地为主,建设用地持续扩张及耕地、水域、未利用地面积不断减少,草地和林地经历了“先减少后增加”的变化过程;(2)研究期间生态系统服务价值呈“先减少后增加”的趋势,地均生态系统服务价值高值区主要分布在滇池、抚仙湖和星云湖三大高原湖泊流域;(3)近20 a来,退耕还林、还草、还湖对生态系统服务功能改善的贡献度达49.10%,毁林开荒、围湖造田对林地、草地和水域的占用导致生态系统服务价值减少约2.65亿元;(4)耕地、林地、草地和水域向其他地类转型对生态服务价值的响应较为敏感,耕地、林地和草地与建设用地间转型的高生态敏感区集中在曲靖和楚雄,耕地与林地间转型的高生态敏感区分布较小,林地向草地和水域转型的低生态敏感区空间分布范围最广。综上,该区不同土地利用转型对生态系统服务功能影响显著。     

常熟市土地利用变化对生态服务价值的影响

采用计算机自动分类和人工目视解译相结合的方法,对常熟地区1991年、2001年、2006年的三期Landsat TM影像进行了土地利用分类,获取了主要土地利用类型信息,并计算了生态服务价值。结果表明,1991-2001年,常熟市的城镇用地显著扩张,湿地和林地面积有所增加,而耕地面积大大减少,生态服务价值有所下降;2001-2006年,城镇用地进一步扩张,耕地和林地面积锐减,湿地面积显著增加,生态服务价值显著增加。分析土地利用变化对生态服务价值的影响可以为科学、合理地进行土地利用,保持生态系统的平衡,以及人口、资源、环境的可持续发展提供决策支持。敏感性分析表明,生态服务价值对生态服务价值系数的变化是缺乏弹性的,因此结果是可信的。     

基于RS和GIS的河谷型城市土地利用变化及生态环境效应研究

基于RS和GIS技术,从1990年和2006年兰州市TM和ETM遥感数据和专题矢量数据中提取了土地利用数据,分析了该区16a来的土地利用变化,并从生态系统服务价值的角度,定量评价了该区土地利用变化所产生的生态环境效应。结果表明,1990—2006年兰州市林地增长面积最大,主要来源于草地和耕地的转出,其次为城镇交通用地,主要是对耕地、草地和未利用地的占用;土地利用类型面积减少最大的是草地,主要转变为耕地、林地和城镇交通用地。土地利用变化引起生态服务价值变化表现为1990年为43594.95万元,2006年为44084.16万元,表明该区域生态环境整体向良性方向发展。     

山东省土地利用变化及其对生态系统服务价值的影响

[目的]对山东省土地利用变化及其对生态系统服务价值产生的影响进行分析,为区域环境保护和粮食安全提供保障。[方法]运用GIS技术获取山东省1995,2005,2015年土地利用类型数据,结合相关评价模型,对研究区生态服务价值的时空动态演变及其特征进行剖析。[结果](1)山东省土地利用类型主要以耕地为主,1995—2015年,耕地、林地、草地以及未利用地面积减少,建设用地和水域面积持续增加,建设用地的扩张主要由耕地转变而来;(2)1995—2015年,研究区内生态系统服务总价值共减少6.62×109元,变化率为-2.07%。20a间,水文调节的生态服务价值增加迅速,其他单项生态服务价值均呈现为减少的态势;从空间上来看,生态系统服务价值差异较大,表现为鲁东、鲁南地区高,鲁中和鲁西北地区低的空间分布格局,生态增值区范围较小,生态减值区广泛分布且面积增大。(3)山东省生态系统服务价值缺乏弹性,所采用的生态价值系数是可靠的。[结论]今后应着力优化土地利用结构和布局,通过规划等措施综合调控土地利用变化,从而促进山东省生态环境的稳定发展。     

土地利用变化对艾比湖流域生态系统服务价值的影响

基于遥感与GIS技术,运用生态系统服务价值系数分析了1970-2009年艾比湖流域生态系统服务价值的变化,探讨了干旱区典型内陆湖流域生态系统服务变化对土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)的响应.结果表明,近40 a艾比湖流域土地利用状况变化显著,耕地和建设用地的面积增加,其他土地利用类型的面积减少;流域生态系统服务价值整体变化较小,总价值先增后减,林地、水域和草地面积的减少是总服务价值减少的主要原因,耕地面积的增加补偿了总价值的部分损失,但损失略大于收益;各项生态功能的服务价值对总生态系统服务价值贡献大小的等级基本稳定,其中,水源涵养、土壤形成保护和废物处理能力的贡献率最大;敏感性分析表明,研究区生态系统服务价值对于生态价值系数是缺乏弹性的,各土地利用类型生态系统服务价值敏感性指数都小于1,研究结果是可信的.     

珠江三角洲地区土地利用和景观格局变化研究

珠江三角洲是中国经济快速发展地区之一,土地利用发生剧烈变化。利用1990,2000,2006年3期遥感解译数据,借助GIS空间分析功能和景观格局指数,分析了珠江三角洲土地利用和景观格局时空演变过程。研究结果表明,1990—2006年,珠江三角洲土地利用发生变化的面积13 580.81km2,占土地总面积的32.93%,后6a变化速度明显快于前10a;城镇用地、农村居民点、其它建设用地快速扩张,水域面积显著增加,水田、旱地、林地面积快速减少;斑块数量显著增加,土地利用景观不断破碎,多样性增强。水田、旱地、林地、水域和城镇用地近圆指数较小,斑块形状复杂;分维数介于1.26～1.44,各地类形状趋向复杂,人类对其干扰不断增强;林地是整个区域土地利用格局的基质,分离度最小,水田、城镇用地、旱地和水域的分离度相对较小,呈现连片分布状态。     

冀南土地利用变化对区域生态服务价值的影响分析

以1997年和2007年LandsatTM影像解译数据为基础,根据Costanza、谢高地等人对全球生态系统服务价值的测算方法,分析了邯郸市土地利用/覆盖变化及其所引起的区域生态系统服务价值的变化。结果表明:(1)1997-2007年研究区的土地利用变化十分明显,其中耕地面积减少了414.90km2,林地面积增加了644.33km2,草地面积减少了602.51km2,建设用地增加了252.37km2,水域减少了121.99km2,未利用地增加了178.81km2;(2)区域生态系统服务价值在1997-2007年10a间呈下降态势,根据Costanza、谢高地、段瑞娟等提出的生态系统服务价值系数计算分别下降了1.2,9.7,27.1亿元,生态环境质量下降,处于不可持续发展状态。     

干旱区县域土地覆被变化特征及其生态环境效应——以内蒙古自治区翁牛特旗为例

[目的]研究翁牛特旗的土地利用变化特征及其生态环境效应,为该地区生态环境重建提供支持。[方法]选取2006及2015年8月Landsat卫星影像,通过ENVI 5.1提取出翁牛特旗土地利用数据,进而利用土地利用动态度、土地利用类型的空间转移矩阵,以及生物丰度指数、生态系统服务价值和敏感性指数,分别对翁牛特旗土地利用结构的时空演化特征和生态环境效应进行分析。[结果](1)翁牛特旗主要土地利用类型为耕地、林地、草地和沙地,近10a来该旗的土地利用变化呈现为耕地、草地、建设用地增加,林地、沙地和水体面积减少的态势。(2)10a间生物丰度指数从2006年的43.47下降为2015年的42.69,降低1.79%,表明区域的生物量减少,不利于生物多样性发展;生态系统服务总价值从2006年的102.31亿元下降至2015年的98.47亿元,减少了3.84亿元,下降了3.75%,生态环境基本维持着平衡,总体上呈现出微弱的退化。(3)各种土地利用类型的敏感性指数(CS)均小于1,表明研究区生态系统服务价值对于生态服务价值系数不敏感、缺乏弹性。[结论]研究区林地、水体面积的减少,建设用地面积的增加是生态系统服务总价值减少的主要原因。研究区土地利用变化引起的生态系统服务价值和生物丰度的减少,加剧了当地生态环境的脆弱性。     

坝上高原生态用地时空格局演变与生态系统服务价值分析

为了给当地的生态用地保护和区域间生态补偿提供科学依据,该研究在坝上高原地区1990、1995、2000、2005、2010和2015年6期土地利用解译数据的基础上,通过GIS等工具分析了研究区域1990-2015年间生态用地格局演变的基本特征,并对生态用地的生态系统服务价值进行了计算。主要结论如下:1990-2015年期间,研究区域生态用地数量呈减少趋势,其中林地和其他生态用地数量在增加,草地和湿地数量在减少。生态用地活跃程度在2000-2015年比1990-2000年期间更高。林地的空间稳定性最好,然后为草地和湿地,其他生态用地稳定性最差。生态用地生态系统服务价值由46.01亿元上升到428.26亿元,增加了8.31倍,林地和湿地提供的生态系统服务价值最大,其次为草地,其他生态用地最小,应当继续加强生态防护林建设,采取生物恢复技术,人工补水,科学禁牧、休牧、轮牧,调整产业结构等措施恢复和增加林地、湿地和草地的生态系统服务功能。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.