苹果氮素营养研究Ⅳ.贮藏~(15)N的运转、分配特性

试材为盆栽的六年生辽伏/莱芜海棠,于1982年秋每株施4克丰度为9.3％的(~(15)NH_4)_2SO_4,在翌年主要物候期进行植株解析测定,结果表明,~(15)N在树体内的运转、分配基本随着生长中心的转移而转移。早春~(15)N肥分配率根系占55％,地上部新生器官仅占11％,随着新生器官发育的进展,分配到新梢、叶片与幼果中的~(15)N量增加。当新梢缓慢生长进入花芽分化期时,短枝及种子所在的果心部位~(15)N量显著增加,说明贮藏~(15)N有再分配、再利用的特性。 贮藏~(15)N主要利于早春根系、花、幼果、叶等新生器官的生长,根系的第二次生长(夏季)及一年生以上枝条的加粗生长所需的N主要依靠当年从土壤中吸收。     

红富士苹果枝条下垂处理对~(15)N尿素吸收、分配及利用的影响

以7年生红富士苹果(Malus domestica Borkh.‘RedFuji’)/平邑甜茶(Malushupehensis)为试材,研究枝条下垂处理对春季土施15N尿素的吸收、分配与利用的影响。结果表明:枝条下垂处理植株的根系从肥料中吸收分配到的15N量对根系全氮量的贡献率(Ndff)均低于对照,其中细根在多个物候期差异显著,而粗根在果实膨大期后差异显著;中短梢及中短梢叶的Ndff差异不显著;处理果实及长梢和长梢叶的Ndff在果实采收前均显著低于对照;处理植株多年生器官的Ndff在果实采收后显著高于对照。从15N分配率看,处理植株的中短梢一直显著高于对照,果实在膨大期后显著高于对照;长梢在果实采收前显著低于对照。处理植株的15N利用率低于对照,在果实膨大期后差异显著,两者植株15N利用率在果实采收后分别为21.083%和26.495%。     

果梅对秋施15N-硫铵的吸收与利用

 以细叶青梅/ 桃砧为试材, 研究了秋施¹⁵N-硫铵条件下氮的吸收、分配、贮藏和利用。休眠期果梅各器官均有贮氮能力,¹⁵N浓度根系大于多年生枝。秋施氮肥后, 冬季花中¹⁵N浓度显著高于同期其它器官; 春季果仁> 新梢> 果核> 果肉, 说明此期果仁争夺氮素营养的能力最强。新梢停长后, 当年生枝和叶中¹⁵N浓度显著下降, 而多年生器官在4～6 月均有所上升, 而6～9 月又都大幅度下降, 表明此期为多年生器官加粗和新根大量生长之际; 当年生枝¹⁵N浓度虽有所下降, 但始终高于同期多年生器官, 表明贮氮对当年生枝的花芽分化有持续作用。秋季落叶后, 衰老器官中回撤的氮素营养就近运输, 就近贮藏。次年春, 局部贮藏的氮素营养仍能重新为建造新生器官所使用。所以果梅体内氮素营养有随生长中心转移而转移, 且可较长时期重复利用的特性。     

红富士苹果对初夏土施~(15)N-尿素的吸收、分配和利用特性

以5a生田间红富士苹果为试材,以初夏土施15N-尿素为手段,研究了当年不同时期主要器官对15N-尿素的吸收、分配和利用特性。结果表明,从幼果期到果实采收期,叶片全氮质量分数最高,新梢、根系和果实依次递减;根系优先吸收15N-尿素,在幼果期15N质量分数达到最高,随物候期推进,吸收的15N-尿素外运用于新生器官(新梢、叶片与果实)的建造。到采收期,新生器官的15N质量分数提高,地上部分的15N吸收量明显高于地下部分,其中新梢、叶片和果实15N分配势(Ndff%)比幼果期分别增加了68.6%、80.6%和57.2%;地上部分15N吸收量达366.693mg,分配率为63.9%,占树体总氮量的0.75%;根系Ndff%比幼果期减少了68.8%,15N吸收量为207.5643mg,分配率为36.1%,占树体总氮量的0.42%。采收期树体的当年氮肥利用率为5.7%。     

柑桔的氮素营养

众所周知,氮素营养对柑桔的生长发育、开花结果的影响比其它营养元素都更密切。许多试验证明,在一定范围内,施氮量与产量呈正相关。一、氮素的吸收与运转柑桔植株吸收氮素有两个特点:第一,在南中亚热带地区柑桔几乎全年都可吸收氮素,但以夏秋季温度较高,生长旺感与根系活跃期吸收量多;第二,对氮素吸收利用较快。据 Wallace(1954)试验,脐橙施用~(15)N 标志的硝酸钙后4天,即有少量的~(15)N 进入旧叶,7天以后~(15)N 显著地进入旧叶和新     

‘嘎啦’苹果对一次和分次施入15N–尿素的吸收、分配和利用

 以8年生‘嘎啦’苹果/平邑甜茶为试材,研究了相同施氮量下其对一次和分次施¹⁵N–尿素的吸收、分配与利用情况。结果表明：一次性和分次施肥处理,果实成熟期植株各器官从肥料中吸收分配到的15N量对该器官全氮量的贡献率（Ndff）差异显著,分次施肥处理各器官Ndff显著高于一次施肥处理。分次施肥处理,新梢旺长期和果实膨大期果实和根系的Ndff均低于一次施肥处理,但在果实成熟期均高于一次施肥处理。果实成熟期测定,生殖器官分配率最高,营养器官和贮藏器官均较低,处理间差异不显著。分次施肥处理15N利用率为32.2%,显著高于一次施肥处理（23.34%）。     

观赏辣椒穴盘苗氮素营养的运转分配规律及对花芽分化的影响研究

以"五彩椒"为试材,在其花芽分化期施用15 N-KNO3示踪,并采用促、抑花调控措施,研究了观赏辣椒穴盘苗氮素营养的运转分配规律及花芽分化机理。结果表明:生长中心在花芽分化前后发生了转移,在花芽分化前主要以根系为生长中心,在花芽分化后转移到地上部顶芽和叶片的生长和发育;幼苗体内氮素水平的高低对花芽分化起着重要作用,在花芽分化前后促、抑花处理根、茎中氮含量和15 N的丰度均增加,而在花芽分化后促花处理顶芽和叶中氮含量和15 N的丰度均降低,相对较低的氮素含量水平有利于成花。     

不同施肥期沾化冬枣对15N的吸收、分配及利用特性

 盆栽条件下利用¹⁵N示踪技术, 研究不同时期施15N - 尿素, 对沾化冬枣¹⁵N的吸收利用及分配特性的影响。结果表明: 生长季前期(萌芽前和花前) 施用¹⁵N - 尿素, 经根系吸收后, ¹⁵N优先分配到贮藏器官(包括主干、多年生枝和粗根) 中, 然后外运用于树体新生器官(包括枣吊及其叶片、新生营养枝、细根及果实) 的形成, 果实采收后¹⁵N开始向贮藏器官回流; 果实硬核期¹⁵N直接用于树体营养生长和生殖生长, 而不是先贮藏再利用; 果实速长期¹⁵N优先向贮藏器官中积累; 萌芽前施¹⁵N在树体内的运转规律符合落叶果树贮藏N营养分配规律, 优先转运到生长中心。随着施肥期的后延, 植株对¹⁵N - 尿素的当季利用率逐渐下降。     

葡萄幼树对~(13)C和~(15)N的吸收、分配和利用特性

【目的】探讨施用铵态氮条件下不同取样时间葡萄幼树各器官~(13)C丰度、含量和分配率,各器官Ndff%、~(15)N含量、分配率和利用率,各指标间的相关关系,探索施铵态氮对不同时间葡萄幼树各器官碳氮养分吸收、分配和利用的变化规律。【方法】用2 a(年)生‘红地球’葡萄(Vitis vinifera L.‘Red Globe’)作为试材,施用300 mg (~(15)NH_4)_2SO_4,分别在施氮后15 d、30 d、45 d和160 d进行~(13)C标记,~(13)C标记后72 h取样。【结果】新根、叶和新枝等新生器官的生物量随时间增加显著,45 d时新根生物量分别比15、30 d增加了410.34%、60.87%,160 d时新枝生物量比45 d增加了397.22%;老根和老枝生物量15～45 d随时间变化不明显,160 d时显著增加。新根、叶片和新枝~(13)C丰度显著高于老根和老枝,其中新根丰度最高。施氮后15 d,新根~(13)C含量最高,叶片次之;30 d后,叶片含量最高;新枝和老根碳含量在160 d时显著增加。分配到新根和叶片的~(13)C较高,施氮后15 d,分配到新根的是叶片的1.37倍;30～160 d,分配到叶片的~(13)C分别比新根高104.97%、18.04%和26.42%;160 d时新根和老根分配率增加明显。施氮后各器官Ndff均在45 d达最大值,新生各器官对氮素的征调能力显著高于老枝和老根,其中新根征调能力最高。施氮后各时间进入叶片中的氮肥量最多,前期进入新根的氮肥量显著增加,30 d和45 d分别比前一时间增加了9.48倍和1.17倍,160 d时新枝氮肥含量比45 d增加了19.80倍。各时间叶片氮肥分配率显著高于其他器官,新根分配率随时间呈先上升后下降的趋势,在45 d达到最高,新枝分配率前期没有显著差异,到160 d时显著上升,比45 d升高了8.30倍。15～30 d时叶片氮肥利用率最高,根系次之;45 d时,各器官(除新枝外)氮肥利用率达到最高,160 d时新枝利用率显著上升,上升了80.13%。【结论】施氮后促进新生器官中碳养分的吸收和分配,以及氮养分的吸收、分配和利用。     

来稿摘登

果园秋施基肥技术基肥以有机肥料为主，是较长时期供给果树多种养分的基础肥料。如腐殖酸类肥料、绿肥、作物秸秆、动物粪便、堆积沤制的自然肥料等。果园秋施基肥效果好。9～10月份，果树根系还在生长，施基肥后被切断的根可以愈合还可促发新根。增施有机肥料，可提高土壤孔隙度，改善土壤水、肥、气、热状况，促进微生物活动分解有机物，翌春可及时供根系吸收利用，并有利果园积雪保墒，提高地温，防止根际冻害。秋季果树地上部新生器官已渐趋停止生长，根系吸收的营养物质可有效增加树体营养，为来年果树生长、花芽分化、开花坐果打下良…     

梨子花发育对果实品质的影响

选择梨主栽品种‘丰水’、‘黄金’、‘新高’、‘鸭梨’、‘茌梨’和‘绿宝石’等为试材,对梨子花发育状况以及对果实品质的影响进行了调查研究。结果显示：梨不同品种子花发生率差异明显,‘丰水’、‘黄金’、‘新高’等砂梨系统品种子花发生率比‘鸭梨’、‘茌梨’和‘绿宝石’等白梨系统品种高;在结果枝类型上,短果枝的子花发生率比长果枝高;在结果母枝类型及生长势的强弱上,1年生弱枝的子花发生率比强枝高,2年生枝比3年生枝高;在同一花枝上中部子花发生率高;子花的开花期比母花晚 1 ~ 2 d,小花数在3 ~ 6朵之间,开花顺序与母花相反,为中心花先开,中心果发育最快。子花所结果实比母花果实小,商品价值低。因此,梨生产上子花的及早摘除有利于果品质量的提高。     

Influence of shoot age on floral development and early fruit set in avocado (Persea americana Mill.) cv. Hass

Floral bud development, early fruit set, bud size, leaf nitrogen and shoot starch content were recorded in spring, summer and autumn shoots of ‘Hass’ avocado (Persea americana Mill.). Floral initiation occurred in late autumn, but only in buds on terminal shoots (the last-formed shoot module on a terminal or axillary growth axis). In branching systems with three growth flushes, more flowers were produced and more fruit set on autumn and summer, than on spring flush terminal shoots. Floral development and leaf nitrogen accumulation occurred later in autumn than in summer shoots, but leaf numbers, dry and fresh weights, starch content of wood, mean floral status at anthesis and anthesis date were similar. The results suggest that nitrogen and starch were present in excess during floral development, and that shoot age did not influence the ability of a shoot to flower and set fruit, provided the shoot had sufficient vigour to produce new shoot growth in spring.     

蛋白质组学在果实发育生物学研究中的应用

相对于基因组,蛋白质组对生命现象的诠释更直接、更准确,近年得到了快速发展.概述了蛋白质组学在果树花芽分化、果实发育、采后贮藏等果实发育机制方面的研究现状；提出蛋白质组学在果树学应用上所存在的问题,同时对其应用前景进行了展望.     

砧木对柑桔嫁接幼树早果影响的生理生化研究

本文研究了枳和红桔两种砧木对柑桔嫁接幼树结果早晚影响的生理生化差异。1.枳砧树较红桔树至少提早二年开花,枳砧树的单叶面积、株高、新梢生长量和干径均小于红桔砧树;2.花芽生理分化期枳砧树叶片的可溶性糖、淀粉及还原糖的含量均高于红桔砧树,叶片总氮含量变化不大,但在花芽形态分化期,砧木对叶片可溶性蛋白质含量的影响较大。叶片C/N比值与花芽形成存在一定相关关系。10月上中旬各因子二种砧木树的相对含量有一明显逆转过程,3.花芽生理分化期枳砧树叶片内源玉米素和脱落酸含量高于红桔砧树,赤霉素(GA_3)低于红桔砧树,整个试验期间,Z/GA_3和ABA/GA_3比值均为枳砧树高于红桔砧树。     

The effect of soil temperature on lateral shoot formation and flower-bud formation in apple in the first year after budding

Under controlled environment conditions the influence of four soil temperatures (7°, 14°, 21°, and 28°C) on vegetative development and flower-bud formation of apple trees (cvs ‘Rode Boskoop’ and ‘Elstar’) were evaluated in the first year after budding. Relative air humidity was high, air temperature was 20°C. Broadly speaking, for both cultivars shoot growth clearly increased with increasing soil temperature. The effects on growth were mainly reflected in the number (not length) of the lateral shoots; the growth of the main shoot was little influenced by soil temperature. At 7°C the lateral shoots usually occurred higher along the main stem than at the higher temperatures. Flowering on the parent stem and on the lateral shoots was little affected by the soil temperatures tested. In general, flower-cluster quality was rather poor. If only clusters having more than four well-developed flowers are considered, flowering was favoured by higher soil temperatures; at 28°C, especially, cluster quality was much better than at the other soil temperatures. It is concluded that soil temperature is important in controlling the degree of lateral shoot-formation as well as the formation of well-developed flower clusters.     

果树花芽分化机理研究进展

综合有关文献概述了果树花芽分化机理研究的主要进展,包括果树花芽分化与激素、多胺、核酸、激素信号和分子遗传学等方面。近年来,随着研究手段的不断进步和研究水平的提高,人们逐渐弄清了果树花芽分化的概念及其分化期间的重要生理生化变化以及外界因素调控的机制,认为旺盛营养生长的梢尖或正在发育果实的种子产生的极性运输的生长素可能是扼制果树花芽发端的信号,营养芽中高水平的细胞分裂素促进花芽发端。而果树花芽分化的分子机理研究还刚刚起步。     

Isotopically-labelled nitrogen uptake and partitioning in sweet cherry as influenced by timing of fertilizer application

Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) is a fruit of increasing economic importance though it is less significant than other stone fruit species such as peach. Cherry has received little attention concerning nitrogen (N) uptake and dynamics in mature trees. The aim of this work was to determine N uptake and partitioning as influenced by the timing of fertilizer application in 7-year-old sweet cherry trees cultivated in a cold region (Los Antiguos, Santa Cruz, Argentina; 71°38′ W, 46°32′ S). Nitrogen (95 kg ha⁻¹) was applied as ammonium nitrate to a soil with ‘Bing’ sweet cherry trees grafted onto Prunusmahaleb rootstocks. Fertilization was split into two equal applications per treatment, involving either the commercial fertilizer ammonium nitrate or the same fertilizer labelled with ¹⁵N isotope (10% atom.). Treatments consisted of one early spring (full bloom, October 2005) or one summer (late January 2006, 15 days after harvest) application of ¹⁵N ammonium nitrate to three replicate trees. Fruit were harvested in early January and leaves were collected at both full canopy and leaf fall. All trees were excavated in winter (August, 2006). Trees were partitioned into their components: trunk, branches (current-season shoots, 1-year-old and over-1-year-old branches), buds of the same age, small roots (less than 1 mm thick), large roots, leaves (sampled in February and April), and fruit (collected at harvest). Those components were dried and analysed for total N and ¹⁵N content. Total N per tree and N content derived from the fertilizer did not differ between treatments. Summer postharvest ¹⁵N application partitioned not only to structural components (trunk and roots) but also to buds and leaves. Uptake efficiency was significantly (p = 0.0113) higher in the spring than in the summer application (65.7% vs. 37.44%). Nevertheless, 52.5% of N applied in spring was lost due to harvest and summer pruning. This emphasizes the importance of the postharvest N fertilization which increases N accumulation in both reserve organs and buds though, according to our data, it is less efficiently used. The extent of nitrogen uptake, efficiency of use and partitioning in the following growing seasons are still open questions that deserve further research.     

不同施氮水平纽荷尔脐橙叶绿素含量的季节变化

以1年生盆栽枳砧纽荷尔脐橙为试材,研究不同施氮水平对叶片氮含量,春梢、夏梢和秋梢落叶率,以及春梢、夏梢和秋梢叶绿素含量季节变化的影响。结果显示,施氮植株当年萌发的春梢和夏梢的落叶率在次年5月有减少的趋势,秋梢落叶率则有增加的趋势,其余时期施氮量与落叶率关系不明显;叶片氮含量与施氮量极显著正相关(r=0.97);施氮在大多数时期可显著或极显著提高不同枝梢叶片的叶绿素含量,在整个测定时期内保持较为稳定,在单株施氮量6.5g范围内这种效应随施氮量增加而显著增强,对照(不施氮)植株不同枝梢叶片的叶绿素含量从当年10月开始明显下降且次年4月锐降。由此可见,充足的氮肥不仅可提高纽荷尔脐橙叶片叶绿素含量且可减少其季节性变化幅度。