不同氮水平的日粮对牦牛血浆尿素氮的影响

尿素氮的再循环利用对于维持反刍动物体内氮的营养代谢具有重要意义。本文阐述了内源尿素氮对于反刍动物氮代谢的重要性,研究反刍动物尿素氮代谢的方法、影响尿素氮代谢的因素等。实验采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,以适宜于发展中国家的牦牛饲养标准为参考设计了4种氮水平、能量一样的日粮,探讨不同能氮水平日粮对天祝牦牛血浆尿素氮的影响。结果表明,饲喂前后,不同氮水平下血浆尿素氮含量都呈现先升高后降低的趋势,在饲喂后2 h达到峰值,不同采样时间点间差异极显(P=0.001)。各组(不同氮水平)差异极显著(P=0.000),由此可以看出不同氮水平日粮对血浆尿素氮含量有显著影响。     

反刍动物瘤胃氮代谢及其与瘤胃微生物相关性的研究进展

通过饲料养分调控瘤胃氮代谢是提高反刍动物氮利用效率的一种有效方式,其中能量和蛋白质对瘤胃氮代谢的影响尤为显著。能量和蛋白质通过调控瘤胃中的微生物进而影响瘤胃氮代谢过程,但两者对瘤胃中不同微生物的影响程度存在差异。本文综述了瘤胃中的氮降解过程、尿素氮循环、能氮平衡对瘤胃氮代谢的调控以及能量和蛋白质与瘤胃微生物之间的关系,为提高反刍动物氮利用效率和减少反刍动物氮排放量的研究提供科学依据。     

影响反刍动物氮利用的因素及其优化措施

反刍动物对饲粮中氮的利用效率为25%左右，其效率的高低会受到许多因素影响，主要包括瘤胃微生物的结构及种类、遗传因素、尿素氮循环效率和饲粮蛋白质水平等。反刍动物的过量氮排泄不仅会造成饲粮蛋白质的浪费，更会造成环境污染。本文阐述了影响反刍动物氮利用及生产的因素，并对基于提高氮利用效率进而提高饲料效率的优化措施进行了总结，旨在为提高反刍动物氮素利用效率、降低饲养成本和减少环境污染提供方向。     

后肠道对反刍动物氮代谢的作用

早在1948年McDonald就证实反刍动物可以从大肠吸收NH3,但一般观念仍认为反刍动物循环利用的氨(NH3)全部来源于瘤胃吸收的NH3。国外对反刍动物后肠道的氮(N)代谢进行了部分研究,并证明大肠是反刍动物再循环NH3的重要来源,尤其是日粮N进食量低时,后肠道的N代谢作用显得更加突出。     

提高反刍动物氮利用率的研究进展

提高反刍动物氮利用率是应对全球饲料资源短缺、环境污染和畜牧业可持续发展的有效措施。论文从当前对反刍动物氮代谢规律的最新认识、日粮和瘤胃因素对反刍动物氮利用率的影响以及经济与环境友好型集成技术等方面,综合阐述了国内外在提高反刍动物氮利用率方面的研究进展。     

皂苷调控反刍动物瘤胃发酵和生产性能的研究进展

饲料在反刍动物瘤胃中的发酵过程,不仅会造成能量和氨态氮的损失,动物生产性能的降低,而且还对环境造成污染.皂苷是一类对反刍动物瘤胃发酵有调控作用的植物次级代谢产物.本文主要综述了皂苷的化学结构、分布和存在形式及其对反刍动物瘤胃发酵和生产性能影响的最新研究进展,为我国开展皂苷作为反刍动物瘤胃发酵调控添加剂的研究提供参考.     

乳尿素氮估测奶牛氮排泄研究进展

在奶牛体内尿素代谢基础上,综述了利用乳尿素氮估测泌乳奶牛尿氮排泄量、总氮排泄量以及氨气排放方面 的研究进展,并对其应用前景进行了展望.     

植物次生代谢产物对瘤胃发酵调控的研究进展

瘤胃发酵调控在反刍动物营养与饲料产品研究中占有重要地位.近年来大量研究证实,植物提取物中含有生物碱、皂苷、萜类、挥发精油等多种生物活性成分,具有抗菌、促生长、提高免疫力和抗氧化等功能,同时具有调控反刍动物瘤胃发酵模式,提高氮存留,减少甲烷排放的功能.因此,植物次生代谢产物作为反刍动物饲料添加剂研究和应用将成为研究的热点,对发展反刍动物绿色营养技术、提高饲料利用效率和保护环境起到积极作用.本文针对目前应用于反刍动物饲料添加剂的植物次生代谢产物的来源、种类、组成特性和应用做了综述,以期对今后我国该领域的研究和产品开发提供参考价值.     

幼龄反刍动物瘤胃上皮细胞β-羟基丁酸代谢与调控机制

β-羟基丁酸（β-hydroxybutyric acid,BHBA）是酮体的主要成分之一,在反刍动物瘤胃中由微生物发酵产生的丁酸在瘤胃上皮细胞中氧化生成,BHBA对反刍动物瘤胃上皮细胞的代谢与增殖具有重要调控作用。近年来,有关BHBA研究多集中在肝脏生酮、奶牛酮病及泌乳等方面,关于BHBA与幼龄反刍动物瘤胃上皮细胞生长发育之间的关系及内在机制研究很少。本文重点针对BHBA在瘤胃上皮的生成、转运,以及BHBA作为信号分子调控瘤胃上皮细胞代谢与增殖的分子机制进行综述,这对于丰富瘤胃发育及调控理论与幼龄反刍动物培育营养策略具有重要意义。     

反刍动物体内尿素循环及其转运蛋白的分子调控机制研究进展

虽然在哺乳动物体内都存在尿素循环利用机制,但是反刍动物由于瘤胃的存在而使得尿素循环在维系机体氮平衡和提高氮素利用效率等方面发挥着更加重要的生物学意义。通过瘤胃壁扩散或转运,血液中的尿素可进入胃肠道,在脲酶的作用下转化为氨态氮,从而为瘤胃微生物蛋白合成提供氮源。研究表明,尿素在瘤胃上皮的自由扩散速度较慢,而尿素转运蛋白可以介导尿素分子高效地进行跨膜转运,其也被认为是反刍动物尿素循环最重要的调控因子。然而,相关报道已经证实,尿素转运蛋白的表达和功能发挥受到日粮营养水平与结构组成、瘤胃内环境、动物年龄等因素的影响。本文以尿素循环为出发点,重点阐述了反刍动物体内尿素循环的特点、影响因素以及尿素转运蛋白的表达特征及其分子调控过程,以期从分子生物学角度解析反刍动物尿素循环的作用机制,从而为生产实践中动物氮素的精准营养提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.