鱼用疫苗的研究概况

鱼用疫苗在提高动物体特异性免疫水平的同时亦能增强机体抗应激的能力,不污染环境,无药物残留。随着研究的不断深入,鱼用疫苗的种类愈来愈多。根据获得疫苗的不同方法,可将其分为死疫苗、减毒活疫苗、亚单位疫苗、DNA疫苗、合成肽疫苗等。鱼用疫苗的使用还有一系列问题尚未解决,如寻找保护性抗原,如何改进接种方式,如何将安全、经济、高效疫苗及时、大规模应用到养殖生产中等。     

鱼用疫苗基因工程技术及其商品化初探

对鱼用疫苗的基因工程技术、商品化等新动态进行了介绍，并对应用前景作了分析。     

台湾研发出鱼用口服疫苗

台湾成功大学突破传统注射方式，研发出“鱼用口服性疫苗”，可提升养殖鱼类存活率达80％以上。据了解，台湾成大水产生技医药研究团队利用“预防重于治疗”的概念，研发出“鱼用口服疫苗”的关键技术，及多价型注射疫苗系列产品，可有效提高养殖业经济价值。主持该计划的台湾成大教授杨惠郎表示，采用注射型疫苗虽可预防鱼疾病，但鱼量大注射不易，需耗费较多的人力。     

现有鱼用疫苗热点分析

为了在宏观上掌握鱼用疫苗的研究状况,为该领域研究工作的开展提供有益参考,利用引文分析与信息可视化分析软件CitespaceⅡ对数据库中收录的1 300篇鱼用疫苗文献进行系统分析,绘制了知识图谱,以知识图谱的形式展现国内外鱼用疫苗研究的进展、热点及前沿。     

水产疫苗——鱼类防疫之星

本文概述了国外商品化鱼用疫苗的历史，比较了我国鱼用疫苗存在的差距，反映出我国水产养殖防疫与消除水产品药物残留隐患对水产疫苗的迫切需求，分析了国内外在分子技术应用于水产疫苗的研制和疫苗实用化施用技术等研究的热点问题，提出了我国需加大科技投入、政策引导疫苗应用、提高从业者素质等发展水产疫苗的建议。     

鱼用疫苗研制过程中面临的问题与课题

近年来,鱼用疫苗的研究与开发受到了世界各国的重视,但是迄今为止,不能用疫苗预防的鱼类疾病仍然很多。本文拟就鱼用疫苗的研究与开发过程中的问题以及面临的课题进行简要的评述。近10年来,世界各国都加快了鱼用疫苗的开发与推广速度,尤其是在挪威,对年产量超过30万吨的鲑鱼(salmo salar)已经全部实现用3价或5价的鱼用疫苗的免疫接种。能实现如此大规模地对鱼类的免疫接种,主要是由于成功地开发出了能增强鱼用疫苗免疫效果的佐剂的缘故。此外,在对各种病原菌的有效抗原的探索过程中,现代生物技术的全面应用,以及免疫接种方法的改进和免疫复活剂的开发等,均起到了重要作用。特别是鱼类免疫系统结构与功能方面的基础性研究,由于分子生物学技术的应用,已经获得了突破性进展。但是,迄今为止在世界各国真正实现了商品化生产的鱼用疫苗只有6～7种而已,而对于能预防危害十分严重的大多数鱼病的鱼用疫苗,尚处在研究开发阶段。     

疫苗及其在水生动物疾病预防中的应用(五)

正五、水产用疫苗研究中存在的问题我国养殖的鱼类多,且多年来一直受到疾病的困扰,每年由细菌性疾病造成的经济损失都很大,那么,为什么我国鱼用疫苗的开发和应用却如此滞后呢?回顾我国研发鱼用疫苗的工作可以发现,因为种种原因,大多数鱼用疫苗的研究没有按照疫苗所要求的标准去完成研究内容。不少鱼用疫苗的     

新型鱼用疫苗的研究进展

养殖业的发展与疾病的防治密切相关 ,传统鱼病的防治多使用抗生素及减毒、灭活疫苗。近年来 ,随着分子免疫学与基因工程技术的迅猛发展 ,新一代鱼用疫苗的研究从 90年代开始起步 ,目前国外研究进展较快 ,主要包括 :ＤＮＡ疫苗 ,合成肽疫苗及减毒活疫苗[1] 。与采用传统方法生产的疫苗相比 ,新型疫苗具有安全、高效、价廉及可大量生产等优点。本文试对这 3种疫苗的研究现状进行综述 ,以探索、开发用于养殖业的新型疫苗 ,同时为深入了解鱼类的免疫防御机制提供依据。收稿日期 :2 0 0 0 -0 7-12作者简介 :夏永娟 ( 1970 -) ,女 ,第四军医大学讲…     

鱼用疫苗的现状及其发展趋势

鱼用疫苗的现状及其发展趋势杨先乐（长江水产研究所，荆沙市４３４０００）陈远新（洪湖市水产技术推广站，４３３２００）关键词鱼类，疫苗，现状，趋势ＴＨＥＥＸＩＳＴＩＮＧＳＩＴＵＡＴＩＯＮＡＮＤＴＥＮＤＥＮＣＹＩＮＤＥＶＥＬＯＰＭＥＮＴＯＦＦＩＳＨＶＡＣＣ...     

鱼用疫苗的研究

1942年,Duff首次应用灭活的杀鲑气单胞菌(AeromonasSalmonicida)口服免疫硬头鳟获得成功,开创了疫苗在鱼类应用上的新纪元。而后的几十年,许多科研人员开始了对鱼用疫苗的制备与研究进行了大量的探索。目前,国外迄今已批准上市的鱼类疫苗达30余种,且这些疫苗的使用已取得了非常显著的效果。我国鱼用疫苗的研究虽然起步较晚,但现在也已开发了针对草鱼出血病、烂鳃病、赤皮病、肠炎病等多种鱼类流行病的灭活疫苗。本文对鱼用疫苗的种类及相关研究进行简要的概述,以供参考。一、疫苗种类1、传统型疫苗国内常将用细菌等制成的制品称为菌苗,用…     

Use of Modified Live Vaccines in Aquaculture

Vaccination is an important disease management strategy used to maintain human and animal health worldwide. Vaccines developed for aquaculture have reduced antibiotic use in fish production. Original fish vaccines were bacterins (formalin‐killed bacteria) delivered through immersion or injection that induced humoral (antibody) immunity. Next generation vaccines relied on multiple killed antigens delivered with an adjuvant to enhance vaccine effectiveness. Work in the 1990s showed the use of various strategies to develop modified live vaccines for use in fish. A modified live vaccine is a live pathogen that has been rendered non‐pathogenic or avirulent by physical, chemical, or genetic engineering methods. The modified live vaccine typically retains its ability to infect the host which allows for effective presentation of protective antigens to generate cellular immunity (CD4 or CD8 T‐cell responses). Modified live vaccines are advantageous in that they can be easily delivered (i.e., by immersion to young fish) and stimulate both humoral and cellular immunity of long duration. Disadvantages include issues with modified live vaccine safety to the host and environment. A successful modified live vaccine for use in warm water aquaculture is used to highlight the live vaccine strategy.     

Oral immunization of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, against vibriosis with vaccines protected against digestive degradation

Abstract. In order to reduce digestive degradation of vaccines against vibriosis when administered orally to fish, two methods of protecting the antigens were tested. Lyophilized vaccine was either incorporated into a slow-release pellet or coated by an acid-resistant film. These vaccines were compared to both oral vaccination by an unprotected vaccine as well as to standard vaccination methods of immersion and injection. However, mortalities after an artificial challenge showed that the efficacy of the protected vaccines was lower than that of the unprotected vaccine given orally and the standard vaccination procedures. The reason for this is probably that the important antigens of vibriosis vaccines are lipopolysaccharides which are little affected by gastric digestion, and the coating of the vaccine or incorporation into slow-release pellets resulted only in reduced absorption of the antigens.     

Efficacy of furunculosis vaccines in turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.): evaluation of immersion, oral and injection delivery

The commercial furunculosis vaccine Aquavac Furovac 5 and an autogenous vaccine, based on the challenge strain, induced immune protection in turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), as shown in challenge tests 120 days post-immunization by injection (relative percentage of survival, RPS = 72-99%). This protective effect lasted for at least 6 months post-immunization at appreciable levels (RPS = 50-52%). Neither the autogenous vaccine nor the commercial vaccine was able to induce significant levels of protection against Aeromonas salmonicida in turbot when administered by immersion. Antibody levels were high or moderate in fish vaccinated by injection with the different vaccines and very low in fish vaccinated by immersion. The field results show that delivering an oral boost after the primary vaccination by injection did not enhance protection of turbot against furunculosis and that water-based (autogenous vaccine) and oil adjuvanted (Alpha Ject 1200) vaccines administered by injection conferred similar levels of protection (RPS > 80%) in turbot.     

Therapeutic and prophylactic immunization against Streptococcus iniae infection in hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops×Morone saxatilis)

Vaccination strategies have traditionally been used as preventative or prophylactic measures against disease (prophylactic immunization) in uninfected fish. Alternatively, therapeutic or remedial measures, such as antibiotic administration, are commonly employed to treat disease in infected fish. Vaccination as a therapeutic measure (therapeutic immunization), however, has not been adequately explored in sub‐clinically infected fish. Therapeutic and prophylactic immunization with three Streptococcus iniae vaccines, formalin‐killed whole S. iniae cells (FKC vaccine), concentrated S. iniae extracellular products (greater than 2 kDa) (ECP vaccine) and a combination of killed cells and extracellular products (FKC+ECP vaccine), were tested in hybrid striped bass, Morone chrysops×Morone saxatilis, previously naturally infected with S. iniae. Fish (mean weight 10.0 g) were injected intraperitoneally (IP) or intramuscularly (IM) with one of each of the vaccines, tryptic soy broth (TSB‐control) or non‐injected (non‐injected control) to evaluate therapeutic effects (Trial 1). Survivors of the natural infection and ECP and FKC+ECP vaccine immunization and another lot of non‐injected control fish were immersion challenged with 1.47 × 10⁶ CFU of S. iniae mL^?1 at 44 days post‐immunization to evaluate vaccine efficacy (Trial 2). Hybrid striped bass (1.0 g) were also IM injected with S. iniae ECP vaccine at an aquaculture facility and immersion challenged with 1.47 × 10⁶ CFU of S. iniae mL^?1 12 weeks post‐immunization (Trial 3). The ECP and FKC+ECP vaccines, regardless of injection route, significantly (P<0.001) increased survival in asymptomatic, sub‐clinically infected fish thereby providing therapeutic merit. Hybrid bass immunized IP or IM had mean per cent survival values ranging from 78 to 96 at 44 days post‐immunization (Trial 1) and 69–97 post challenge (Trial 2). Survival of fish injected with TSB or immunized with FKC vaccine was significantly lowered and ranged from 12 to 13 by IP injection and 40 to 50 by IM injection and thus, the FKC vaccine had no therapeutic effect. The survival of hybrid striped bass IM immunized with S. iniae ECP vaccine in field Trial 3 was 91 and the RPS was 83. These results demonstrate that therapeutic immunization using S. iniae ECP and FKC+ECP vaccines can control a natural S. iniae infection. Furthermore, S. iniae ECP or FKC+ECP vaccines can also be used prophylacticly to protect hybrid striped bass against subsequent pathogen challenge.     

Whole cell inactivated autogenous vaccine effectively protects red Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) against francisellosis via intraperitoneal injection

Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis is a pathogen of tilapia and other warm‐water fish for which no vaccines are commercially available. In this study, a whole cell formalin‐inactivated vaccine was developed for the first time using the highly virulent isolate STIR‐GUS‐F2f7 and the oil‐based adjuvant Montanide? ISA 763A VG. The efficacy of the vaccine was assessed in red Nile tilapia via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection using homologous experimental infection and correlates of protection such as seral antibody production and bacterial loads in the spleen. For immunization, fish were i.p. injected with 0.1 ml of the vaccine, the adjuvant alone or PBS. At 840 degree days post‐vaccination, all fish were i.p. injected with 4.0 × 10³ CFU/fish of pathogenic bacteria. The RPS at the end of the trial was 100% in the vaccinated group with significantly higher survival than in the adjuvant and control groups. The RPS in the adjuvant group was 42%, and no significant difference was seen in survival between this and the PBS group. Moreover, significantly higher antibody titres in the serum and significantly lower bacterial loads in the spleen were detected in the vaccinated fish by ELISA and qPCR, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of autogenous vaccines for controlling francisellosis in tilapia.     

Protection against atypical furunculosis in Atlantic halibut,Hippoglossus hippoglossus (L.); comparison of a commercial furunculosis vaccine and an autogenous vaccine

Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus (L.), was shown to be sensitive to infection by three different isolates of Aeromonas salmonicida ssp. achromogenes in pre-challenge tests using intraperitoneal (i.p.) and intramuscular (i.m.) injections as well as bath challenges. A commercial furunculosis vaccine, Alphaject 1200, and an autogenous vaccine, AAS, based on the challenge strain, induced immune protection as shown in challenge tests 8 weeks post-immunization. The survival rate of vaccinated fish after i.p. challenge was 100%, whereas mortality of control fish was 61%. Employing i.m. challenge, relative percentage survival induced by the furunculosis vaccine and the AAS vaccine was 47 and 44, respectively. Mortality of i.m. injected controls was 68%. Vaccinated fish behaved normally following vaccination but the weight gain was significantly reduced in vaccinated fish 8 weeks post-vaccination compared with control fish receiving phosphate-buffered saline. At the same time, intra-abdominal adhesions were observed in fish injected with either of the two vaccines or adjuvant alone. Antibody response against A. salmonicida ssp. achromogenes was detected in sera from fish receiving either vaccine.     

Survival and humoral antibody response of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., vaccinated against Aeromonas salmonicida ssp. achromogenes

Atlantic salmon were vaccinated against Aeromonas salmonicida ssp. achromogenes (Asa) by injection with three vaccines developed in our laboratory and an autogenous bacterin (IcelandBiojec.OO, IBOO) produced by a commercial vaccine producer. The humoral antibody responses to bacterial antigens were monitored by ELISA and Western blotting. The fish were challenged by infection with Asa 6 and 12 weeks post-vaccination. Protection was induced in all groups of vaccinated fish. The protection achieved was time-dependent. The autogenous bacterin, IBOO, induced a protective immune response later than our experimental vaccines. All the vaccines tested induced specific antibody response that increased between 6 and 12 weeks after vaccination. The antibody response was mainly directed against the A-layer protein, but antibodies to other bacterial components were also detected. Significant correlation was obtained between the antibody titre to extracellular Asa antigens, induced by the different vaccine preparations, and survival of vaccinated fish challenged by a virulent Asa strain. Furthermore, the detection of antibodies directed against an extracellular toxic metallo-caseinase, AsaP1, in fish sera correlated with protection.     

The use of fish vaccines in the Chilean salmon industry 1999-2003

This study summarises the availability of fish vaccines in Chile in the period 1999–2003. Through a questionnaire survey, data on annual sales per product were obtained from seven pharmaceutical companies and data on the corresponding farmed salmonid population eligible for vaccination were obtained from Sernapesca. More than 20 vaccines for aquacultured fish were brought to the Chilean market during the study period. The estimated number of fish being immunized by immersion increased from 93 million to more than 200 million, whereas sales of fish vaccines for injection increased from 2,008 to 16,561 l, the latter amount corresponding to approx. 150 million doses. Estimated vaccine coverage in the susceptible species ranked from 37–84% for yersiniosis (ERM), from 51–17% for salmonid rickettsial septicaemia (SRS), and from 8–78% for infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN). Vaccine coverage against bacterial kidney disease (BKD) remained below 5%.     

蜂胶佐剂对异育银鲫嗜水气单胞菌灭活疫苗的免疫增强试验

本文就蜂胶佐剂对鱼类细菌性疫苗的免疫增强作用进行了首次评价。试验以异育银鲫嗜水气单胞菌灭活疫苗为对象,比较了蜂胶佐剂、铝胶佐剂和无佐剂三种疫苗对银鲫的免疫效果。经抗体监测表明,免疫接种后第2周,蜂胶佐剂组银鲫已检测到血清抗体,随后抗体效价迅速上升,第4周达到峰值2^5：铝胶佐剂组和无佐剂组第3周检测到抗体．铝胶佐剂组第5周达到峰值2^5,无佐剂组第4周达到峰值2^4。银鲫免疫后第5周进行攻毒保护试验,发现蜂胶佐剂组、铝胶佐剂组和无佐剂组的免疫保护率分别为77．3％．65．0％和56．3％。试验结果表明,蜂胶佐剂能有效增强异育银鲫细菌性灭活疫苗的免疫保护力。     

Viral vaccines produced by gene technology and synthesis

The gradual evolution of vaccine development from Jenner's smallpox vaccine to recombinant genetechnology has provided the basis for prophylactic control of a lot of important infectious diseases of humans and animals. Modern biotechnology has accomplished antigen identification and isolation of antigen determinants as well as the preparation of proteins and synthetic peptides. The application of such techniques has failed, however, to develop a better vaccine in case of FMD-Virus. Present efforts are directed on the improvement of antigen presentation and immunogenicity of such protein- and peptide vaccines.