内毒素休克时山羊血液流变性的变化及山莨菪碱对其影响

本文通过给山羊静注大肠杆菌内毒素诱导内毒素休克,探讨内毒素休克时血液流变性的变化规律,并观察山莨菪碱（６５４－２）对其影响。结果表明,山羊内毒素休克时,低切率全血比粘度（ＬＢＶ）和低切率全血还原比粘度（ＬＢＲＶ）明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）,血浆比粘度（ＰＶ）和红细胞聚集指数（ＡＩ）均显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０１,Ｐ＜０．０５）,红细胞变形能力（ＲＣＤ）显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０５,Ｐ＜０．０１）,当静注内毒素前１０ｍｉｎ给予６５４－２（２．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ）山羊的ＬＢＶ和ＬＢＲＶ在１～５ｈ显著高于对照组,５ｈ前ＰＶ和ＡＩ值比对照组有明显升高,第７ｈ后与对照组间无明显差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）,且显著低于休克组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,其ＲＣＤ亦趋于正常。提示山羊内毒素休克时血液流变参数明显改变,血液粘度增加,红细胞聚集加剧,而应用６５４－２具有显著改变血液状态,缓解微循环障碍发生。     

银合欢涠洲DHP－降解细菌脱毒及饲喂乳牛效果的研究

将１８头乳用后备母牛分为３组，其中Ⅲ组为对照组，喂象草，Ⅰ、Ⅱ组喂银合欢并分别以灌胃接种和接触感染方式使试牛获得涸洲ＤＨｐ－降解细菌，观察银合欢的脱毒和饲养效果。结果指出，接种后Ⅰ、Ⅱ组试牛尿中３－羟基－４（１氢）吡啶酮（ＤＨＰ）浓度明显降低，其中Ⅰ组各试牛最后均为零，Ⅰ、Ⅱ组试牛瘤胃液抽出后在３７℃体外培养一周，可使培养基中ＤＨＰ全部降解，由此说明涸洲ＤＨｐ～降解细菌可在试牛瘤胃中充分繁殖生长并发挥脱毒作用。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组试牛的平均日增重分别为０．８２千克、０．７１千克和０．３３千克，饲料报酬分别为５．７３、１．７０和１３．８１，１、Ⅱ组试牛平均日增重和饲料报酬均极显著高于ｍ组（Ｐ＜０．０１），而Ⅰ、Ⅱ组之间无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），故经涠洲ＤＨＰ－降解细菌脱毒后，银合欢是一种优良的蛋白质饲料。     

半胱胺对香猪胃液分泌、血液胃泌素和生长抑素水平的影响

在制备长久性隔离小胃和颈静脉导管的５头雄性香猪实验表明,由大胃瘘管灌注半胱胺（８０ｍｇ／ｋｇ体重）后,一周内小胃胃液分泌量较对照期大幅度增加（Ｐ＜０．０５）,胃泌素水平明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）;血液生长抑素水平降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示半胱胺耗竭生长抑素,使胃泌素水平升高,从而促进了胃液的分泌。     

绵羊实验性过食谷物中毒的研究

通过6例绵羊实验性过食谷物中毒的研究,探讨了反刍兽过食谷物中毒经过中有无内毒素血症和微循环障碍,以及内毒素血症和乳酸酸中毒在本病发生上的作用。结果:试验羊血浆内(6/6)和脑脊液内(4/6)均检出内毒素,血浆内毒素呈双相反应,于试验后3h(4例)、6h(2例)第一次出现阳性反应,多数在36h后再次出现阳性反应,血液乳酸含量于试验后12h开始明显增高,36h达峰值,病程48h以上的羊以后又下降,脑脊液乳酸含量显著增高。血浆凝血酶原时间随病程的推移而逐渐延长,鱼精蛋白副凝集试验也呈双相反应,试验后6h第一次出现阳性反应,24h后再次出现阳性反应。据此初步认为,内毒素血症先于酸中毒出现,其在本病的发生上起决定的作用;病程中的酸中毒和微循环障碍是严重的,但在病程超过48h的羊,酸中毒有自然缓解的现象;在疾病的转归上,内毒素血症和乳酸酸中毒起加成作用,试验羊死亡的直接原因是微循环障碍所导致的多系统器官功能衰竭。     

饲粮添加铜、铁和锌对牛组织和血液铅和镉含量的影响

本研究旨在探讨饲粮添加必需微量元素铜、铁和锌对肉牛组织和血液铅和镉含量的影响。选用 ２０头 １２月龄肉牛,随机分为 ２组,每组 １０头,各组分别饲喂基础精饲料（对照组）和基础精饲料中添加铜 ２０ｍｇ、铁 ２００ｍｇ和锌 ２００ｍｇ的试验精饲料（试验组）,粗饲料自由采食。试验期为 １５０ｄ。每天以组为单位计算牛的采食量;每 ３０ｄ称取牛体重并采集血液样品,试验结束后,屠宰试验牛,采集肾脏、肝脏、心脏、胰脏、脾脏、瘤胃、大肠及背肌组织样品,测定血液和组织中铅和镉含量。结果表明：牛精饲料中添加铁、铜和锌后,平均日增重极显著地提高了１２．５０％（Ｐ＜０．０１）,料重比极显著地降低了 １５．６８％（Ｐ＜０．０１）;铅含量在胰脏和瘤胃中极显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０１）,在脾脏和血液中显著减少（Ｐ＜０．０５）,在其余组织中无显著变化（Ｐ＞０．０５）,铅蓄积的器官主要是胃;镉含量在肾脏、肝脏、脾脏、瘤胃和大肠中均极显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０１）,但心脏中的镉含量极显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）,镉蓄积的器官主要是肾脏。结果提示,在饲粮中添加铜、铁和锌可以改善肉牛的生长性能,但不能有效减少脏器及肌肉组织中铅和镉的蓄积。     

不同外源寡糖对崂山奶山羊瘤胃微生物区系的影响

本试验旨在研究不同外源寡糖对奶山羊瘤胃微生物区系的影响。试验选用 ６只平均体重为（３２．８０±２．４５）ｋｇ、装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的崂山奶山羊,采用分期分组试验设计。各组羊饲喂基础饲粮（对照组）以及分别在基础饲粮中添加 １％甘露寡糖（ＭＯＳ组）、半乳甘露寡糖（ＧＭＯＳ组）、寡木糖（ＸＯＳ组）、低聚异麦芽糖（ＩＭＯ组）、果寡糖（ＦＯＳ组）的试验饲粮。共进行４期试验,每期 ２３ｄ,其中预试期 １４ｄ,正试期 ９ｄ。于晨饲前（０ｈ）,晨饲后 ２、４、６、８ｈ以及晚饲前（晨饲后 １０ｈ）采集瘤胃液,测定瘤胃液中细菌总数以及纤维素分解菌、原虫和真菌数量。结果表明：与对照组相比,试验组瘤胃液细菌总数趋于增加,仅晨饲前 ＭＯＳ组显著提高（Ｐ＜０．０５）;试验组瘤胃液纤维素分解菌数量有所提高,其中 ＭＯＳ组（０ｈ）、ＧＭＯＳ组（０、２、４ｈ）、ＦＯＳ组（０、２、４ｈ）显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）;试验组瘤胃液原虫数量有所提高,其中 ＭＯＳ组（２和 ４ｈ）、ＸＯＳ组（４ｈ）显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）;试验组瘤胃液真菌数量有所提高,其中ＧＭＯＳ组和 ＦＯＳ组（０ｈ）极显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）,ＭＯＳ组（２ｈ）、ＩＭＯ组（２ｈ）、ＦＯＳ组（２ｈ）、ＭＯＳ组（４ｈ）、ＦＯＳ组（６ｈ）显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。细菌总数、纤维素分解菌和原虫数量呈先下降后上升趋势,真菌数量呈先上升后下降趋势。本试验条件下,添加不同外源寡糖对瘤胃微生物影响有所差异,其中甘露寡糖、半乳甘露寡糖和果寡糖对瘤胃液纤维素分解菌、原虫和真菌的增殖作用较明显。     

母牛内毒素血症的临床和血液生化变化

注射内毒素引起的临床和血液生化变化与革兰氏阴性菌所致的败血症基本相似。在反刍兽的某些疾病(如酸中毒、生产瘫痪等),为了评估有无内毒素血症,需要对某些指标加以了解。本研究的目的是了解母牛呈现内毒素血症后的血液和临床特征,以便作为反刍兽某些综合征的参考。     

耕牛瘤胃酸中毒的防治

耕牛瘤胃酸中毒又叫过食谷物、瘤胃过食、酸性消化不良、乳酸中毒、耕牛过食碳水化合物等，是乳酸与来源于瘤胃内的细菌内毒素两种特质共同作用的结果。过食碳水化合物丰富的谷物饲料，在瘤胃内异常发酵，急剧产生大量乳酸被机体吸收，瘤胃内的G－菌大量崩解释放出内毒素等有害物质所致，以前胃机能障碍和微循环衰竭为主要特征的一种急性疾病。临床表现以严重的毒血症、重剧脱水、瘤胃停滞和积液及高乳酸血症为主要特征。我县各乡（镇）偶有本病发生，基本上是零星散发病，但若诊断不及时，治疗不得当而延误时机，病牛往往发生死亡，给农户…     

中西兽医治疗耕牛瘤胃酸中毒

耕牛瘤胃酸中毒又称瘤胃过食、酸性消化不良、乳酸中毒、耕牛过食碳水化合物等，是有机酸与来源于瘤胃内的细菌内毒素两种物质共同作用所致。耕牛过食大量碳水化合物丰富的谷物饲料，在瘤胃内异常发酵，急剧产生大量有机酸而引起消化道中pH值降低，导致肠道内菌群消长，瘤胃内的细菌大量崩解释放出内毒素等有害物质被机体吸收，     

奶牛瘤胃亚急性酸中毒的产生原因和营养学控制方法

瘤胃亚急性酸中毒是目前困扰奶牛生产的一大难题。高精、低粗的饲粮结构会引起瘤胃微生物区系结构改变,挥发性脂肪酸浓度升高,瘤胃液 ｐＨ下降,从而引起瘤胃亚急性酸中毒。奶牛发生瘤胃亚急性酸中毒时瘤胃液细菌内毒素浓度升高。高浓度的内毒素转运至血液引发急性期反应,血浆中矿物质和代谢物水平发生改变,从而使奶牛生产性能下降。本文对高精饲粮下瘤胃中内毒素的产生和转运以及内毒素引发的急性期反应进行综述,同时,根据近年来的研究进展重点介绍一些减少内毒素产生和转运的新方法,旨在为更好地控制或减少瘤胃亚急性酸中毒时内毒素对奶牛的危害提供参考。     

Endotoxin and Arachidonic Acid Metabolites in Portal,Hepatic and Arterial Blood of Cattle with Acute Ruminai Acidosis

Andersen, P. Haubro, M. Hesselholt and N. Jarlev: Endotoxin and arachidonic acid metabolites in portal, hepatic and arterial blood of cattle with acute ruminai acidosis. Acta vet.scand.1994,35,223-234.– Ruminai acidosis was induced experimentally with 70 g barley / kg body weight in 2 rumen fistulated cows with chronic indwelling catheters in the portal vein, in a hepatic vein and the carotid artery. The cows were followed for 24 and 20h after the overfeeding and evaluated clinically and by clinical chemistry. The 2 cows exerted different responses to the treatment. Both cows showed signs of severe ruminai acidosis. Both cows had endotoxin in portal and hepatic vein blood, but only 1 of the cows convincingly developed a systemic endotoxaemia. A pre-hepatic release of the stable prostacyclin and thromboxane metabolites, 6-ketoprostaglandin F_lα and thromboxane B₂ was demonstrated in this cow. The results of the present study show that endotoxin and arachidonic acid metabolites of pre-hepatic origin may be factors involved in the pathogenesis of ruminai acidosis, and that investigation of the factors affecting translocation of ruminai endotoxin and subsequent clearing in the liver, will be of importance.     

Investigation of the possible role of endotoxin, TXA2, PGI2 and PGE2 in experimentally induced rumen acidosis in cattle

Rumen acidosis was induced experimentally with 70 g barley/kg b.w. in 2 rumen fistulated cows. The cows were followed for 80 h after the grain engorgement. Endotoxin was monitored in cell-free ruminal fluid and peripheral plasma together with inflammation mediators TXA2, PGI2 and PGE2 and several clinical and clinical-chemical parameters. The results do not support the theory of systemical endotoxemia due to a large increase in rumen endotoxin concentration in cattle suffering from rumen acidosis. However, both clinical and clinical-chemical data suggest that an endotoxicosis developed, but the levels of inflammation mediators TXB2, FGI2 and PGE2 were not significantly elevated in the peripheral circulation. An absorbtion of endotoxins and synthesis of inflammation mediators are therefore suggested to take place prehepatically.     

探讨牛瘤胃酸中毒的中西医结合治疗效果

现代牛养殖与生产中,牛瘤胃酸中毒是比较常见的一种消化性病症,该病发病急、病牛死亡快,所以很容易给奶牛行业带来巨大经济损失。本研究通过分析牛瘤胃酸中毒原因与症状,提出对牛瘤胃酸中毒实施中西医结合治疗方法,观察其治疗效果,以期能够为牛养殖提供有用的治疗建议。     

Grain overload in cattle and sheep: changes in microbial populations in the cecum and rumen.

Samples from the rumen and cecum of cattle and sheep were cultured to determine changes in microbial populations resulting from overfeeding with grain. Before the animals were overfed, the predominant organisms from both sides were those that grew anaerobically on a relatively nonselective ruminal fluid medium and would not grow on selective mediums designed to culture lactobacilli, streptococci, coliforms, or Clostridium perfringens. By 24 hours after overfeeding, lactic acid bacteria had increased in numbers so that they were the most numerous organisms in both the rumen and the cecum. The concentrations of coliforms and C perfringens also increased after overfeeding and were generally higher in the cecum than in the rumen.     

Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles and Diversity in Salmonella from Humans and Cattle, 2004–2011

Analysis of long‐term anti‐microbial resistance (AMR) data is useful to understand source and transmission dynamics of AMR. We analysed 5124 human clinical isolates from Washington State Department of Health, 391 cattle clinical isolates from the Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and 1864 non‐clinical isolates from foodborne disease research on dairies in the Pacific Northwest. Isolates were assigned profiles based on phenotypic resistance to 11 anti‐microbials belonging to eight classes. Salmonella Typhimurium (ST), Salmonella Newport (SN) and Salmonella Montevideo (SM) were the most common serovars in both humans and cattle. Multinomial logistic regression showed ST and SN from cattle had greater probability of resistance to multiple classes of anti‐microbials than ST and SN from humans (P < 0.0001). While these findings could be consistent with the belief that cattle are a source of resistant ST and SN for people, occurrence of profiles unique to cattle and not observed in temporally related human isolates indicates these profiles are circulating in cattle only. We used various measures to assess AMR diversity, conditional on the weighting of rare versus abundant profiles. AMR profile richness was greater in the common serovars from humans, although both source data sets were dominated by relatively few profiles. The greater profile richness in human Salmonella may be due to greater diversity of sources entering the human population compared to cattle or due to continuous evolution in the human environment. Also, AMR diversity was greater in clinical compared to non‐clinical cattle Salmonella, and this could be due to anti‐microbial selection pressure in diseased cattle that received treatment. The use of bootstrapping techniques showed that although there were shared profiles between humans and cattle, the expected and observed number of profiles was different, suggesting Salmonella and associated resistance from humans and cattle may not be wholly derived from a common population.     

The role of endotoxins in induced ruminal acidosis in calves.

Experimentally induced ruminal acidosis was carried out in 4 calves to investigate the possibility of resorption of endotoxins from Gram negative bacteria originating from the gastro-intestinal tract. The ruminal acidosis was induced by overfeeding of oats and the effect was evaluated by clinical and blood biochemical changes. Blood samples were collected every 2 h for 60 h before and after experimental feeding. The animals showed signs of ruminal acidosis and also the clinical and blood biochemical changes were similar to those seen after experimental endotoxaemia. However, although being less dramatic the changes in many relevant parameters such as an increase in prostaglandin F metabolite levels, body temperature, endotoxins and a decrease in iron indicate that an endotoxaemic state had occurred. The results of the present study show that ruminal acidosis/stasis is linked to resorption of endotoxins from the gastro-intestinal tract causing endotoxaemia/endotoxicosis.     

Tolerance of goats to experimental grain engorgement and intraruminal lactic acid injection

Grain overfeeding and intraruminal lactic acid injection was carried out in goats in order to induce signs of grain engorgement or laminitis. Twelve female goats of the small East African breed divided into three equal groups were either overfed with coarsely ground maize meal for 14 days or injected with an 85% syrup of lactic acid intraruminally at a single dose rate of 0.5% bodyweight, while others acted as a control. No clinical differences in the haematological picture, rumen pH, respiration and pulse rates could be observed between the treatment groups and the control. The postmortem and histopathological examinations of the claws showed no pathological changes commonly associated with laminitis. It is concluded that goats can tolerate large amounts of carbohydrates or lactic acid without any injurious effects, which may indicate a superior activity as compared to sheep and cattle.     

Cardiovascular, acid-base, electrolyte, and plasma volume changes in ponies developing alimentary laminitis.

Twelve Shetland ponies were fed a high-starch ration. Seven ponies which had a transitory metabolic acidosis developed laminitis 56 hours (+/- 3.5, SEM) after overfeeding. These ponies also developed persistent hypokalemia, hyperthermia, and increased heart rate 24 hours before the onset of lameness. Serum sodium, serum chloride, hematocrit, plasma volume, and blood volume were unchanged. At the onset of clinical signs of laminitis, cardiac output and blood pressure increased, but total peripheral resistance was unchanged. None of the measured or calculated values predicted the onset of laminitis. Hypertension appeared to be a response to, rather than a cause of, lameness. Three of the remaining ponies apparently died of shock 29.3 +/- 2.7 hours after overfeeding. All 3 had severe metabolic acidosis; decreased cardiac output, systemic arterial pressure, and plasma volume; and increased hematocrit, total peripheral resistance, and pulmonary vascular resistance. The 11th pony was unaffected and the 12th pony was euthanatized.     

隐性代谢性酸中毒对肉牛育肥效果的影响

反刍动物过量采食精料会引起瘤胃内乳酸蓄积,使体内酸碱平衡失调、体液pH值下降,重者可导致死亡,轻者影响生长发育。本试验选用育肥期日龄、体重差异不显著的肉牛40头,随机分成4组,按不同日饲喂精料量分组喂养,通过检测生理指标、调整日饲喂精料量,论证长期隐性代谢性酸中毒(瘤胃液pH值在5～5.52、尿液pH值在5.05～5.61之间)对肉牛育肥效果的影响。结果显示在育肥过程中隐性代谢性酸中毒牛群与健康牛群相比增重比低了11.61个百分点。     

Clinical efficacy of tirilazad mesylate for treatment of endotoxemia in neonatal calves.

The clinical efficacy of the lazaroid, tirilazad mesylate, a new therapeutic agent for prophylaxis and treatment of endotoxemia, was evaluated in 24 neonatal Holstein calves. Endotoxemia was induced by IV infusion of commercial Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (3.25 micrograms/kg of body weight) over 3 hours. Group-1 calves were given endotoxin alone; group-2 calves were given an infusion of 0.9% sterile saline solution, then were treated with tirilazad mesylate (1.5 mg/kg) 1 hour after the infusion was started. Group-3 calves were treated with tirilazad mesylate 1 hour after the start of the endotoxin infusion, and group-4 calves were given tirilazad mesylate 1 hour before the start of the endotoxin infusion. Clinical signs of endotoxemia were mitigated by tirilazad mesylate. In addition, tirilazad mesylate protected calves from endotoxin-induced hyperglycemia; treatment after endotoxin infusion decreased the severity of hypoglycemia and prevented lactic acidosis. Treatment with tirilazad mesylate after initiation of endotoxin infusion was as protective as was pretreatment.