银杏雌雄叶片光合特性,蒸腾速率及产量的比较研究

银杏雌雄株叶片的光合能力，蒸腾速率及构成叶片产量的部分因子存在明显差异，银杏雄株叶片光合速率高于雌株１５．１９％￣２０．８８％，蒸腾速率高于雌株４１．９１％￣５２．９２％，银杏雄株的叶面积与鲜重均高于雌株，故在选用叶用银杏时，就优选雄株种质资源。     

银杏雌雄株叶片光合特性、蒸腾速率及产量的比较研究

银杏雌雄株叶片的光合能力,蒸腾速率及构成叶片产量的部分因子存在明显差异,银杏雄株叶片光合速率高于雌株１５ ．１９ ％ ～２０ ．８８ ％ ,蒸腾速率高于雌株４１ ．９１ ％ ～５２ ．９２ ％ ,银杏雄株的叶面积与鲜重均高于雌株,故在选用叶用银杏时,应优选雄株种质资源。     

阿月浑子性别鉴定的形态学观测法研究

以阿月浑子雌、雄株的叶片、枝条为试材，进行叶形指数、成枝力及叶绿素吸光值的调查和统计，结果表明，无论是已知性别的成龄阿月浑子，还是未知性别的幼龄阿月浑子，其雌、雄株叶形指数间均表现显著差异；成枝力仅在成龄阿月浑子雌、雄株间差异非常显著；而叶绿素吸光值在成年及幼龄阿月浑子雌、雄株间差异均不显著。     

如何区别银杏雌雄株

为使银杏能在庭院及果园正常开花结果,现将其雌雄株区分特征示之如下,以供参考。 1 看树冠 银杏雄株树冠稍瘦,且成形较迟;雌株树冠宽大,顶端较平,成形较早。 2 看夹角 银杏雄株主枝与中于间夹角小;雌株主枝与中干间夹角较大。 3 看叶裂刻 银杏雄株叶裂刻较深,常超过叶的中部;雌株叶裂刻较浅,未达叶的中部。     

银杏雌雄株的鉴别方法

银杏雌雄株的鉴别方法银杏大多是雌雄异株，雄株只开雄花而不结种，仅起提供花粉的作用，只有雌株才能提供白果产量，因此在生产上正确区别雌雄株有着重要意义。银杏雌雄株在形态上的区别有：①同龄苗木雌株比雄株矮小，但茎干较粗壮。雌株横枝比雄株多。雌株比雄株发芽晚...     

栝楼雌雄植株激素和多胺含量的比较

在栝楼生长发育各阶段,采用高效液相色谱技术分别对雌雄植株叶片内源激素及多胺含量进行分析。结果表明,吲哚乙酸（IAA）含量在所测定的生长发育期,雌株始终高于雄株,而脱落酸（ABA）含量雌株始终低于雄株;玉米素核苷（ZR）和赤霉素（GA1/3）含量在营养生长期雄株高于雌株,雄株进入生殖生长阶段后迅速下降,而雌株继续保持上升趋势,直至雌株进入生殖生长期后才迅速下降。雌株叶片中亚精胺（Spd）含量极显著高于雄株;精胺（Spm）含量在营养生长期雄株显著高于雌株,而在雌株进入生殖生长后雌雄株间差异不显著;腐胺（Put）含量在营养生长期雄株显著高于雌株,而在雌株进入生殖生长后雌株显著高于雄株。试验结果表明：高含量的IAA和Spd有利于栝楼雌花发育,而高含量的Put和Spm有利于雄花发育。当雌雄花盛开后,多胺均呈下降趋势,Put和Spm在雌雄株间含量差异越来越小。     

中华猕猴桃雄性新品种‘磨山4号’

猕猴桃为雌雄异株果树，种植时必须配置雄性品种，并且授粉雄株对雌株优良性状的表现也尤为重要，因此在选育雌性品种的同时也对此附近的雄株进行了观察。1984年．在江西武宁县初步筛选出‘磨山4号’、‘磨山5号’、‘82-12’、‘80-4’、‘82-5’共5个雄株，以‘磨山4号’表现最好：花期长，花粉量大，发芽率高，可育花粉量多。通过多年的观察、分析、区试，其无性系后代遗传性状稳定，2005年10月该品种通过了湖北省林木品种审定委员会审定，正式定名为‘磨山4号’。     

45S rDNA-FISH鉴定银杏雌雄性别

 植物中核糖体基因主要位于染色体次缢痕的核仁组织区（NOR），NOR的数目与随体染色体数目相对应。以核糖体基因（45SrDNA）为探针，对明确的雌株和雄株银杏中期、间期细胞进行荧光原位杂交（FISH）。结果显示雌株有4个杂交点，雄株有3个杂交点，表明雌性银杏具有4条带随体的染色体，而雄性银杏具有3条带随体的染色体。进一步证明银杏的雌雄性别决定与随体染色体数目有关。     

菠菜留种方法

菠菜是雌雄异株作物,其受精过程必须通过风媒的作用,将雄株雄蕊的花粉吹落在雌株雌蕊柱头上,雌株才能结籽。雄株又有两种类型,一种是大叶型植株,叫做营养雄株,称为绝对雄株。如果留种时尽选大叶雄株作授粉用,后代叶片就大,产量亦高。如果将小叶雄株做种,后代就会退化变劣,叶片显著变小,因而降低产量。     

杨梅雌、雄种质遗传关系的RAPD和ISSR分析

为获得与主栽的杨梅品种遗传基础相近的杨梅雄株,文章采用了22个多态的RAPD引物和7个多态的ISSR引物,对浙江杨梅的栽培品种东魁、荸荠种、晚稻杨梅、丁岙梅和早色等10个雌株与17个雄株种质资源间的遗传关系进行了研究。结果表明,不同杨梅产地收集的这17个杨梅雄株种质资源中,雄株与品种间的遗传关系呈规律性,即同一产区的地方品种与当地的雄株间遗传相似程度最高,而同一地区不同雄株与当地主栽品种间的遗传相似程度也有不同。通过UPGMA法进行聚类分析,上述5个杨梅主栽品种分别获得了与其亲缘关系相对接近的雄株,成对遗传相似系数最高为0.958,最低为0.878。     

Ergebnisse der Leistungsprüfungen der Süßkirschensorte ‚Stella‘ auf Gisela- und Weiroot-Unterlagen in Bulgarien

Zusammenfassung Die Leistungsprüfungen wurden im Zeitraum 1997 bis 2003 mit den Unterlagen Gisela 4 und 5, den Klonnummern 195/20 und 497/8 aus der Gisela-Serie sowie Weiroot 10, 13, 53, 72 und 158 durchgeführt. Dabei dienten Sämlinge von P1 (bulgarische Selektion aus Prunus mahaleb) als Kontrolle. Alle Unterlagen waren mit der Sorte Stella veredelt und im Dezember 1996 in der Versuchsanlage der Agraruniversität in Plovdiv, Bulgarien, im Abstand von 6 m×4,5 m gepflanzt worden. Dabei erfolgte ein Pflanzschnitt. Nach Abschluss der natürlichen Kronenentwicklung wurde jedes Jahr ein Winterschnitt vorgenommen. Der Boden wurde durch mechanische Bearbeitung offen gehalten und nach dem 4. Standjahr wurden die Baumstreifen mit Herbiziden behandelt. Die Wasserversorgung erfolgte durch eine dem natürlichen Gefälle folgende Überflutung, allerdings nicht immer zum optimalen Zeitpunkt, da keine eigene Wasserquelle zur Verfügung stand.Basierend auf den Ergebnissen bis zum Anfang des 7. Standjahres können die untersuchten Unterlagen in zwei Gruppen differenziert werden: starkwüchsig—Weiroot 10, P1 und Weiroot 13; mittelstarkwachsend bis schwachwüchsig—Gi 497/8, Gisela 4, Weiroot 53, Weiroot 158, Gi 195/20, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 5. Letztere zeichnete sich durch besondere Schwachwüchsigkeit aus. Die meisten Wurzelschosser bildeten Gisela 4, Weiroot 10 und Weiroot 13. Weiroot 53, Weiroot 72 und Weiroot 158 entwickelten deutlich weniger und P1, Gisela 5, Gi 195/20 sowie Gi 497/8 keine Wurzelschosser. Den frühesten Blühbeginn induzierte Gisela 4. Die anderen Unterlagen führten, in Abhängigkeit von den Temperaturbedingungen des jeweiligen Jahres, zu einer Verspätung der Blüte: P1 und Weiroot 10 um 1–2 Tage; Gi 497/8, Weiroot 13 und Weiroot 158 um 2–4 Tage; Weiroot 72 um 2–7 Tage; Gi 195/20 um 3–6 Tage; Weiroot 53 um 3–8 Tage und Gisela 5 um 3–10 Tage. Die Reifezeit der Früchte war bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 im Vergleich zu den anderen Varianten um 2–3 Tage verspätet. Gisela 5, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 4 induzierten bei der aufveredelten Sorte die höchsten Ertragsleistungen, P1 die geringsten. Bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 war die Fruchtgröße geringer als bei den anderen Unterlagen. Bäume auf Gisela 5 brauchen intensive Pflege. Nur wenn alle Produktionsfaktoren und kulturtechnischen Maßnahmen optimiert werden, kann das hohe Ertragspotenzial dieser Unterlage ausgeschöpft werden.     

Relationship between renal hypertension and cardiac α1-adrenoceptor autoantibodies in rats

AIM: To examine the autoantibody against α₁-adrenoceptor and its biologic activities during the development of renal hypertension. METHODS: Renal hypertension of rat was achieved by clipped renal artery, the titre of autoantibody to α₁-adrenoceptor was detected using ELISA immunoassay. Furthermore, the biological offects of these autoantibodies on cultured cardiomyocytes were also examined. RESULTS: After two weeks of clipping renal arteries, both the frequency of occurrence and the titre of autoantibodies to cardiac α₁-adrenergic receptor were significantly increased as compared with the control of pre-treatment. The increased autoantibodies lasted for several weeks and then automatically decreased gradually to the pre-clipping level at 12 weeks. The biological effects of these autoantibodies displayed an "agonistic-like" activities on the beating frequency of cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION: Autoantibodies against α₁-adrenoceptor may play a role in the elevation of peripheral vascular resistance and in the development of cardiac hypertrophy in rats with renal hypertension.     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Influence of Mineral Nutrients on Strawberry Fruit Quality and Their Accumulation in Plant Organs

Abstract

This review is based partly on complete articles and partly on abstracts. Three of the 60 articles deal with the total uptake of elements in strawberry plant organs in two different strawberry production systems, both considered as optimal concerning amount and balance of elements. The effect on fruit quality may be dramatic if the level of a particular element is outside this range, but there may also be effects initiated by differences within the optimal range of elements. Most articles refer to product oriented quality, but some focus on consumer oriented quality, as discussed by Shewfelt (1999). The discussion here is on a general basis, so one should keep in mind that there are cultivar differences and that specification of nutrition ideally should mirror the needs of a single cultivar, or a group of cultivars with similar requirements. Also, to get a complete understanding of the subject future reviews should embrace a broader access of information including the effect on plant development of individual elements, such as the role of calcium in fruit firmness and its importance in cell wall structure. However, the intention here is to narrow the information to results that suggest a direct connection between nutrient uptake and fruit quality.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

Effect of puerarin on pulmonary arterioles wall collagen metabolism of chronic hypoxia hypercapnia rats

AIM:To investigate the effect of puerarin on pulmonary vessel collagen metabolism in pulmonary hypertension rats induced by chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia.METHODS:Collagen Ⅰ, Ⅲ and their mRNA were observed in pulmonary arterioles by the technique of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization.RESULTS:① Light microscopy showed media thickness of pulmonary arterioles was much higher in HH(hypoxic-hypercapnia) group than that of NC(normal control) group, and, vessel cavity turned more straiter in HH group than that of NC group.However, the damage of pulmonary arterioles in HP(hypoxic-pueratin) group was much slighter than that of HH group. ② The levels of plasma ET-1 and lung homogenates Hyr were much higher in HH group than those of NC group(P＜0.01), and lower in HP group than HH groups(P＜0.01).Plasma NO content in group HH was lower than that of group NC(P＜0.01), it was higher in group HP than that of group HH(P＜0.01).③Expression of collagen Ⅰ and collagen Ⅰ mRNA in pulmonary arterioles were significantly higher in HH groups than those of NC group (P＜0.01), and they were lower in HP group than those of HH group (P＜0.01).Expression of collagen Ⅲ and collagen Ⅲ mRNA showed no difference among three groups(P＞0.05).CONCLUSION:Puerarin inhibited the deposition of collagen and improved pulmonary vessel remodeling.     

Mixed-severity fire regime in a high-elevation forest of Grand Canyon,Arizona, USA

Fire regime characteristics of high-elevation forests on the North Rim of the Grand Canyon, Arizona, were reconstructed from fire scar analysis, remote sensing, tree age, and forest structure measurements, a first attempt at detailed reconstruction of the transition from surface to stand-replacing fire patterns in the Southwest. Tree densities and fire-/non-fire-initiated groups were highly mixed over the landscape, so distinct fire-created stands could not be delineated from satellite imagery or the oldest available aerial photos. Surface fires were common from 1700 to 1879 in the 4,400 ha site, especially on S and W aspects. Fire dates frequently coincided with fire dates measured at study sites at lower elevation, suggesting that pre-1880 fire sizes may have been very large. Large fires, those scarring 25% or more of the sample trees, were relatively infrequent, averaging 31 years between burns. Four of the five major regional fire years occurred in the 1700s, followed by a 94-year gap until 1879. Fires typically occurred in significantly dry years (Palmer Drought Stress Index), with severe drought in major regional fire years. Currently the forest is predominantly spruce-fir, mixed conifer, and aspen. In contrast, dendroecological reconstruction of past forest structure showed that the forest in 1880 was very open, corresponding closely with historical (1910) accounts of severe fires leaving partially denuded landscapes. Age structure and species composition were used to classify sampling points into fire-initiated and non-fire-initiated groups. Tree groups on nearly 60% of the plots were fire-initiated; the oldest such groups appeared to have originated after severe fires in 1782 or 1785. In 1880, all fire-initiated groups were less than 100 years old and nearly 25% of the groups were less than 20 years old. Non-fire-initiated groups were significantly older (oldest 262 years in 1880), dominated by ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, or white fir, and occurred preferentially on S and W slopes. The mixed-severity fire regime, transitioning from lower-elevation surface fires to mixed surface and stand-replacing fire at higher elevations, appeared not to have been stable over the temporal and spatial scales of this study. Information about historical fire regime and forest structure is valuable for managers but the information is probably less specific and stable for high-elevation forests than for low-elevation ponderosa pine forests.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

瓜叶绿素降解关键酶基因PPH和PAO cDNA片段的克隆与表达初步分析

 以西双版纳黄瓜和‘华黄5号’黄瓜叶片为试验材料,研究了衰老过程中两种黄瓜叶片叶绿素含量变化及脱镁叶绿素脱镁叶绿酸水解酶基因PPH和脱镁叶绿酸a加氧酶基因PAO的表达。结果表明：随着叶片衰老,叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量显著降低,叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值在0.5左右,推测叶绿素b的含量可能对黄瓜叶片保绿起到重要作用。荧光定量RT-PCR分析结果显示：PPH和PAO在西双版纳黄瓜叶片生长35 d时表达量最高,分别为5.50和1.86;PPH在‘华黄5号’叶片35 d时表达量最高,为7.14,而PAO在35和45 d表达量都很高,分别为3.90和3.91;PPH和PAO在西双版纳黄瓜叶片中的表达量低于在‘华黄5号’中。     

Effects of simvastatin on PDGF-BB and serum-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and on the expression of tumor suppressor gene PTEN

AIM:To observe the effect of simvastatin on the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMCs) induced by serum and growth factor PDGF-BB and the effect of simvastatin on the expression of PTEN,a important regulator of G₁/S cell cycle transition. METHODS:The DNA synthesis was determined by [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle was examined with flow cytometry, the protein level of PTEN was measured by Western blot method. RESULTS: (1)Simvastatin inhibited [³H]-TdR incorporation in a dose dependent manner. (2) Flow cytometric DNA analysis revealed that simvastatin induced significantly enhancement of G₀/G₁ phase and decrease in S phase VSMCs.(3)Simvastatin increased protein level of PTEN and mevalonate, a metabolite of HMG-COA, reversed the effect of simvastatin on PTEN protein expression. CONCLUSION:Simvastatin may inhibit proliferation of VSMCs and retarded cell cycle in G₀/G₁ phase by increasing PTEN expression through inhibiting synthesis of mevalonate.