保水剂和PAM对人工土壤颗粒水分蒸发的影响

合理的保水剂和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)用量能够减缓土壤水分的蒸发,增加土壤水分有效量,对干旱地区或者土壤缺水条件下的植物生长具有重要作用。通过模拟试验,分别从累积蒸发量、含水率变化及蒸发失水比等方面进行分析比较,定量研究了保水剂与PAM用量对人工土壤颗粒水分蒸发的作用规律。结果表明:保水剂和PAM对蒸发确有抑制作用,随着PAM用量的增加,累积蒸发量和蒸发失水比均呈现降低趋势,其中PAM用量为2 g/m2的处理水分蒸发量最小,保水效果最好;而随着保水剂用量的增加,累积蒸发量与蒸发失水比呈现先增加后减少的趋势,当保水剂用量超过175 g/m2后对蒸发的抑制作用开始显现。     

空间电场对土壤水分和大麦生长的影响

该文以大麦为种植品种,研究了不同异极距（2.5、2.0、1.5 m）下空间电场对土壤水分和大麦生长发育的影响规律。试验结果表明：晴天施加正向空间电场可以有效地抑制大麦根系周围土壤水分的蒸发,当电压及间歇工作时间保持不变时,不同异极距下其电场强度不同,表现出的抑蒸聚水促生效果不同。空间电场异极距为2.0 m时抑蒸效果最好,同时也证实了空间电场对大麦的苗鲜质量和株高的增长有良好的促进作用,与大气电场相比分别提高了26%～53%、24%～68%,且异极距为2.0 m时植株的生长优势表现最为明显。该文说明适宜的正向空间电场可以抑制土壤水分的蒸发,促进植物生长。     

塔中沙漠地区Guilspare~抑制土壤蒸发的效应研究

塔克拉玛干沙漠地区自然条件异常恶劣,土壤水分蒸发极为强烈,土壤水分损失严重,沙漠公路防护林的管护极其困难,因此林带节水保水乃当务之急。对新型土壤水分蒸发抑制剂Guilspare的保水效应进行了试验研究。结果表明,Guilspare可有效抑制土壤蒸发,保持土壤水分,改善土壤和植物水文环境,对林带节水保水具有重要意义。（1）Guilspare对沙漠土壤蒸发有明显的滞缓作用,抑制土壤蒸发累积量最大可达21．06mm,初始抑制效率达70％左右;（2）Guilspare对O5cm层土壤含水量的影响较大,对5cnl以下土层影响相对较小;（3）一个灌溉周期后植物水势随着Guilspare浓度的增加而逐渐降低,植物的水文环境得到了较大的改善。     

塔中沙漠地区Guilspare抑制土壤蒸发的效应研究

塔克拉玛干沙漠地区自然条件异常恶劣,土壤水分蒸发极为强烈,土壤水分损失严重,沙漠公路防护林的管护极其困难,因此林带节水保水乃当务之急。对新型土壤水分蒸发抑制剂Guilspare的保水效应进行了试验研究。结果表明,Guilspare可有效抑制土壤蒸发,保持土壤水分,改善土壤和植物水文环境,对林带节水保水具有重要意义。（1）Guilspare对沙漠土壤蒸发有明显的滞缓作用,抑制土壤蒸发累积量最大可达21．06mm,初始抑制效率达70％左右;（2）Guilspare对O5cm层土壤含水量的影响较大,对5cnl以下土层影响相对较小;（3）一个灌溉周期后植物水势随着Guilspare浓度的增加而逐渐降低,植物的水文环境得到了较大的改善。     

绿色保湿增肥块的土壤保湿效果研究

为了减少土壤水分蒸发和增加土壤养分含量,通过盆装试验,研究了绿色保湿增肥块的保湿效果。绿色保湿增肥块由有机秸秆与保水剂黏合压制而成,吸水后会迅速膨胀分解,在土壤中形成透气层,为植物根的生长提供有利的条件。试验结果表明:绿色保湿增肥块能够有效地减少土壤水分的蒸发,平均蒸发量处理Ⅰ为35.82 g/2d,处理Ⅱ为33.79 g/2d,分别比对照的37.59 g/2d减小了4.94%和11.25%;与对照相比,试验结束时处理Ⅰ和处理Ⅱ的土壤含水量分别提高了14.24%和30.63%。本试验中温度和空气湿度是影响土壤水分蒸发的主要因素,最大蒸发量为145 g/2d,最小蒸发量为0,变化较大。     

钙结石含量对土壤水分蒸发影响的模拟试验

通过在土柱中人工模拟黄土高原北部含钙结石土壤,在土壤总水分一致的情况下研究了钙结石含量对土壤水分蒸发过程的影响,以期为黄土高原特定土壤类型中土壤水平衡的计算和模拟提供试验依据。研究结果表明：不同钙结石质量分数（钙结石质量/（钙结石质量+土壤质量））的土壤水分累积蒸发在最初的7 d内差别不大,随后表现出一定的差异;试验期间不同处理的蒸发率差异很小。土壤水分蒸发量随钙结石质量分数的增加而降低,当钙结石质量分数为0.5时,土壤水分蒸发降低8 mm,占到土壤总水分的10%。土壤水分蒸发与钙结石含量之间的负相关关系与钙结石含量增加所导致的土壤含水率降低有关。钙结石对土壤水分蒸发的作用效果与钙结石吸水性、钙结石含量以及水分在钙结石和土壤之间的分配有关。     

高分子化学地膜对盐渍土壤物理性质与水分蒸发效应

盐渍土壤通常因盐分含量大、pH偏高、结构差、水盐运动强烈等原因，植物难以生长。本研究选择聚丙烯酰胺（Polyacrylamide，PAM）、壳聚糖（Chitosan，CTS）、羟乙基纤维素（Hydroxyethyl Cellulo，HEC）等3种高分子化合物，以土壤表面喷洒高分子化合物溶液成膜的方式，研究了高分子化合物膜对盐渍土壤基本物理性质与水分蒸发的影响，结果表明：本研究选择的3种高分子化合物能够不同程度的降低土壤水分蒸发、提高土壤保水性能和显著抑制土壤盐分的表聚，利用主成分分析进行对比发现：PAM 20 kg/hm2、CTS 80 kg/hm2、HEC 80 kg/hm2的用量下的土壤抑蒸控盐效果最佳，盐渍土表喷洒高分子化合物溶液成膜对盐渍土壤改良利用具有确切的正效应。     

秸秆网厚度及用量对土壤水分蒸发的影响

秸秆覆盖能够减少土壤水分的蒸发。为了确定秸秆网合理的初始厚度及用量,分别从含水率变化、累积蒸发量、蒸发失水比方面进行分析比较,结果表明:在低用量条件下,各处理系统水分蒸发量与秸秆网厚度呈负相关;在高用量条件下,秸秆网初始厚度为5mm的处理系统水分蒸发最慢,保水效果最好,10mm的秸秆网处理系统水分蒸发最快;随着秸秆网用量的增加,系统水分蒸发减少,结合经济效益,600g/m2的秸秆网覆盖能够达到较好的保水效果。     

保水剂对注水播种玉米土壤水分运移及水分生产效率的影响

通过大田免储水灌注水加保水剂播种玉米灌溉试验,分析了保水剂对土壤水分扩散规律及变化动态、玉米耗水量、水分生产效率和产量等指标的影响效果。结果表明,保水剂施量为2.5 g/m2的注水播种玉米（YB2.5）在全生育期都具有良好的保水效果,是既增产又节水的最佳处理;保水剂施量为1.5 g/m2和保水剂拌种处理只在播后101 d内可有效增加土壤含水率,之后保水效果逐步衰减;施量为0.5 g/m2处理与不施加保水剂处理相比,土壤含水率无明显提高,说明保水剂施量过小时,保水效果不明显。     

油松人工林枝叶容水量与蒸发速率的研究

通过研究油松树枝叶容水量与蒸发速率的结果表明,油松（Pinus tabulaeformis）树枝叶容水量与树枝叶重量呈直线正比关系（C=16.434+0.226W）;前3min的平均蒸发速率为0.0237g/g·min;水湿树枝叶在停止降水后即开始蒸发变干,其变干历时与该时段的平均相对湿度呈递增指数函数关系（t₁=11.53 e^0.02866rh）,与平均气温呈递减指数函数关系（t₂=3 256.07·e^-0.144c）。油松针叶的蒸发速率为0.013 7g/g·min,为蒸腾强度的3.43倍。其日变化规律和季节变化规律均与蒸腾强度相似。     

砂石覆盖粒径对土壤蒸发的影响

为研究不同粒径砂石覆盖对土壤蒸发过程的影响,进行模拟试验.试验以砂石粒径大小为因子,设3个粒径水平:0.5,2.5,4.5 cm,以裸土为对照.结果表明:地面砂石覆盖能够有效抑制土壤蒸发,在土壤含水率较高的阶段,抑制作用更加明显;砂石覆盖对蒸发的抑制作用与砂石粒径密切相关,在相同的覆盖厚度(5 cm)和同一含水率条件下,砂石覆盖的粒径越大,对蒸发的抑制能力越低;砂石覆盖能明显改变土壤蒸发过程,覆盖条件下的土壤蒸发与裸土相比不仅降低而且更加平稳;在41d的连续蒸发过程中,覆盖条件下的累计土壤蒸发量与时间呈近似线性关系,而裸土为对数关系.     

Soil surface evaporation processes under mulches of different sized gravel

To reduce water loss from soil surface evaporation is important in agricultural and environmental practices, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Gravel mulch has long been practiced to reduce soil surface evaporation. In this study, a series of simulation experiments were conducted to study the effects of gravel mulches of different sizes on evaporation process from soil surface. Four mulch treatment levels were used: diameter 0.5 cm (A), diameter 2.5 cm (B), diameter 4.5 cm (C), and bare soil (CK), with three replicates. It was found that the gravel mulches dramatically reduced the evaporation from bare soil surface, particularly when soil water contents were at high levels. Under the same soil water content, the evaporation reduction rates under gravel mulches were negatively correlated with gravel sizes. The evaporation processes under gravel mulches were much more stable as compared with that from bare soil surface. The ratio of the soil surface evaporation to the atmospheric evaporation (E_ss/E_sa) and soil water contents with no mulch decreased rapidly with time. Soil water contents decreased slowly with time under mulches while the E_ss/E_sa values maintained at the more or less stable levels. During the successive evaporation process of 41 days, the cumulative soil surface evaporation under mulches was linearly correlated with time but that from bare soil surface was logarithmically correlated with time.     

不同微咸水灌水量条件下覆砂措施对土壤水盐运移的影响

采用室内土柱模拟试验,对比研究了不同微咸水灌水量条件下覆砂与不覆砂对土壤水盐分布和运移的影响,以期为压砂地合理利用微咸水提供理论支持。结果表明,与不覆砂相比,覆砂增加了土壤水分下渗深度,最大增加深度可达8 cm;减少了试验期间土壤水分累计蒸发量,低、中、高3个灌水量分别减少了74%、54%和21%,减少幅度随灌水量增加有降低的趋势。在土壤水分再分布过程中,土壤剖面出现明显分界点,覆砂提高了分界点处土壤水分含量,增加量为2%~5%;保蓄了上层土壤水分含量,尤其是低灌水量时,不覆砂处理0~20 cm土壤水分含量在试验期间减少幅度达到34%,而覆砂处理仅减少了16.9%;增加了下层土壤水分含量。同时,覆砂明显抑制了表层土壤盐分累积,抑制幅度达到92.4%~95.2%;提高了土壤剖面盐分峰值处盐分含量,提高幅度在11.02%~37.55%;盐分峰值的位置随着试验时间延长不断向下运移。表明,微咸水灌溉条件下,覆砂措施通过减少土壤水分蒸发和增加土壤水分入渗而抑制表层土壤盐分累积,促进土壤盐分向下层运动。     

Evaluation of different mulch materials for reducing soil surface evaporation in semi‐arid region

In recent years, the use of new mulches for soil water conservation in arid regions has been introduced as an alternative to conventional (plastic) mulches. However, systematic studies concerning the effects of different organic [pistachio shell mulch (PSM), wheat straw mulch, de‐oiled olive pomace mulch (DOM) or wood chips mulch], chemical [superabsorbent polymer (HM) or organic‐based emulsion polymer (PEM)] and mineral [gravel mulch (GM)] covers on soil and water conservation are scarce. Therefore, two experiments were carried out. Experiment 1 was aimed at evaluating the effects of mulches of different composition on soil surface evaporation, whereas in experiment 2 we investigated the effects of this decrease in soil evaporation due to different mulch materials on some olive tree physiological responses to soil drying. We analysed stem water potential, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, leaf density and maximum efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry (Fv/Fm) of 2‐yr‐old plants of ‘Konservalia’ olive, grown in pots in open field. The results showed that different mulch materials had different efficiency on soil water conservation and DOM and pistachio shell mulch PSM – as new mulch materials – seems more favourable for conserving soil water. Water stress caused reductions in all parameters measured and increment in leaf density compared with unstressed treatment. Olive plants grown using different soil mulch presented higher values of stem water potential, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and Fv/Fm ratio compared to control plants. Although all the mulch treatments improved the water content of soil, DOM and PSM were found to be superior in maintaining optimum soil water content for olive use.     

Evaluation of Soil Temperature Moderating and Moisture Conserving Effects of Various Mulches during a Growing Season

Abstract

The seven mulches investigated affected soil temperature throughout the season compared with bare soil. The degree of temperature moderation varied depending on whether the temperature trend was increasing, relatively constant or decreasing. The organic mulches, wood chips and silage, as well as spun polypropylene covered with wood chips kept the soil temperature cooler compared with bare soil until middle of August. During periods of soil warming, spun polypropylene and paper reduced soil temperature. Soil under black plastic had a higher mean temperature than bare soil throughout the season. Degradable plastic increased soil temperature, but only to a small extent. The organic mulches conserved more moisture than any other of the materials evaluated, although during July soil moisture contents were significantly higher under all mulches compared with bare soil.     

Mulch effects on rainfall interception, soil physical characteristics and temperature under Zea mays L.

Application of organic amendment to the soil surface is widely used in order to ameliorate topsoil physical conditions, especially with respect to temperature, evaporation and water content. Water intercepted by mulch and crop canopy involves loss through evaporation that never replenishes the soil water. In this study, hydrological and temperature conditions beneath mulches of manufactured materials, organic waste, wheat straw (Tritium aestivum L.) and soybean straw (Glycine max L. Merrill) applied at different thickness were investigated in glasshouse and field conditions in southern England. Interception loss by a maize (Zea mays L.) canopy and mulch modified the soil water balance by adversely affecting soil water content beneath thicker application. Mulching had a beneficial effect on soil water and temperature regimes. These findings are important for identifying mulching practices for dryland agriculture and under scenarios of climatic change that predict lower rainfall and higher temperatures in summer.     

初始湿度对覆膜开孔蒸发水盐运移的影响

为了解初始含水率(湿度)变化对覆膜开孔蒸发的盐分与蒸发量的定量关系,通过不同湿度土壤的室内蒸发实验,研究了覆膜开孔率影响下土壤水分和盐分的运动特征.结果表明,初始含水率越大,不同覆膜条件下累积蒸发量越大,单位膜孔面积累积蒸发量(E_R)随开孔率增大而急剧减小.不同初始湿度的ER与覆膜开孔率的关系可用乘幂表示;表土返盐量随覆膜开孔率的增大而逐渐增加;不同含水率土壤的盐分浓度削面分布趋势一致,含水率越大,表层盐分浓度越大,含水率较小的土壤.盐分浓度在表层最大.在盐分含量最低点附近达到最小值,表层以下4-13cm的盐分浓度均小于初始值;不同覆膜开孔率条件下不同含水率土体剖面盐分浓度与垂直位置之间可用幂函数表示.研究表明,初始湿度对土壤水盐运动的影响存在定性特征,而覆膜开孔率对水盐运动的影响有定量关系可循.     

表层有效土壤水分参数化及冠层下土面蒸发模拟

通过观测田间微气象数据、土壤表层水分变化状况及荞麦作物冠层下土面蒸发等资料,引进一个表面体积含水率的函数,构建了基于表层有效土壤水分的土壤蒸发模型。该模型包含了土面蒸发的2个过程:水蒸气从土壤孔隙中扩散到地表面及水蒸气由地表面传输到大气中。模型中表层有效土壤水分参数不仅取决于表层土壤含水状况,而且受风速影响。采用波文比能量平衡法及微型蒸发器观测荞麦地实际蒸腾蒸发量及冠层下土面蒸发的变化规律,并验证模型精度。结果表明,所构建模型可以成功预测冠层下土面蒸发,其平均相对误差为13.5%。该研究对于实现土壤蒸发及作物蒸腾的分离估算,减少无效水分消耗具有重要意义。     

不同有机材料覆盖对土壤保水效果的影响

[目的]研究不同有机材料覆盖对土壤水分蒸发量、土壤含水量的影响,并筛选出保水效果最佳的材料。[方法]以木片、树皮及经过堆腐的园林废弃物为研究对象,进行模拟蒸发及桶装控制试验。[结果]不同粒径的园林废弃物覆盖均能降低土壤水分日蒸发量,日蒸发量从大到小依次为CK,3～5 cm粒径(M_3)、0～1 cm粒径(M_1)、1～3 cm粒径(M_2)。在连续蒸发14 d后,M_2,M_1,M_3和CK的土壤水分累积蒸发量分别为193.0,269.5,304.0和1 037.0 g,与CK相比,分别减少了81.4%,74.0%,70.7%;不同有机材料覆盖均能提高土壤含水量。除了雨季之外,不同土层土壤含水量从高到低依次表现为:木片覆盖(M_4)树皮覆盖(M_5)1～3 cm粒径园林废弃物覆盖(M_2)CK。土壤含水量的年变化整体呈现出双峰趋势,一年中4—5月含水量较低,6—8月含水量较高,不同土层土壤含水量的年变化趋势基本一致。M_4,M_5,M_2和CK的0—40 cm土层土壤年平均含水量分别为32.9%,30.3%,27.4%,26.8%。[结论]木片为保水效果最好的有机材料,其次是树皮和园林废弃物。     

不同覆盖方式对土壤水热分布的影响

[目的]覆盖会影响土壤水、热分布,研究不同覆盖方式对土壤水热分布的影响,可为不同作物选择合适的覆盖方式控制土壤水热状态提供参考.[方法]用田间试验测定不同覆盖方式下玉米农田土壤的温度、含水率与蒸发量,比较测定数据探究不同覆盖方式对土壤水、热分布影响的特征.共设5个试验处理,无覆盖、地膜覆盖、1.5 cm落叶覆盖、3.0...