Soil surface evaporation processes under mulches of different sized gravel

To reduce water loss from soil surface evaporation is important in agricultural and environmental practices, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Gravel mulch has long been practiced to reduce soil surface evaporation. In this study, a series of simulation experiments were conducted to study the effects of gravel mulches of different sizes on evaporation process from soil surface. Four mulch treatment levels were used: diameter 0.5 cm (A), diameter 2.5 cm (B), diameter 4.5 cm (C), and bare soil (CK), with three replicates. It was found that the gravel mulches dramatically reduced the evaporation from bare soil surface, particularly when soil water contents were at high levels. Under the same soil water content, the evaporation reduction rates under gravel mulches were negatively correlated with gravel sizes. The evaporation processes under gravel mulches were much more stable as compared with that from bare soil surface. The ratio of the soil surface evaporation to the atmospheric evaporation (E_ss/E_sa) and soil water contents with no mulch decreased rapidly with time. Soil water contents decreased slowly with time under mulches while the E_ss/E_sa values maintained at the more or less stable levels. During the successive evaporation process of 41 days, the cumulative soil surface evaporation under mulches was linearly correlated with time but that from bare soil surface was logarithmically correlated with time.     

土壤紧实胁迫对黄瓜叶片光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

紧实是温室土壤的疲劳症状之一,它对作物的生长、产量及养分吸收均有影响。本试验以容重为指标,用盆栽试验模拟温室土壤的物理疲劳症,研究了土壤紧实胁迫对黄瓜叶片光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数的影响,探讨温室土壤物理疲劳对黄瓜叶片光合作用产生影响的机理。结果表明,土壤紧实胁迫条件下黄瓜叶片的净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度(Gs)及蒸腾速率(Tr)下降,而胞间CO2浓度（Ci）却增大,最终导致叶片干物质的累积量减少,第一雌花节位降低,果实发育提早。叶片的叶绿素含量减少,光合活性（Fv）、光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）反应中心的电子传递活性（Fm/Fo）、光能的最大转化效率（Fv/Fm）及PSⅡ的潜在活性（Fv/Fo）降低以及PSⅡ的光能利用率下降是紧实胁迫条件下黄瓜叶片光合作用减弱的原因。     

秸秆覆盖量对农田土壤水分和温度动态的影响

2009年4-11月,在山西寿阳旱地农业试验区对覆盖量为1500、3000、4500、6000kg/hm24个不同秸秆覆盖量处理和不覆盖处理的春玉米试验小区进行田间定位观测,采用自动记录土壤剖面水分测定仪和自计温度测定仪实时观测了不同秸秆覆盖处理的玉米全生育期的土壤水分和温度动态,结合生育期土壤蒸发的动态观测,研究了农田秸秆覆盖量对土壤水热动态的影响。结果表明,秸秆覆盖在作物生长前期和旱季对土壤表层的土壤蒸发和温度调控效果明显,秸秆覆盖量越大效果越明显。按照对土壤水分和温度的综合作用,试验区域秸秆覆盖对土壤水分和温度调控效果最佳秸秆覆盖量为4500kg/hm2;秸秆覆盖量越高对土壤蒸发的抑制效果越好,但覆盖量对降雨入渗和土壤温度的影响受降雨强度、土壤湿度、土壤类型等具体条件的不同而产生不同的效果,其规律有待进一步研究。     

耕作和保墒措施对冬小麦生育时期光合特征及水分利用的影响

为探明不同耕作保墒措施下冬小麦生育期间光合生理特征及其增产机理,采用田间试验,以常规耕作为对照,采用深松、秸秆覆盖、免耕、施用有机肥及保水剂等措施,研究了不同耕作和保墒措施对冬小麦生育期间光合作用、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:冬小麦光合速率和叶片水分利用效率均以孕穗期最高,而灌浆期最低。蒸腾速率和气孔导度均以扬花期最高。对不同处理而言,在各生育时期均以深松处理的光合速率和叶片水分利用效率最高,其次为秸秆覆盖处理。在拔节期、孕穗期和扬花期以有机肥处理的蒸腾速率最高,而灌浆期以秸秆覆盖的蒸腾速率较高,在全生育期对照的蒸腾速率均较低。气孔导度与蒸腾速率表现规律基本一致。不同耕作、保墒措施均提高了小麦的穗数、穗粒数及千粒重,以及小麦籽粒产量和水分生产效率,降低了小麦总耗水量;各处理中以深松处理的效果最佳,其产量和水分生产效率分别较对照提高19.6%和38.3%。相关分析表明:各时期的小麦光合速率及叶片水分利用效率均与小麦产量和水分生产效率呈正相关,且随生育期的推进,其相关性增强,特别在扬花期,光合速率对于小麦产量和水分生产效率的影响更显著。     

Tillage and mulch effects on productivity and water use of pea and soil carbon stocks

Soil management can notably influence crop production under rainfed farming; however, improper soil management is one of the key factors threatening sustainability. The objective of this 3 years’ study was to evaluate the performance of two types of tillage: conventional tillage (CT) and zero tillage (ZT) systems with four mulches; paddy straw mulch (PSM), maize stubble (MS), Imperata cylendrica (thatch grass, TG) and no mulch (NM) on yield and water use of pea (Pisum sativum) and physico-chemical properties of soil. CT and PSM have registered 11.1% and 36.1% higher pod yield, 10.0% and 40% improvement of water use efficiency (WUE) and 9.7% and 49.2% better harvest monetary benefit (HMB) over ZT and NM, respectively. Soil moisture content (SMC) was higher with ZT than CT. Placement of mulch has considerably higher SMC on upper soil layer over NM, but at deeper depth, there was no such evidence. The soil organic carbon (SOC) was considerably improved by 4.1% with ZT than CT, whereas, MS improved SOC by 1.9% than NM. The findings clearly suggested that CT along with PSM registered improvement in pod yield, WUE and HMB, but ZT and MS improved SOC at different soil depths and responded to carbon stock management.     

Mulch effects on rainfall interception, soil physical characteristics and temperature under Zea mays L.

Application of organic amendment to the soil surface is widely used in order to ameliorate topsoil physical conditions, especially with respect to temperature, evaporation and water content. Water intercepted by mulch and crop canopy involves loss through evaporation that never replenishes the soil water. In this study, hydrological and temperature conditions beneath mulches of manufactured materials, organic waste, wheat straw (Tritium aestivum L.) and soybean straw (Glycine max L. Merrill) applied at different thickness were investigated in glasshouse and field conditions in southern England. Interception loss by a maize (Zea mays L.) canopy and mulch modified the soil water balance by adversely affecting soil water content beneath thicker application. Mulching had a beneficial effect on soil water and temperature regimes. These findings are important for identifying mulching practices for dryland agriculture and under scenarios of climatic change that predict lower rainfall and higher temperatures in summer.     

不同微咸水灌水量条件下覆砂措施对土壤水盐运移的影响

采用室内土柱模拟试验,对比研究了不同微咸水灌水量条件下覆砂与不覆砂对土壤水盐分布和运移的影响,以期为压砂地合理利用微咸水提供理论支持。结果表明,与不覆砂相比,覆砂增加了土壤水分下渗深度,最大增加深度可达8 cm;减少了试验期间土壤水分累计蒸发量,低、中、高3个灌水量分别减少了74%、54%和21%,减少幅度随灌水量增加有降低的趋势。在土壤水分再分布过程中,土壤剖面出现明显分界点,覆砂提高了分界点处土壤水分含量,增加量为2%~5%;保蓄了上层土壤水分含量,尤其是低灌水量时,不覆砂处理0~20 cm土壤水分含量在试验期间减少幅度达到34%,而覆砂处理仅减少了16.9%;增加了下层土壤水分含量。同时,覆砂明显抑制了表层土壤盐分累积,抑制幅度达到92.4%~95.2%;提高了土壤剖面盐分峰值处盐分含量,提高幅度在11.02%~37.55%;盐分峰值的位置随着试验时间延长不断向下运移。表明,微咸水灌溉条件下,覆砂措施通过减少土壤水分蒸发和增加土壤水分入渗而抑制表层土壤盐分累积,促进土壤盐分向下层运动。     

Effect of Shading on Gas Exchange of Cotton Leaves Under Conditions of Different Soil Water Contents1

Effect of different shading levels (no-shading, 80% shading, and 40% shading) on photosynthetic and stomatal responses in cotton leaves were investigated under onditions of different soil water contents in summer midday. All cotton leaves exhibited similar basic responses to shading, including decreased netphotosynthetic rates, a tendency to decrease in transpiration rates, and increased stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration. The leaf conductance of 80% shaded and 40% shaded plants increased by 28% and 16.7% compared with no-shaded plants at high water, respectively, but the net photosynthetic rates of 80% shaded and 40% shaded plants declined by 50% and 14.73%, respectively. Results showed that combined effect of soil moisture and shading on photosynthetic and stomatal responses in cotton leaves was very remarkable.     

钾对苹果树水分利用效率及有关参数的影响

以２年生盆栽新红星／平邑甜茶苹果树为试材,初步探讨了土壤不同水分状况下钾对水分利用效率（ＷＵＥ）及有关参数的影响,结果表明,充足供水时,施钾肥植株的气孔导度（Ｇｓ）增大,光合速率（Ｐｎ）和蒸腾速率（Ｔｒ）同时被提高,但Ｔｒ的提高幅度更大,导致了ＷＵＥ的降低;土壤干旱时,钾可明显提高植株的ＷＵＥ,不同处理的ＷＵＥ大小顺序为：高Ｋ〉中Ｋ〉低Ｋ〉ＣＫ,植株施钾肥后,Ｇｓ增大,Ｐｎ被提高,但Ｔｒ却下降,说     

颗粒大小对浙江省土壤磁学性质的影响

Effect of different shading levels (no-shading,80% shading,and 40% shading)on photosynthetic and stomatal responses in cotton leaves were investigated under conditions of different soil water contents in summer midday.All cotton leaves exhibited similar basic responses to shading,including decreased net photosynthetic rates,a tendency to decrease in transpiration rates,and increased stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration.The leaf conductance of 80% shaded and 40% shaded plants increased by 28% and 16.7% compared with no-shaded plants at high water,respectively,but the net photosynthetic rates of 80% shaded and 40% shaded plants declined by 50% and 14.73%,respectively,Results showed that combined effect of soil moisture and shading on photosynthetic and stomatal responses in cotton leaves was very remarkable.     

Soil physical changes and maize growth in a structurally fragile tropical soil due to mulching and duration between irrigation intervals

Under tropical meteorological conditions, the volume of soil explored by plant roots is crucial for crop growth as it allows increased water and nutrient use efficiency. We hypothesized that, under different irrigation intervals, leguminous mulch can extend the duration between irrigation events but maintain crop performance, because decreased evaporative fluxes also reduce constraints to root exploration imposed by mechanical stress. We evaluated the combined effects of leguminous mulch and irrigation intervals on soil physical properties to determine whether the growth and productivity of maize were modified in a structurally fragile tropical soil. The experiment involved the following treatments: 4‐day irrigation intervals with soil mulched (4C) or bare (4S), 6‐day irrigation intervals with soil mulched (6C) or bare (6S), 8‐day irrigation intervals with soil mulched (8C) or bare (8S) and 10‐day irrigation intervals with soil mulched (10C) or bare (10S). Mulch decreased soil penetration resistance and increased to 4 days the favourable time for root development in drying soil. Relative to bare soil, mulch with a 6‐day irrigation interval almost doubled nitrogen uptake post‐tasselling, which decreased nitrogen remobilization and increased the crop growth rate during this stage. These conditions had a positive effect on the transpiration rate and stomatal conductance as well as on the growth and yield of maize. A 6‐day irrigation interval with mulch compared to 4 days with bare soil resulted in similar conditions for root development, but greater uptake of nitrogen (102.73–78.70 kg/ha) and better yield (6.2–5.3 t/ha), which means greater efficiency in nitrogen and water use.     

Effects of Different Irrigation Regimes and Mulches on Yield and Macronutrition Levels of Drip-Irrigated Cucumber Under Open Field Conditions

ABSTRACT

The effectiveness of different mulch types on fruit yield, leaf-nutrient composition, and normal plant growth parameters was investigated in order to maximize water use efficiency (WUE) in cucumber grown under water stress. Treatments were (1) bare soil + water stress (WS), (2) bare soil + unstressed (control, C), (3) black polyethylene mulch + water stress (BPM + WS), (4) wheat straw mulch + water stress (WSM + WS), and (5) wheat straw mulch plus black polyethylene mulch + water stress (WSM + BPM + WS). Seasonal crop evapotranspiration was between 492 and 960 mm. Seasonal irrigation water amounts were 965 and 485 mm for the C and WS treatments, respectively. The WUE ranged from 3.40 to 5.78 kg m^?3, while irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE) was between 3.39 and 6.08 kg m^?3. IWUE and WUE were increased under WS treatments with mulching compared with the control treatment, as mulching significantly reduced the amount of irrigation water required. Both BPM and WSM improved the fruit yield, fruit size, plant dry matter, total leaf area, and chlorophyll and nutrient concentrations in leaves under the stressed treatments, while these two mulches in combination (BPM + WSM) caused further increases in these parameters. This study confirms that limiting soil evaporation with mulches is a key action to take to save irrigation water and to improve WUE and IWUE. Because use of drip irrigation with mulching can increase WUE, this strategy might be used for vegetable production in semi-arid regions where irrigation water is limited.     

西藏青稞农田草浆地膜覆盖的保水效果研究

采用对比方法研究了草浆地膜覆盖对青稞（Hordeumvulgare）农田土壤的保水作用,以期明确草浆地膜的农田保水理论依据和保水效果。结果表明：草浆地膜覆盖下的土壤表面相对湿度、土壤紧实度和土壤含水量等指标均低于塑料地膜覆盖处理,其中土壤含水量指标显著低于后者（n=3,P〈0.05）;与对照相比,草浆地膜覆盖下0～5cm土层内土壤紧实度显著降低,但土壤温度与对照相比相差不大,同时土壤表层水分散失明显减少,土壤含水量增加7.59%,达到显著差异水平（n=3,P〈0.05）。草浆地膜覆盖保水效果十分明显。     

黄土高原不同土壤类型对桃树水分运转影响的模拟

根据不同土壤的水分特征曲线、气孔导度模型、冠层蒸腾模型和RC模型模拟出黄土高原不同土壤类型下桃树(Prunus persicavar.nectarina Maxim)的水分运转动态。在逐步干旱过程中各类土壤维持桃树蒸腾的时间和桃树散失的水分总量均依次为中壤土>轻壤土>紧砂土>重壤土,中壤土的保水能力最好,重壤土的可利用水最少,中壤土维持蒸腾的时间最长,但中壤土、轻壤土和紧砂土之间的保水能力与维持蒸腾的时间无显著差异。在整个干旱周期过程中气孔导度、叶片水势和组织贮存水均呈波动式减小,其总体趋势与土壤水势相一致。     

对板栗园树盘土壤双重覆盖的效应研究

对板栗园树盘土壤进行麦秸、黑色地膜和无色地膜的单一或双重覆盖试验。结果表明，所有覆盖处理的保水效果均好于对照，但对温度的影响因不同处理而有差异；覆草＋覆膜的处理不仅具有显著的增温保墒作用，能培肥地力，双重覆盖处理的有机质平均含量比单独的膜覆盖增加0.1%，有效磷和有效钾分别提高1.2和5.7 mg·kg^-1，孔隙度增加3.21%，栗果产量增加10.70%。综合各种效应不同处理优劣顺序为：黑膜+草>无色膜+草>覆草> 黑膜>无色膜>对照。     

Effect of drought pretreatment before anthesis and post-anthesis waterlogging on water relation,photosynthesis, and growth of tomatoes

The effect of drought preconditioning before anthesis and post-anthesis waterlogging on water relation, photosynthesis, and growth was studied in tomatoes. Tomatoes were grown in pots and exposed to four treatments, whereby the plants were irrigated to 80% field capacity in T1 (control) and T2, 70% of the control (T3), and 50% of the control (T4). Drought was maintained for 30 days from 14 days after transplanting (DAT), and then the plants under T2, T3, and T4 were subjected to waterlogging at 60 and 80 DAT and lasted for 2 days. The results showed that drought pretreatments induced a decrease in leaf water potential, leaf insertion angle, photosynthetic rate, and transpiration rate. The stomatal closure and epinasty observed in response to drought pretreatment represented adaptive mechanisms to the followed waterlogging. The soil redox potential, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate of un-pretreatment were dramatically decreased by post-anthesis waterlogging; however, T3 was found to effectively enhance tolerance to a waterlogging event by decreasing leaf insertion angle and increasing photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate. Fruit quality and yield were deteriorated considerably by waterlogging. However, T3 caused less damage to fruit quality and yield by post-anthesis waterlogging compared to T2.     

不同覆盖方式对土壤水热分布的影响

[目的]覆盖会影响土壤水、热分布,研究不同覆盖方式对土壤水热分布的影响,可为不同作物选择合适的覆盖方式控制土壤水热状态提供参考.[方法]用田间试验测定不同覆盖方式下玉米农田土壤的温度、含水率与蒸发量,比较测定数据探究不同覆盖方式对土壤水、热分布影响的特征.共设5个试验处理,无覆盖、地膜覆盖、1.5 cm落叶覆盖、3.0...     

谷胱甘肽对自毒作用下辣椒叶片光合特性的影响

以当地辣椒(Capsicum annuum L.)主栽品种"陇椒5号"和"七寸红"为试材,研究自毒作用下不同浓度外源谷胱甘肽(GSH)对辣椒幼苗叶绿素含量、光合参数和叶绿素荧光参数的影响,以探讨GSH对辣椒自毒作用的缓解效果和生理作用机制。结果表明:单一叶浸提液处理(CK2)后,2个品种辣椒叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、PSII最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSII有效光能转化效率(Fv’/Fm’)和实际光化学效率(ФPSII)均较清水处理(CK1)降低,初始荧光(Fo)升高,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)则先升后降。说明辣椒叶浸提液引起的自毒作用导致光合作用的下降主要是由于非气孔因素引起的。含有不同浓度GSH的叶浸提液处理后,叶绿素含量、Pn、Gs、Tr、Fv/Fm、Fv’/Fm’和ФPSII与单一辣椒叶浸提液处理相比均有一定程度的回升,Ci和Fo均较叶浸提液处理的降低。说明外源GSH能够提高自毒作用下辣椒幼苗叶片CO2的利用率,降低非气孔因素的伤害,进而缓解自毒物质对辣椒幼苗的毒害。研究表明,适合缓解陇椒5号和七寸红自毒作用的GSH浓度分别为50和30mg.L-1。     

初始湿度对覆膜开孔蒸发水盐运移的影响

为了解初始含水率(湿度)变化对覆膜开孔蒸发的盐分与蒸发量的定量关系,通过不同湿度土壤的室内蒸发实验,研究了覆膜开孔率影响下土壤水分和盐分的运动特征.结果表明,初始含水率越大,不同覆膜条件下累积蒸发量越大,单位膜孔面积累积蒸发量(E_R)随开孔率增大而急剧减小.不同初始湿度的ER与覆膜开孔率的关系可用乘幂表示;表土返盐量随覆膜开孔率的增大而逐渐增加;不同含水率土壤的盐分浓度削面分布趋势一致,含水率越大,表层盐分浓度越大,含水率较小的土壤.盐分浓度在表层最大.在盐分含量最低点附近达到最小值,表层以下4-13cm的盐分浓度均小于初始值;不同覆膜开孔率条件下不同含水率土体剖面盐分浓度与垂直位置之间可用幂函数表示.研究表明,初始湿度对土壤水盐运动的影响存在定性特征,而覆膜开孔率对水盐运动的影响有定量关系可循.     

不同耕作措施对旱地作物生育期农田耗水结构和水分利用效率的影响

陇中黄土高原旱农区降水有限、水分利用效率低下是导致该区作物生产力水平低而不稳的主要原因。发展保护性耕作是保护水土资源、提高水分利用效率的重要途径。为揭示耕作措施影响水分利用效率的机制,2015—2016年在陇中黄土高原旱农区研究了不同耕作措施对土壤棵间蒸发、农田耗水量、作物蒸腾量、棵间蒸发与蒸散的比例、产量及水分利用效率的影响。试验设置传统耕作(T)、免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)、免耕(NT)、传统耕作+秸秆翻入(TS)、传统耕作+覆膜(TP)、免耕覆膜(NTP)6个处理,春小麦和豌豆年间轮作。结果表明:(1)春小麦和豌豆全生育期棵间蒸发量NTS、TP、NTP比T显著减少6.52%~50.81%,NTS降低棵间蒸发量的作用主要在小麦开花后和豌豆结荚后,地膜覆盖在各个生育时期基本上都显著减少了棵间蒸发。(2)NTS对全生育期耗水量无显著影响,NTP的耗水量只在小麦地显著高于T。相比T,NTS显著提高了小麦开花-收获和豌豆结荚-收获期间的阶段耗水量及其占总耗水的比例。(3)NTS、TP、NTP均显著提高了春小麦和豌豆的蒸腾量,降低了田间的蒸发占蒸散的比例,降低了水分的无效损耗。(4)各年份春小麦和豌豆的产量NTS、TP、NTP比T提高了7.64%~62.79%,水分利用效率比T提高了0.43%~50.88%。因此,在陇中黄土高原旱农区,免耕秸秆覆盖、地膜覆盖等保护性耕作措施均能提高水分利用效率及小麦和豌豆的产量。免耕秸秆覆盖通过降低作物生长后期棵间蒸发量,提高作物生长后期耗水量,降低蒸发与蒸散的比例,从而提高春小麦和豌豆的水分利用效率及产量。而地膜覆盖处理主要是通过减少全生育期棵间蒸发量,增加作物全生育期蒸腾量,降低蒸发与蒸散的比例,从而实现作物水分高效利用,提高作物产量。