茶多酚生产水相中茶氨酸分离技术研究

研究一种从生产茶多酚后的残留液中提纯茶氨酸的制备工艺;首先通过ZTC-II型天然澄清剂对茶多酚生产废液絮凝处理,离心液经过三种规格中空超滤膜超滤,透过液用一种特制的弱极性大孔树脂(JAD-2000)初步分离,制备含量在60%以上的茶氨酸粗品,再通过C18制备柱对其溶液进行分离纯化,制备含量在98%以上高纯度茶氨酸。结果表明经过絮凝和膜超滤处理,蛋白质和果胶等杂物去除率分别达到97%、89%以上,而茶多酚、可溶糖去除率不到9%,茶氨酸保留率达到93%;JAD-2000初步分离可得含量在61%以上粗茶氨酸,回收率达到71%以上,而醇洗馏份中茶氨酸含量甚微。经C18柱制备色谱分离粗茶氨酸样液,收集12.6~15.8min高浓度段馏份,检测知茶氨酸的回收率为71.3%,茶氨酸含量达98.3%。     

离子交换吸附分离茶氨酸的研究

本实验以目前工业上生产茶多酚后的废茶水为原料，通过超滤、脱色等预处理后，通过离子交换树脂对茶氨酸进行吸附分离，探索从其中分离制备茶氨酸的工艺。     

膜技术富集儿茶素渣中茶氨酸效应研究

以茶叶深加工中提制儿茶素后的废料—儿茶素渣为材料,在筛选出膜分离与富集茶氨酸最适料液pH值的基础上,比较研究了截留分子量为2500 Da、3500 Da、5000 Da的膜超滤儿茶素渣料液对茶氨酸得率与纯度的影响,以及300 Da纳滤、200 Da纳滤、反渗透、真空蒸发浓缩四种浓缩方法对茶氨酸的效应。结果表明:调节料液体系的pH值至2.8～3.5左右,有利于在超滤过程中分离与富集茶氨酸;选用截留分子量为3500 Da膜超滤儿茶素渣料液,茶多酚、水溶性碳水化合物等大分子物质大部分被截留,其截留率分别为89.90%、92.20%,可获得率为54.50%、纯度为8.92%的茶氨酸料液,300 Da纳滤、200 Da纳滤、反渗透、真空蒸发浓缩四种浓缩方法在加工茶氨酸中,茶氨酸损失率依次为4.51%、3.62%、0.45%、5.15%。综合考虑,利用3500 Da超滤分离与反渗透浓缩可以分离与富集儿茶素渣中的茶氨酸,综合得率与纯度分别为54.05%和8.53%,在生产上具有一定的可行性。     

漳平水仙茶饼多酚的纯化及其体外活性研究

为了研究大孔树脂对水仙茶饼多酚的纯化效果,试验以水仙茶饼多酚粗提液为原料,比较了9种不同型号大孔树脂对水仙茶饼粗多酚的静态吸附和解吸性能,再以吸附率和解吸率为指标通过静态、动态吸附解吸试验。考察了各因素对LX-28树脂纯化水仙饼茶粗多酚的影响,最后探讨了纯化前后的水仙茶饼多酚的体外抗氧化和抑菌效果。结果表明:最佳纯化树脂LX-28,最佳吸附和解吸条件为1.5 mg/mL的质量浓度的水仙茶饼多酚粗提取液(pH4.0~5.0)以2.0 mL/min的流速上样95 mL,吸附平衡后去离子水冲洗至无色,再用70 mL,65%体积分数乙醇溶液(pH6.0)为洗脱剂,以3.0 mL/min流速洗脱,在此纯化条件下LX-28树脂对水仙茶饼多酚的吸附率和解吸率分别为(93.587±0.379)%和(95.330±1.282)%,树脂可重复使用4次,纯度提高了约3.04倍;对DPPH·和ABTS+·自由基清除率的IC50值分别从纯化前的1.279、3.682 mg/mL降低到0.295、1.525 mg/mL;对供试的大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、米根霉和紫红曲霉均有不同程度的抑制作用,纯化后的水仙茶饼多酚的抑菌效果优于纯化前。     

茶树次生代谢产物在铁观音茶冲泡过程中的溶出规律初探

利用化学分析法对两种铁观音茶在冲泡过程中茶多酚、表儿茶素、咖啡碱、茶氨酸等茶树次生代谢产物的溶出规律进行了初步研究,以科学指导饮茶。结果表明:铁观音茶依次用沸水冲泡2min、3mi n、5min后,每次所冲泡茶汤中的茶多酚浓度都达到了较高的水平(180-300μg/mL);同等冲泡条件下,茶氨酸与咖啡碱更易浸出于茶汤,儿茶素的浸出率高于茶多酚。铁观音茶经3次沸水冲泡后,影响茶汤滋味的儿茶素、茶多酚等成分的累计浸出率分别为30%和10%左右,茶氨酸累计浸出30%左右,咖啡碱最高累计浸出50%左右,进一步印证了铁观音茶是一类较耐泡的茶叶。     

浓茶汁的制备工艺及其解毒作用实验研究

采用正交试验设计,以提取时间、料液比和提取温度条件为考察因素,以茶多酚含量为考察指标进行浓茶汁制备工艺优选;制备茶汁制三十六荡炮制品,测定其炮制前后的LD50,比较其毒性的变化.结果表明,浓茶汁制备方法为回流提取优于浸泡提取,三种茶叶茶多酚提取率为绿茶>黑茶>红茶;浓茶汁提取工艺为50 g茶叶加水量400 mL,提取时间为40 min,温度为95℃;三十六荡经浓茶汁炮制前后的急性毒性有差异,其毒性大小依次为红茶炮制品>原药材>绿茶炮制品.三十六荡经绿茶炮制后毒性明显降低,研究结果可为茶汁解毒提供依据.     

茶树根内生细菌的分离及其茶多酚耐受性的初步研究

本实验研究了茶树根内生细菌的分离方法及对茶多酚的耐受性,并对内生细菌进行了初步的鉴定。结果表明,分离茶树内生细菌时采用75%的酒精2min和2%次氯酸钠20min表面消毒处理,消毒彻底;含茶多酚的细菌营养平板可作为茶树根内生细菌的选择性分离平板。茶树内生细菌对茶多酚的耐受浓度,最高不高于0.5g/L;经鉴定主要为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)。     

采用超高压技术从茶叶中提取茶多酚

采用超高压技术常温提取,通用正交试验法,以茶多酚粗品收率为指标,考察溶剂浓度、压力、保压时间、浸泡时间对茶多酚的影响因素,并与回流提取法比较研究茶多酚的超高压提取工艺。结果表明：优化茶多酚的提取工艺条件为：溶剂为60%乙醇,压力为200βMPa,浸泡时间为0.5βh,保压时间为3βmin,得率是28.92%。超高压提取出的粗品收率比回流提取的高出25.3%,茶多酚的收率则比回流提取高出32%。超高压提取要比回流提取收率高;而且提取液澄清、透明,存放一年半后毫无变化。如果工业应用后,必然带来巨大经济效益。     

乙醇在茶叶多糖提取中的应用研究

乙醇预处理茶叶后,再通过水提可实现高茶多糖提取物的制备.以安溪铁观音为原料,以茶多糖、茶多酚、可溶性蛋白含量和浸出物得率为评价指标,考察乙醇预提取茶叶中乙醇浓度、料液比、温度、提取时间等因素的影响.单因素试验的基础上,正交试验分析发现,温度为醇提茶叶的最显著因素,乙醇浓度次之,而料液比和提取时间影响最小.乙醇预处理茶叶最优工艺参数组合为A1 B2 C2 D1,即乙醇浓度65%、料液比1:25、温度55℃、提取时间20 min,该工艺实施后可再通过水提制得更高含量的茶多糖,为其进一步应用开展及工业化制备提供重要的理论依据.     

碱处理强度对木质纤维素吸附茶儿茶素类和咖啡碱的影响

将木质纤维素用0．1mol／L氢氧化钠分别处理0～13天,通过静态吸附实验比较碱处理时间对茶多酚粗品中茶儿茶素类和咖啡碱的吸附能力的影响。结果表明：（1）无论是否经过碱处理,木质纤维素对茶几茶素类和咖啡碱都有一定的吸附能力;（2）未经碱处理的木质纤维素对总儿茶素类和咖啡碱的吸附量显著低于经碱处理过的木质纤维素;（3）处理0—2天内,吸附量随时间延长显著增强;2-13天,总儿茶素类吸附量差异不显著,咖啡碱吸附量则随着处理时间的增加而略有增加,8～13天（除11天）显著高于0～4天的处理。用碱处理7天后的木质纤维素吸附茶多酚粗品,经水和60％乙醇分步洗脱可得到高酯型儿茶素类产品。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.