乌兰布和沙漠人工绿洲边缘植物落演替趋势和区域可持续发展

对乌兰布和沙漠北缘内蒙古农业大学教学实习基地5年的植被数量变化分析，结果表明，天然植物群落虽然没有发生演替，但其波动的趋势是向着逆行方向进行的，其原因主要在于该地区人口增加之后开垦土地面积的增加和牲畜数量增加带来的放牧强度加大，该地是一个生态脆弱区，此区要进行农牧业生产，必须考虑生态阈值，必须此区域要进行可持续发展必须走科技的道路，必须有政策扶持。     

朱稽河流域生态修复区植被动态变化状况分析

水土流失导致水库、江河水体污染,对人类健康构成严重的威胁。因此,控制水体污染,恢复良好生态环境必须从源头做起,依靠大自然的优势,通过人工干预进行生态修复。对朱稽河流域实施5 a的封禁修复效果进行的监测结果表明:生态修复1~3 a,植物种群逐步增加,植被覆盖度逐年提高,从62.5%提高到96.7%,生态修复区出现了野李子、野蔷薇、毛桃、酸枣等小灌木;生态修复4~5 a,林下植被平均覆盖度由96.4%下降到92.6%,原因是随着人工补植树种湿地松的成林,林下草种发生明显的变化,芨芨草+白茅+山莓群落已被耐阴性草种满天星、翻白草、泽漆、鸭舌草等替代,一些阳性草种逐渐退化消失,植物群落逐渐以人工种植的湿地松为建群种,植物群落演替趋向良性循环。     

退耕还林工程对米脂县农业生态经济演替过程的影响

"退耕还林工程"对区域农业生态经济系统演替过程产生了重要影响.通过对高人口密度区的米脂县退耕还林工程实施效果的分析,发现米脂县实施退耕还林工程10 a来,植被恢复明显,森林覆盖率较退耕前提高了13.85%;水土流失得到了有效治理,水土流失治理程度较退耕前提高了12. 73%;农民收人增加,思想观念、生产生活方式变化显著,区域产业结构优化,取得了明显的生态效益、经济效益和社会效益.这一实施效果也证明黄土丘陵区可以实现生态与经济的协调发展.     

基于四象限模型煤粮复合区景观生态质量时空变化及影响因素

在煤粮复合区,煤炭开采通过影响区域的景观格局,不断地冲击着原有农业景观生态系统的功能和过程,对该区域的景观生态质量及其影响因素进行分析对于矿区生态治理具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。该研究以河南省辉县市赵固煤矿为例,以行政村为评价单元,采用四象限模型对研究区景观生态质量进行了综合评价。结果表明:1)受煤炭开采活动和土地生态整治的影响,2008—2016年,研究区耕地面积总体上呈现先减少后增加的变化趋势,耕地主要向建设用地和水域转移。建设用地呈现先增加后减少的变化趋势,建设用地主要向水域和耕地转移。2)研究区的景观稳定性指数呈现先减少后增加的变化趋势,而景观干扰性指数呈现先增加后减少的变化特征。3)研究区景观生态质量在时间尺度上呈现“良好—较差—较好”的变化特征。2008年,矿井建设及开采初期研究区景观生态质量整体上较好。随着开采活动增强,到2011年研究区景观干扰程度增加和稳定程度降低,造成区域景观生态质量下降。2014年后大规模土地复垦使研究区土地利用率增加,大面积沉陷水域改善了区域景观结构,景观系统稳定性增加。4)在空间尺度上,受开采活动和土地生态整治的影响,矿区采点附近村庄景观生态质量呈现先变差后好转的变化趋势,远离矿区开采点的村庄有略微变差的趋势。总体上,与2011年相比,2016年质量为优的村庄数量和面积增加,质量为差的村庄数量和面积减少,但与2008年相比,2016年质量为优的村庄数量和面积仍是减少,质量为差的区域的村庄数量和面积仍是增加,表明研究区景观生态质量虽有所改善,但仍未恢复到受扰动前的景观生态质量水平。     

子午岭土壤可培养微生物对植被演替的响应

利用"空间序列代替时间序列"的方法,研究了黄土高原子午岭土壤可培养微生物对植被演替的响应。结果表明:(1)土壤细菌、真菌及微生物总数量按退耕地→草地→灌草地→白桦(Betula platyphylla)林→辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)林→辽桦混交林方向递增(p<0.01);放线菌数量呈波动性变化,较高值出现在灌草地和辽东栎林。(2)演替的过程中,土壤微生物综合性指标Shannon—Wiener指数呈波动性变化;真菌数量变化对土壤微生物Shannon—Wiener指数影响较大。(3)随着演替的进行,氨化细菌和硝化细菌数量显著增加(p<0.01);固氮菌数量略有增加,但差异不显著(p>0.05),最大值出现在辽桦混交林;纤维素分解菌数量在辽东栎林和辽桦混交林最高。研究表明,植被演替对土壤微生物3大类群及主要功能群数量影响显著,促进了土壤微生物数量的增加;土壤微生物多样性变化趋势并非总是与植被进展演替方向一致,其大小与植被类型有关,并依植被组成的变化而变化。     

关于侵蚀坡地治理与开发中的若干问题思考

本文根据侵蚀坡地治理实践,就侵蚀坡地治理中的“小老头松”、侵蚀坡地生态系统的自我恢复能力、群落配置中的地带性、重建植被中的群落演替、坡地茶果园开发方式、庭院经济生态体系等问题等进行了讨论。指出：侵蚀坡地土壤贫瘠和裸露坡地近地表千热化是重建植被的主要障碍因素;坡地生态系统的自我恢复能力主要取决于土壤、植被、小气候等因素;侵蚀坡地植被的重建必须着眼于建立地带性森林系统,遵循地带性规律进行种群配置;植被群落发育程度必须与土壤肥力恢复水平相适应,即在先锋群落配置中要注重草被层的生长,避免造成“远看青山在,近看水土流”的“空中绿化”现象;侵蚀坡地果园的开发必须注重地被植物的保护和建设。“果-草-牧-沼-菌”庭院经济生态工程是解决水土流失区农民“钱”、“肥”、“烧”问题的有效途径。     

黄土丘陵区典型县域农业生态安全综合评价——以延安市宝塔区和安塞县为例

黄土丘陵区是一个特定的生态环境脆弱区,对这个地区的生态安全评价显的尤为莺要.采用层次分析法研究建立了黄土丘陵区农业生态安全综合评价指标体系.并以延安市宝塔区和安塞县为典型区,利用数学模型计算出这2个区域的农业生态安全指数,以此表征黄土丘陵区的农业生态安全现状,并针对此区域的生态安全问题提出相关建议.     

树立并坚持科学的生态修复观

实施生态修复是人类认识自然、改造自然的历史性进步。生态修复应坚持科学的理念,树立既尊重自然,顺应自然,依靠自然,又要充分发挥人的主观能动性的科学的生态修复观。要科学地选择并划定生态修复的区域范围,加快立法,明确职能,落实责任,制定规划,加大投入,积极采取飞播、人工增雨及生态移民等辅助性措施,为加快恢复创造条件。同时,要大力开展监测监控和预报工作,为深化管理与科学决策提供理论依据。     

基于土地利用变化的区域生态服务价值研究

以Costanza的生态服务价值理论为基础.结合重庆市区30 a土地利用变化特征,重点分析了其对生态价值的影响.通过对1975,1987,1995,2000和2005年遥感影像的解译获得研究区5期土地利用图,引入单一土地利用动态度和土地利用程度指数来分析土地利用变化的规律.在此基础上,计算了不同研究期不同地类生态的服务价值,重点分析了生态价值的总体变化规律;针对山地型城市分析了生态价值结构的变化规律;进而从土地利用变化对生态价值影响力的角度,引入土地利用变化生态效应指数和生态效应度,从定量分析的角度明确了土地利用变化对生态价值的影响程度及绝对影响力.研究结果表明,在研究区要有效控制城市建设用地的扩张速度,提高山地型城市建设用地的集约度;在经济增长的可控范围内,减慢土地利用程度增加的速度;加强生态水域与生态林的规划,可以有效地提高山地型城市的生态服务价值.     

试论铁岭市矿区生态修复途径

矿区水土流失是以人类生产活动为外营力而产生的特殊水土流失类型 ,它既具有水土流失的共性 ,也具有自身的特殊性。其生态修复应根据当地植物群落演替规律 ,从先锋植物的引入开始 ,经过裸地→草丛→灌丛→针叶林→落叶阔叶混交林→针阔叶混交林等一系列演替阶段 ,最终达到中生性的顶极群落。人工生态修复是借以人工调控植被组成及辅助一些管理措施 ,使生境迅速得以改善 ,大大加速生态修复进程。如为发展畜牧业 ,可大力发展优质牧草 ,压缩灌丛的扶持 ;若将枝条编织业作为当地经济建设发展主线 ,应积极发展紫穗槐、柠条等 ,有意识地控制乔木数量 ;为提供薪材 ,在混交林阶段 ,可适当加大薪炭林比重。矿区生态修复的最大障碍是土壤因子。客土复垦为最佳途径。对沉陷区的生态修复采取积水深坑建鱼池 ,浅坑复垦成方田。配套工程主要配以排蓄工程、边坡固定工程、矿区泥石流防治工程。     

Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato plants in greenhouses in Turkey

Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg^‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg^‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg^‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg^‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg^‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg^‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used.     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

Occurrence of Sexual Hormones in Sediments of Mangrove in Brazil

The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO₂ and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic.     

自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究

肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据.     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

Effect of iron-quercetin complex on reduction of nitrite in in vitro and in vivo systems

This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题,指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上,提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs

The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance.     

响应面设计法在温室番茄栽培中的应用

为优化温室番茄的栽培条件,试验研究了不同栽培密度、施氮量和施钾量对日光温室番茄产量的影响。通过中心复合试验设计,构建三因素（栽培密度,氮肥,钾肥）五水平的响应面设计方法并建立番茄产量与三因子的二次回归数学模型。结果表明:三因素对温室番茄产量均有显著的影响（p0.01）,影响的大小顺序为栽培密度施钾量施氮量;栽培密度与施氮量、施钾量之间存在显著的交互作用（p0.01）,施氮量与施钾量之间的相互作用对番茄产量影响不显著（p0.05）;多元二次回归分析结果显示,栽培密度、施氮量、施钾量与番茄产量之间的回归模型高度显著（p0.01）。统计分析确定温室番茄的最佳栽培条件为:栽培密度4.83万株/hm2,施氮量262 kg/hm2,施钾量513kg/hm2;在此条件下,温室番茄产量的预测值为119381kg/hm2,验证试验所得产量为121005kg/hm2。本研究为日光温室番茄高产、稳产和优质提供了理论依据。