滴灌系统灌水器堵塞及防堵措施研究进展

滴灌系统灌水器堵塞一直是制约滴灌技术应用推广的关键问题,为探索预防、解决该问题的方法,首先,从灌溉水源、灌水器流道结构、滴灌系统运行方式等方面总结了灌水器堵塞类型,论述了该领域的研究成果;其次,通过控制水源处理、配置合适过滤设备、改进灌水器流道、选用较优系统运行方案等方式提高灌水器抗堵塞性能,提出进一步研究发展灌水器堵塞防治新技术;最后,讨论了目前研究中存在的问题及下一步研究建议,为更好地防治灌水器堵塞问题提供新思路。      

Trickle irrigation: Emitter clogging and other flow problems

Trickle irrigation experiments with Colorado River water on citrus trees in southwestern Arizona were conducted to develop water treatment methods for preventing emitter clogging and maintaining long-term operation of the system under actual field conditions. Eight trickle emitter systems in combination with six water treatments were evaluated during a comprehensive 4-year study. Emitter clogging was related to emitter design and to degree of filtration treatments of Colorado River water. If not positioned upright, emitters designed with moving parts were more susceptible to malfunctioning and clogging. Emitters with flexible membranes either failed after a few months of use with chemically conditioned water or showed serious deterioration and decomposition after 4 years. Five of the eight emitter systems required sand and screen (200 mesh) filtration plus chemically conditioned water to keep suspended materials from physically clogging the emitter. However, two emitter systems with the same design but different flow rates have continued to operate with only screen (50 mesh) filtration. For emitters unaffected by material deterioration, the water conditioned continuously with acid alone was just as effective as a combination of continuous or intermittent chlorine and acid treatments in reducing emitter clogging. The dominant causes of emitter clogging and flow reduction were physical particles; next, and minor in comparison, was the combined development of biological and chemical deposits.     

浑水特性与水温对滴头抗堵塞性能的影响

为探明迷宫流道滴头发生物理堵塞的成因及过程,采用分段粒径浑水周期间歇滴灌的试验方法,分别对含沙量、泥沙颗粒粒径和水温对滴头堵塞发生过程的影响进行研究。结果表明:对于泥沙颗粒粒径小于0.1 mm的浑水滴灌而言,粒径越小越易造成滴头堵塞,且其堵塞程度随浑水含沙量的升高而急剧升高;存在造成滴头堵塞的敏感粒径范围,在夏季灌溉时小于0.031 mm的粒径为易堵塞粒径;水温是影响滴头堵塞的重要因素,水温越高滴头的抗物理堵塞性能越好。     

不同冲洗措施下迷宫流道灌水器泥沙运行分布机理研究

评估了3种冲洗流速（0.25、0.50、0.75m/s）和5种冲洗频率（2d冲洗1次、4d冲洗1次、7d冲洗1次、10d冲洗1次和无冲洗对照组）对内嵌式齿形迷宫流道灌水器抗堵塞性能的影响,利用激光粒度仪对水源泥沙、滴头排出泥沙、滴头内滞留泥沙进行级配对比和粒径分析,并对不同冲洗处理下灌水器的相对流量和灌水均匀度进行拟合。结果表明：冲洗处理对齿形迷宫流道灌水器抗堵塞性能有显著影响,12种冲洗处理提高了内嵌式齿形迷宫流道灌水器的输沙能力,使滴头使用年限平均提高了39.58%;在冲洗作用下,泥沙凝聚沉降的机会降低,流道内小颗粒泥沙及时排出,没有形成体积较大的团聚体,滴头堵塞形成缓慢,灌水均匀度和流量系数下降缓慢;冲洗处理能有效减少毛管内泥沙堆积,降低大颗粒泥沙进入迷宫流道的机率,从而提高了齿形迷宫流道灌水器的抗堵塞性能。     

温度对施肥滴灌系统滴头堵塞的影响

为探究不同灌水温度下水肥一体化滴灌滴头堵塞成因与过程,采用固定周期间歇滴灌的多因素完全随机试验设计方法,分别在冬、夏两个季节研究了3种不同泥沙级配浑水与3个不同施肥质量浓度组合对滴头堵塞的影响和堵塞变化过程。结果表明,灌水温度是影响滴头堵塞的重要因素,与水质交互耦合效应显著,夏季施肥和未施肥2种情况下灌溉滴头的抗堵塞性能均高于冬季,夏季有效灌水次数是冬季的1.26~1.43倍;施肥加速滴头堵塞的作用受泥沙级配和灌水温度的影响,冬季灌溉水中0.034~0.1 mm粒径粗颗粒含量越多,施肥质量浓度对堵塞的影响越敏感,夏季灌溉水中0~0.034 mm细颗粒越多,施肥质量浓度对堵塞的影响越敏感。建议灌水温度较低时,水肥一体化滴灌应控制在较低的施肥质量浓度下灌溉,适当增大次灌水时间,减少灌溉次数。     

地下滴灌抗根系入侵堵塞的研究进展

作物根系入侵滴头造成堵塞是影响地下滴灌系统运行的一个重要原因,目前国内外解决根系入侵堵塞的主要方法有：生产专用滴头和过滤器,滴头包括从结构上改进以防止根系入侵以及从滴头材料中添加缓释的除草荆氟乐灵来避免根系向滴头附近生长两种方式;专用过滤器是在过滤器内部安装放置除草剂氟乐灵的密封装置,过滤时氟乐灵随水进入滴头,起到防止根系入侵滴头的作用;向地下滴灌系统注入化学物质来杀死滴灌周围的根系;合理控制系统运行状况,避免出现水分胁迫等。     

Trickle irrigation water quality and preventive maintenance

The most serious problem in trickle irrigation is clogging of emitters or applicators. Recommendations and guidelines are presented for preventive maintenance which include water filtration, chemical treatment, pipeline flushing, and field inspection. A suitable type, size, and capacity of a filtration unit is required. Chemical treatment should be considered in terms of theory and field research on the reclamation and prevention of emitter clogging. Proper procedures for the flushing and field inspection of trickle irrigation systems are also essential. Because water quality is of primary importance in the design and operation of this maintenance program, a tentative water-classification system was developed to establish criteria by evaluating the clogging potential of a trickle irrigation water source.     

多孔渗灌管的防堵措施研究

对渗灌管堵塞的原因和机理进行了分析 ,从水质处理、PE管上冲孔及孔口防护等方面采取了综合防堵措施 ,在大田试验的基础上结合模拟试验 ,推算渗灌工程正常运行的年限达 6～ 7年以上 ,基本上解决了多孔渗灌管的易堵塞问题     

中水微灌系统生物堵塞特性探讨

使用中水微灌作为缓解农业水资源危机的一种灌溉方式，可以将污水灌溉对环境和农作物造成的污染减轻到最小，但中水微灌溉将会加大灌溉系统堵塞的可能性。通过对造成中水微灌系统生物堵塞的水质、堵塞原因及堵塞的严重程度的分析认为，中水中的有机污染物和微生物会造成微灌系统的堵塞，但中水中的无机颗粒是造成灌水器堵塞的首要原因。微灌系统的堵塞取决于污水的处理工艺及中水水质标准，其中主要与灌溉水的pH值，TSS和BOD5等参数有关，这3个水质参数可以用来对微灌系统的堵塞的危险性进行评估。对于微灌系统堵塞问题，可以通过改善水质，合理配置过滤设备及使用大流量灌水器和具有自冲洗功能的灌水器等方法来解决。     

低压滴灌施肥条件下温度对滴头堵塞的影响

【目的】探究低压滴灌施肥条件下温度对滴头堵塞的影响。【方法】采用短周期间歇灌水试验方法,考虑温度、运行压力、肥料质量浓度等因素,展开完全随机试验,研究滴头堵塞过程,寻求适宜的加肥质量浓度阈值。【结果】温度越高、运行压力越大、加肥质量浓度越低滴头堵塞风险越小;温度40℃时,运行压力50kPa、加肥质量浓度3g/L的处理具有最高的平均相对流量、均匀度系数以及最低的堵塞率;不同温度下加肥质量浓度阈值不同,温度10、20、30、40℃时加肥质量浓度阈值分别为4、5、7和8g/L。【结论】升高温度、提高运行压力、降低加肥质量浓度能有效降低滴头堵塞风险;升高温度还能提高加肥质量浓度阈值及水流携带固体颗粒的能力,但升高温度对滴头堵塞风险的降低程度随着压力的升高而减弱。     

引黄滴灌水源中泥沙表面附生生物膜的分形特征

为了解决灌水器堵塞这个制约引黄滴灌技术应用和推广的关键问题,联合运用扫描电镜测试法和分形理论对黄河泥沙颗粒表面形貌进行了分析,结果表明:黄河泥沙颗粒表面形貌表现为以固体颗粒、微生物及其分泌的黏性胞外聚合物形成的复杂生物膜结构.黄河泥沙颗粒表面具有显著的分形和多重分形特征,简单分形维数虽然能从整体上表征颗粒物表面形貌的复杂性与不规则性,但未能刻画颗粒物局部奇异性的微观特征,而多重分形谱可以定量描述这种复杂泥沙颗粒形貌特征.黄河泥沙借助其巨大的表面积,吸附了大量的微生物,微生物分泌的胞外聚合物质量浓度高达276.08~360.68 mg/L,这就要求在控制引黄滴灌系统灌水器堵塞时,需要从以往单纯考虑泥沙颗粒物本身转变为综合考虑泥沙颗粒和微生物的耦合作用,寻求更为有效的堵塞控制策略.     

Eight emitters clogging characteristics and its suitability under on-site reclaimed water drip irrigation

Drip irrigation is the most effective and reliable method for reclaimed water irrigation. The water usually contains a lot of suspended particles, metal salt ions, organisms and microbial communities, which will enhance the possibility of emitter clogging or more complex clogging mechanism. Emitter clogging has become one of  the key problems to the application and popularization of the drip irrigation technology. In this paper, we selected four kinds of pressure-compensating emitters and four kinds of non-pressure-compensating emitters, and executed the experiment of drip irrigation with on-site reclaimed water treated with cyclic activated sludge system (CASS). The emitter discharge ratio variation (Dra), coefficient of uniformity (CU) and clogging rate distribution were analyzed to evaluate the emitter clogging characteristics after eliminating the effect of temperature and pressure on the emitter outflow by data correction. The results showed that Dra and CU varied in three periods as system operation. The beginning of experiment was the fluctuated balance period, Dra and CU recurrent fluctuated in 5 %, and the emitters clogged at some spots after the system run 36–48 h. Then the two parameters varied linearly in 60–108 h, tuning into the initiate linear period, as the non-pressure-compensating emitters got an obvious linear change than the pressure-compensating ones with the gradient changed from ?0.094 to 0.042 and ?0.073 to 0.047, respectively. Some of the emitters have a significant difference on these two parameters at this stage. After the restarting in the second year, Dra and CU decreased sharply. The maximum decrement was, respectively, 9.6 and 10.7 %. Then they varied in line with a greater slope degree as all emitters reached the significant level, the gradient ranges were ?0.176 to 0.115 and ?0.216 to 0.117, respectively. This stage was called the accelerated linear period. Seriously clogged and completely clogged emitters appeared, and both Dra and CU dropped down to 38.7 and 41.5 %. Various degrees of clogged emitters often emerged in the end part of lateral at first then propelled to the head gradually, the completely clogged emitters in the end accounted for more than 73.0 % when the system run 540 h. Comprehensively considered, the pressure-compensating emitters and cusp-shaped saw-tooth non-pressure-compensating emitters with short flow path are recommended in reclaimed water drip irrigation. These researches are aimed to provide references explaining the emitter clogging mechanism of reclaimed water drip irrigation as well as its technological application and popularization.     

组合滴灌管抗堵塞性能研究

【目的】研究Φ16滴灌管在含沙量与系统工作压力下滴头堵塞规律并探究组合滴灌管解决滴头堵塞的方法。【方法】采用试验因素完全组合的方法,分选出粒径小于0.10 mm的泥沙,配制成含沙量为1.00、1.25、1.50 g/L的浑水,分别在0.025 MPa和0.075 MPa压力下,针对Φ16滴灌管,采用周期性间歇灌水试验观测滴头流量,结合克里斯琴森均匀系数和滴头相对流量分析Φ16滴灌管的堵塞规律。重新铺设Φ16滴灌管,将原滴头堵塞部位及前后各750 mm滴灌管用Φ20滴灌管替换,组成组合滴灌管,在相同含沙量与系统工作压力下探究组合滴灌管的抗堵塞性能。【结果】0.025 MPa压力下,组合滴灌管能使堵塞部位分布更集中,含沙量为1.25 g/L时,组合滴灌管的抗堵塞性能较明显;0.075 MPa,组合滴灌管抗堵塞性能随泥沙浓度增大而更明显。【结论】组合滴灌管在一定条件下能够改变滴头的堵塞规律,同时能改变滴头堵塞类型。     

浑水泥沙粒径与含沙量对迷宫流道堵塞的影响

为客观评价浑水中泥沙特性对滴头流道堵塞的影响以及合理选择滴灌水质处理方法,采用L9（34）的正交试验设计方法,进行了浑水间歇灌水测试,并提出了以滴头平均相对流量和灌水均匀度系数作为基本参数的滴头堵塞程度综合评价方法,比较分析了压力、含沙量以及泥沙粒径等变化对滴头堵塞比例和堵塞程度的影响规律.研究结果表明：对于粒径小于0.1 mm的泥沙颗粒,工作压力对流道堵塞的影响非常显著,其次为泥沙粒径;滴头堵塞程度的大小是由粒径、含沙量、工作压力三者相互耦合作用引起的,且相互之间不存在单调相关关系.在实际灌水过程中,当灌溉水中含有较多小于0.1 mm的泥沙颗粒时,应尽量滤除粒径小于0.048 mm的颗粒,并可加入分散剂,阻止细小黏粒的团聚絮凝作用,以提高滴头抗堵塞能力.     

新型螺旋式抗堵塞滴头研制

利用涡流原理 ,设计一种长流道螺旋式渐变水道的新型滴头。利用沿程与局部水头损失的消能和调节作用 ,保证了滴头出水有较高的均匀度 ;在流线型流道中的涡漩水流 ,形成了滴头的自冲洗和抗堵塞性能 ,配合以滴头的可拆卸设计 ,使滴头堵塞不再成为影响滴灌系统寿命和灌水质量的一大难题     

Effect of flushing frequency on emitter clogging in microirrigation with effluents

Flushing is an important maintenance task that removes accumulated particles in microirrigation laterals that can help to reduce clogging problems. The effect of three dripline flushing frequency treatments (no flushing, one flushing at the end of each irrigation period, and a monthly flushing during the irrigation period) was studied in surface and subsurface drip irrigation systems that operated using a wastewater treatment plant effluent for three irrigation periods of 540 h each. The irrigation systems had two different emitters, one pressure compensating and the other not, both molded and welded onto the interior dripline wall, placed in laterals 87 m long. Dripline flow of the pressure compensating emitter increased 8% over time, while in the nonpressure compensating emitter, dripline flow increased 25% in the surface driplines and decreased 3% in the subsurface driplines by the emitter clogging. Emitter clogging was affected primarily by the interactions between emitter location, emitter type, and flushing frequency treatment. The number of completely clogged emitters was affected by the interaction between irrigation system and emitter type. There was an average of 3.7% less totally clogged emitters in flushed surface driplines with the pressure compensating emitter as compared to flushed subsurface laterals with the nonpressure compensating emitter.     

Surface topographic characteristics of suspended particulates in reclaimed wastewater and effects on clogging in labyrinth drip irrigation emitters

Drip irrigation is the most effective and reliable method for reclaimed wastewater irrigation. Emitter clogging is the major problem for extending the drip irrigation technology. The existence of suspended particulates in irrigation water is the main reason for the emitter clogging. However, the reclaimed wastewater quality is extremely complex, and there is a series of physical, chemical, and biological reactions between suspended particulates and other materials contained such as microorganisms, which make the characteristics of suspended particulates in reclaimed wastewater complicated. In this paper, two types of widely used wastewaters treated with fluidized-bed reactor (FBR) and biological aerated filter (BAF) processes respectively were selected. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) technology and fractal theory were used to quantitatively describe the characteristics of the surface topography of suspended particulates. The results showed that the suspended particulates in two reclaimed wastewater were flocculent and porous. The pore system mainly consisted of solid suspended particulates, and most areas between the particulates were filled with microbes and extracellular polymers (EPS). The complex structure of biofilms was formed. That the biofilms grew and detached in irrigation system and deposited continuously at the inlet and outlet of labyrinth path was the major reason for the emitter clogging. The surface topography of suspended particulates in both reclaimed wastewaters showed fractal and multifractal characteristics, and the fractal dimension could not characterize the local and microsingularity of particulates but multifractal dimension could. The uniformity of the distribution of sediment pores increased with the size. Comparatively, the uniformity of suspended particulates in reclaimed wastewater treated by FBR was lower. With operation of reclaimed wastewater irrigation system, the average discharge of emitters decreased continuously with obvious fluctuations. The clogging degree of emitters was low during the first 256 h, and the clogging degree of the two types of reclaimed water was similar. But then, the degree of clogging increased greatly, and the FBR treatment on the emitters discharge were more obvious than BAF. It was closely related to the growth, detachments and sediment of biofilms in the irrigation system. Hence, using the reclaimed wastewater treated by BAF for drip irrigation is more suitable.     

Control of emitter clogging in drip irrigation with reclaimed wastewater

Summary Experiments were carried out to evaluate the performance of various types of drip irrigation emitters, widely used in Israel, using waste water from a storage reservoir. Fine particulate matter agglomerated by microbial by-products and in-line developed biomass were the principal clogging agents. Clogging fluctuated, increased as water quality deteriorated and decreased when it improved. There were definable differences between emitters of various types as to their clogging susceptibility which were not directly correlated with differences in emitter flow-rate, although, for any particular type, the emitter with smaller discharge was always more sensitive to clogging. The clogging process generally started with emitters located at the far end of the lateral and partial emitter clogging was more common than complete plugging. Overflow was also found in most emitter types and was more common in regulated emitters. Reliable long term operation of most emitter types was achieved with filtration at 80 mesh (180 m opening) combined with daily chlorination and bimonthly lateral flushing. Regular lateral discharge monitoring was found to be a convenient way to detect the initiation of the clogging process. Chlorination was most efficient when applied before the emitters became massively clogged.     

温室水肥滴灌系统迷宫式灌水器堵塞试验

为探明温室滴灌灌水器堵塞的影响因素及机理,研究了灌水量和施肥量对灌水器堵塞的影响,并利用场发射扫描电镜分析了灌水器内的堵塞物质。结果表明,灌水器平均流量随着灌水量和施肥量的增加呈下降趋势,下降幅度在1.51%~14.16%之间。方差分析表明施肥量对灌水器平均流量的影响达到极显著水平(P0.01)。解剖灌水器后发现堵塞物质多沉积在流道前部。堵塞物质主要由生料带残渣、微小沙粒和白色粉末状化学沉淀物组成,其中白色粉末主要由钙、镁、碳、氧、磷元素等组成。说明本试验中灌水器堵塞主要是由物理堵塞和化学堵塞共同作用引起的。