地下滴灌防根系入侵的方法和措施

介绍了几种目前常用的地下滴灌防根系入侵的措施,包括机械保护及通过灌溉系统给滴头周围土壤注入少量除草剂氟乐灵等。在简要叙述了氟乐灵的作用机理和化学、物理特性的基础上,重点介绍了含有氟乐灵成分的几种专用滴头ROOTGUARD、Battelle Process和专用过滤器Techfilter及在灌溉系统中直接加入氟乐灵等方式的工作原理和应用方法。     

地下滴灌系统施加氟乐灵对缓解根系入侵滴头的试验研究

地下滴灌是一项较先进的灌溉技术,但根系入侵滴头堵塞是制约其发展的重要因素。通过小麦盆栽试验,研究向地下滴灌系统施加除草剂氟乐灵对缓解根系入侵滴头的影响效应。研究表明,施药时间、施药浓度和施药量对小麦根密度降低的影响都显著,不同施药处理驱根的范围和程度有较大不同,在滴头周围较小范围内,施药处理与对照相比根密度降低幅度较大,按照影响根密度的程度由大到小依次为:施药时间、施药量和施药浓度;而在滴头所在区域以外,施药后根密度降低幅度较小,影响根密度程度由大到小依次为:施药量、施药时间和施药浓度。按照氟乐灵防根入侵效果以及驱根范围综合考虑,最优的施药方案为:施药时间在出苗后40d、施药浓度0.9g/L、施药量0.046g/滴头。     

地下滴灌施药对抗小麦根系入侵的试验研究

通过小麦盆栽试验,研究在地下滴灌系统中注入少量除草剂氟乐灵,采防止作物根系侵入滴头造成堵塞.通过施药与不施药对比,发现施药时滴头周围的根密度降低,表明氟乐灵有抑制小麦根系生长的作用.通过正交试验分析,得出施药时间、施药浓度和施药量对小麦根密度降低的影响都是显著的,其中影响程度由主到次的顺序分别为施药时间、施药量和施药浓度,最优的方案组合为出苗后25～40 d、施药浓度为0.9 g/L、施药量为0.046 g.     

地下滴灌系统施加氟乐灵的排根效应研究

通过小麦盆栽试验,研究向地下滴灌系统施加氟乐灵的排根效应。结果表明,地下滴灌不施药时滴头所在的竖直方向根密度较大,而施加少量氟乐灵后,滴头所在位置处根密度有不同程度降低,说明氟乐灵有抑制小麦根系向滴头附近生长的趋势。施药时间、施药浓度和施药量均对药物排根效应显著影响,其中施药时间为极显著。施药时间越晚,排根范围越小,出苗后50d施药的平均排根范围仅为3.03cm2;施药浓度越小,排根范围越小,浓度为1.5g/L及1.2g/L的排根范围接近,而浓度为0.9g/L的平均排根范围最小,为6.0cm2;施药量越小排根范围越小,施药量为0.023g/滴头的平均排根范围为8.37cm2。     

高灌水均匀度防堵塞内镶贴片式地下灌水器设计研制及试验研究

从制约地下滴灌技术发展的地下灌水器(滴头)灌水均匀度差、滴头容易堵塞等问题出发,立足于地下滴灌急需解决的理论和技术问题,以减小滴头堵塞率为目标,以满足灌水均匀度为前提,以确定滴头设计工作压力为突破口,以滴头优化设计为手段,从地下灌水器灌水均匀度设计指标、滴头设计工作压力取值和结构优化设计3个方面进行了深入细致的研究试验,最终达到完善地下滴灌灌水器设计理论、实现结构设计优化、提高地下滴灌适用性的目标.     

农田滴灌设备的正确使用与常见故障排除

农田滴灌因其独特的省水、增产等优点而被广泛应用。滴灌设备一般主要由首部枢纽、滴头和管道系统组成。滴灌技术应用主要包括滴灌系统的运用形式和滴头的使用。农田滴灌设备常见故障主要有管道发生断裂、管道出现砂眼、停机时水逆流、滴水不均匀、过滤器堵塞、滴头堵塞等。要在实际农业生产作业中注意发现故障现象,正确分析故障原因并及时解决。     

燕山滴灌技术防治滴头堵塞的综合措施

滴头堵塞是滴灌技术存在的老大难问题,具有中国待色的燕山滴灌技术经过十几年的实践,逐步完善配套,采用如下综合防治堵塞措施: 1 加大滴头设计流速,克服静电吸附和公学沉淀的影响。 2 采用全防锈LW系列网式过滤器,提高水处理质量,防止铁离子化合物堵塞。 3 在水源含沙量较高的地方配用离心式水沙分离器或滤水井。     

地下滴灌不同土壤水分下限对番茄生长发育及产量的影响

通过大田试验,研究了地下滴灌条件下不同土壤水分控制下限对番茄生长发育以及产量、根系的影响。结果表明:只在番茄的生育阶段末期采用45%~50%田持的水分下限处理不仅能获得了最高的产量,而且水分生产率也最高,滴头附近的根密度最小,有利于减少滴头根系入侵堵塞的几率;在番茄的后3个生育阶段都控制土壤水分为45%~50%田持时,番茄产量最低,滴头附近的根密度最大;全生育期土壤水分都控制在70%~75%田持时,得到的番茄株高最高,但水分生产率最低。     

水肥一体化对侧翼迷宫滴灌带抗堵塞性能的影响

为从普遍应用的侧翼迷宫滴灌带中优选出随水施肥中抗堵塞性能最佳的流道结构,为探明随水施肥过程中侧翼迷宫滴灌带滴头堵塞影响因素以及堵塞机理,根据大田滴灌系统清水与肥水交替运行的方式,通过长周期间歇性施加磷肥进行灌溉施肥试验,对3种流道结构的侧翼迷宫滴灌带抗堵塞性能进行了测试,并且利用CFD方法数值模拟滴头流道内流场分布,与试验结果提供参考和对比,试验结果显示:新型欧姆链式流道的抗堵塞性能明显优于普通几字形流道,其流道内最大速度明显高于另外两种滴头;对堵塞位置的观测发现几字形滴灌带后段易发生堵塞,其中1号滴灌带堵塞从后段逐渐向上游延伸,而2号滴灌带堵塞滴头则是由前段和后端向中游延伸。     

额定压力及低压下内镶片式滴头抗堵塞性能试验

依据ISO短周期滴头堵塞测试方法,测试了12种内镶片式齿型迷宫滴头在额定压力和低压情况下的抗堵塞性能.结果表明:滴头抗堵塞性能随着流道断面最小尺寸增加而提高,当滴头流道断面最小尺寸大于等于0.6 mm时滴头将获得较好的抗堵塞性能,但在0.04 MPa时滴头流道设计形式对滴头抗堵塞性能有更为明显的影响.在过滤器滤网孔径大小选择方面,压力为0.10 MPa时,可选用流道断面最小尺寸的1/5作为有效孔径,而压力为0.04 MPa时,则应按流道最小断面尺寸的1/7来选择.研究还表明,滴灌系统在低压运行时,可通过间歇灌溉的方式来预防和减少滴头的堵塞.     

滴灌系统灌水器堵塞及防堵措施研究进展

滴灌系统灌水器堵塞一直是制约滴灌技术应用推广的关键问题,为探索预防、解决该问题的方法,首先,从灌溉水源、灌水器流道结构、滴灌系统运行方式等方面总结了灌水器堵塞类型,论述了该领域的研究成果;其次,通过控制水源处理、配置合适过滤设备、改进灌水器流道、选用较优系统运行方案等方式提高灌水器抗堵塞性能,提出进一步研究发展灌水器堵塞防治新技术;最后,讨论了目前研究中存在的问题及下一步研究建议,为更好地防治灌水器堵塞问题提供新思路。      

温度对施肥滴灌系统滴头堵塞的影响

为探究不同灌水温度下水肥一体化滴灌滴头堵塞成因与过程,采用固定周期间歇滴灌的多因素完全随机试验设计方法,分别在冬、夏两个季节研究了3种不同泥沙级配浑水与3个不同施肥质量浓度组合对滴头堵塞的影响和堵塞变化过程。结果表明,灌水温度是影响滴头堵塞的重要因素,与水质交互耦合效应显著,夏季施肥和未施肥2种情况下灌溉滴头的抗堵塞性能均高于冬季,夏季有效灌水次数是冬季的1.26~1.43倍;施肥加速滴头堵塞的作用受泥沙级配和灌水温度的影响,冬季灌溉水中0.034~0.1 mm粒径粗颗粒含量越多,施肥质量浓度对堵塞的影响越敏感,夏季灌溉水中0~0.034 mm细颗粒越多,施肥质量浓度对堵塞的影响越敏感。建议灌水温度较低时,水肥一体化滴灌应控制在较低的施肥质量浓度下灌溉,适当增大次灌水时间,减少灌溉次数。     

低压滴灌施肥条件下温度对滴头堵塞的影响

【目的】探究低压滴灌施肥条件下温度对滴头堵塞的影响。【方法】采用短周期间歇灌水试验方法,考虑温度、运行压力、肥料质量浓度等因素,展开完全随机试验,研究滴头堵塞过程,寻求适宜的加肥质量浓度阈值。【结果】温度越高、运行压力越大、加肥质量浓度越低滴头堵塞风险越小;温度40℃时,运行压力50kPa、加肥质量浓度3g/L的处理具有最高的平均相对流量、均匀度系数以及最低的堵塞率;不同温度下加肥质量浓度阈值不同,温度10、20、30、40℃时加肥质量浓度阈值分别为4、5、7和8g/L。【结论】升高温度、提高运行压力、降低加肥质量浓度能有效降低滴头堵塞风险;升高温度还能提高加肥质量浓度阈值及水流携带固体颗粒的能力,但升高温度对滴头堵塞风险的降低程度随着压力的升高而减弱。     

Assessment of emitter discharge in microirrigation system as affected by polluted water

A drip irrigation system has the advantage of maintaining high water content near the plant root. However, its performance depends on water quality as it may induce the emitter clogging. In the Tohaku National Irrigation Project, in western Japan, mist spray emitters are widely used for irrigation in the field and greenhouses for vegetable and orchard crops. Seven emitters of different types were evaluated for the variation in their discharge rate without filter. The statistical analysis of mean discharge ratio and the coefficient of variation of the performance of emitters along a lateral line in the field indicated that the mist spray emitters had the best performance for irrigation in Tohaku area, particularly the new emitters or 1-year old emitters. The results suggest that after using the emitter line for two irrigation seasons it should either be replaced in the third season or washed carefully if further used.     

Water quality in drip/trickle irrigation: A review

Summary The intensive treatment of irrigation water required for the proper operation of drip irrigation systems is presently an accepted practice. To control emitter clogging, we need to know the basic causes of clogging. The major clogging factors have been identified and control measures developed to prevent emitter malfunction. All emitter clogging problems, however, have not been solved primarily because of cost. The main approach to control clogging is proper water treatment. The type of treatment is based on the quality of the irrigation water, which can be classified in terms of its physical, chemical and biological composition. The causes of emitter clogging and possible water treatment and preventive measures to maintain reliable operation are reviewed.     

组合滴灌管抗堵塞性能研究

【目的】研究Φ16滴灌管在含沙量与系统工作压力下滴头堵塞规律并探究组合滴灌管解决滴头堵塞的方法。【方法】采用试验因素完全组合的方法,分选出粒径小于0.10 mm的泥沙,配制成含沙量为1.00、1.25、1.50 g/L的浑水,分别在0.025 MPa和0.075 MPa压力下,针对Φ16滴灌管,采用周期性间歇灌水试验观测滴头流量,结合克里斯琴森均匀系数和滴头相对流量分析Φ16滴灌管的堵塞规律。重新铺设Φ16滴灌管,将原滴头堵塞部位及前后各750 mm滴灌管用Φ20滴灌管替换,组成组合滴灌管,在相同含沙量与系统工作压力下探究组合滴灌管的抗堵塞性能。【结果】0.025 MPa压力下,组合滴灌管能使堵塞部位分布更集中,含沙量为1.25 g/L时,组合滴灌管的抗堵塞性能较明显;0.075 MPa,组合滴灌管抗堵塞性能随泥沙浓度增大而更明显。【结论】组合滴灌管在一定条件下能够改变滴头的堵塞规律,同时能改变滴头堵塞类型。     

Eight emitters clogging characteristics and its suitability under on-site reclaimed water drip irrigation

Drip irrigation is the most effective and reliable method for reclaimed water irrigation. The water usually contains a lot of suspended particles, metal salt ions, organisms and microbial communities, which will enhance the possibility of emitter clogging or more complex clogging mechanism. Emitter clogging has become one of  the key problems to the application and popularization of the drip irrigation technology. In this paper, we selected four kinds of pressure-compensating emitters and four kinds of non-pressure-compensating emitters, and executed the experiment of drip irrigation with on-site reclaimed water treated with cyclic activated sludge system (CASS). The emitter discharge ratio variation (Dra), coefficient of uniformity (CU) and clogging rate distribution were analyzed to evaluate the emitter clogging characteristics after eliminating the effect of temperature and pressure on the emitter outflow by data correction. The results showed that Dra and CU varied in three periods as system operation. The beginning of experiment was the fluctuated balance period, Dra and CU recurrent fluctuated in 5 %, and the emitters clogged at some spots after the system run 36–48 h. Then the two parameters varied linearly in 60–108 h, tuning into the initiate linear period, as the non-pressure-compensating emitters got an obvious linear change than the pressure-compensating ones with the gradient changed from ?0.094 to 0.042 and ?0.073 to 0.047, respectively. Some of the emitters have a significant difference on these two parameters at this stage. After the restarting in the second year, Dra and CU decreased sharply. The maximum decrement was, respectively, 9.6 and 10.7 %. Then they varied in line with a greater slope degree as all emitters reached the significant level, the gradient ranges were ?0.176 to 0.115 and ?0.216 to 0.117, respectively. This stage was called the accelerated linear period. Seriously clogged and completely clogged emitters appeared, and both Dra and CU dropped down to 38.7 and 41.5 %. Various degrees of clogged emitters often emerged in the end part of lateral at first then propelled to the head gradually, the completely clogged emitters in the end accounted for more than 73.0 % when the system run 540 h. Comprehensively considered, the pressure-compensating emitters and cusp-shaped saw-tooth non-pressure-compensating emitters with short flow path are recommended in reclaimed water drip irrigation. These researches are aimed to provide references explaining the emitter clogging mechanism of reclaimed water drip irrigation as well as its technological application and popularization.     

大田滴灌用网式过滤器滤网堵塞成因分析

过滤器是滴灌系统中最核心的设备,其中网式过滤器以其良好的过滤性能保障了滴灌系统的正常运行,在我国新疆等西北地区农业滴灌系统中应用最广泛。但其应用过程中也存在滤网清洗不彻底以及堵塞的问题,为此,在对网式过滤器滤网堵塞成因及机理进行全面论述基础上,分别从水源水质、不同滤网类型、反清洗设计问题以及水肥一体化对滤网的化学影响等方面对滤网堵塞成因进行了详细的分析,并提出相应对策;这为今后深入研究滤网堵塞机理、解决滤网堵塞问题提供一种思路,为进一步研制更适用西北地区的农业滴灌过滤设备提供理论依据。