地下滴灌系统施加氟乐灵对缓解根系入侵滴头的试验研究

地下滴灌是一项较先进的灌溉技术,但根系入侵滴头堵塞是制约其发展的重要因素。通过小麦盆栽试验,研究向地下滴灌系统施加除草剂氟乐灵对缓解根系入侵滴头的影响效应。研究表明,施药时间、施药浓度和施药量对小麦根密度降低的影响都显著,不同施药处理驱根的范围和程度有较大不同,在滴头周围较小范围内,施药处理与对照相比根密度降低幅度较大,按照影响根密度的程度由大到小依次为:施药时间、施药量和施药浓度;而在滴头所在区域以外,施药后根密度降低幅度较小,影响根密度程度由大到小依次为:施药量、施药时间和施药浓度。按照氟乐灵防根入侵效果以及驱根范围综合考虑,最优的施药方案为:施药时间在出苗后40d、施药浓度0.9g/L、施药量0.046g/滴头。     

地下滴灌施药对抗小麦根系入侵的试验研究

通过小麦盆栽试验,研究在地下滴灌系统中注入少量除草剂氟乐灵,采防止作物根系侵入滴头造成堵塞.通过施药与不施药对比,发现施药时滴头周围的根密度降低,表明氟乐灵有抑制小麦根系生长的作用.通过正交试验分析,得出施药时间、施药浓度和施药量对小麦根密度降低的影响都是显著的,其中影响程度由主到次的顺序分别为施药时间、施药量和施药浓度,最优的方案组合为出苗后25～40 d、施药浓度为0.9 g/L、施药量为0.046 g.     

滴头流量对夏玉米根系的影响

滴头流量是滴灌系统设计的重要参数,滴头流量大小将产生不同湿润区范围,确定滴头流量则可以确定湿润区范围,因此只要确定湿润区范围与根系分布的关系,就可以确定滴头流量。以盆栽试验为基础,设置4个滴头流量处理(l、1.5、2、2.5 L/h)观测了玉米4个生育阶段(苗期、拔节期、抽穗期、成熟期)的根系干物质累积量和根系分布。试验结果表明,滴头流量为2 L/h时,干物质累积量较大,滴头流量越小,玉米的最长根越长,根系呈窄深式分布;滴头流量越大,玉米的最长根越短,根系呈宽浅式分布。试验结果为玉米的滴灌设计选定滴头流量提供参考。     

滴灌带布置及滴头流量对土壤水氮分布和春小麦产量的影响

为了探究西北旱区春小麦适宜的滴灌带布置和滴头流量的组合,2016年3—7月在甘肃民勤县进行了春小麦大田试验,研究3种滴灌带布置方式（1管4行、1管5行、1管6行）和2种滴头流量（2.2 L/h、3.1 L/h）对土壤水氮分布规律、春小麦干物质量及产量的影响。试验结果表明:灌水后,滴头流量为3.1 L/h的处理水分在水平方向运移比2.2 L/h更大,而垂向运移更小;滴头流量相同时,滴灌带间距越大,两根滴灌带中间土壤含水率越小;施肥后,0～40 cm土层内土壤硝态氮含量随滴头流量增大而增大,而40～60 cm土层随滴头流量增大而减小;滴灌带间距增大,硝态氮易向滴头正下方40～60 cm土层内累积;滴头流量相同时,配置方式为1管6行的处理在春小麦干物质量及产量上要显著低于1管4行和1管5行的处理,而1管4行及1管5行无明显差异;配置方式相同时,滴头流量为3.1 L/h处理的春小麦干物质量及产量均要高于2.2 L/h的处理。综合考虑成本、产量等因素,建议选择滴头流量为3.1 L/h、滴灌带布置方式为1管5行的组合。      

肥液种类及浓度对滴灌施肥系统水力性能的影响

为探索肥料因素对滴灌施肥系统水力性能的影响,通过试验研究了肥液种类和浓度对滴灌带滴头流量和均匀度等水力特性的影响.结果表明:滴灌出流特性受肥料溶解性能影响,溶解性能越好,影响越小;水溶肥因其全溶于水的特性,对出流基本无影响,是滴灌施肥的首选肥料种类;复合肥随浓度增大,滴头平均相对流量Dra和灌水均匀度系数CU减小,且浓度越大,Dra、CU减小越大,堵塞率增大,滴灌带堵塞风险加大;不同温度复合肥加肥浓度阈值不同,10℃、20℃、30℃、40℃时其浓度阈值分别为4.0 g/L、5.0 g/L、7.0 g/L和8.0 g/L.实际应用中滴灌施肥系统根据温度等环境条件选取相应肥液浓度可控制系统堵塞风险.     

地下滴灌土壤水分运移分布规律试验研究

通过地下滴灌的室内试脸,研究了不同滴头流量对土壤湿润体特性的影响.试验采用杨凌粘壤土,滴头流量分别为0.3、0.5、0.7、0.8 L/h,埋深为25 cm.结果表明,湿润体为轮廓线近似于抛物线的不规则形体;湿润锋运移与时间的变化呈显著幂函数关系;滴头流童0.7 L/h为平均含水率由稳态到紊乱态的拐点,该点可以作为地下...     

地下滴灌条件下湿润体特性的试验研究

滴头流量与灌水量影响土壤湿润体的大小形状等特性,从而影响作物的生长生产.通过室内试验,研究了地下滴灌条件下不同滴头流量不同灌水量对湿润体特性的影响.结果表明:湿润锋运移与滴头流量的时间变化呈正相关;灌水量为5L时湿润体的横向和纵向尺寸达到50 cm;湿润体含水率与滴头的距离具有良好的二次幂函数关系.这对于开展地下滴灌试验与设计具有一定的参考价值.     

紫花苜蓿地下滴灌灌水均匀性与适宜灌溉定额研究

研究主要探究不同灌溉方式紫花苜蓿地下滴灌灌水均匀性差距,并提出适宜的灌水定额。采用田间试验,设3个地下滴灌灌水定额（20、25、30 mm）,2个埋设深度（10、20 cm）和2个滴头流量（1.38、2.0 L/h）,研究了滴灌带流量、埋深在不同紫花苜蓿生育期内的灌水均匀度差异,同时进一步探究了不同灌水处理对紫花苜蓿株高、产量等参数的影响。滴灌带滴头流量对滴灌灌水均匀性的影响相对较大。在相同的滴灌带滴头流量下,滴灌带埋设深度10 cm与20 cm对滴灌灌水均匀系数影响不显著。当耗水量为456.69 mm时,紫花苜蓿干草产量最大,为12 847.78 kg/hm-2。基于节水效果、产量和高效等多生产因素的综合考虑,建议鄂尔多斯鄂托克前旗地区紫花苜蓿地下滴灌灌水定额为25 mm,灌水12～14次。     

低压滴灌施肥条件下温度对滴头堵塞的影响

【目的】探究低压滴灌施肥条件下温度对滴头堵塞的影响。【方法】采用短周期间歇灌水试验方法,考虑温度、运行压力、肥料质量浓度等因素,展开完全随机试验,研究滴头堵塞过程,寻求适宜的加肥质量浓度阈值。【结果】温度越高、运行压力越大、加肥质量浓度越低滴头堵塞风险越小;温度40℃时,运行压力50kPa、加肥质量浓度3g/L的处理具有最高的平均相对流量、均匀度系数以及最低的堵塞率;不同温度下加肥质量浓度阈值不同,温度10、20、30、40℃时加肥质量浓度阈值分别为4、5、7和8g/L。【结论】升高温度、提高运行压力、降低加肥质量浓度能有效降低滴头堵塞风险;升高温度还能提高加肥质量浓度阈值及水流携带固体颗粒的能力,但升高温度对滴头堵塞风险的降低程度随着压力的升高而减弱。     

棚内微咸水覆膜滴灌下带间土壤水盐分布特征模拟

微咸水覆膜滴灌在发挥节水效益的同时应避免土壤盐分的积聚,在缺乏大水淋洗的设施大棚内,覆膜对土表局部蒸发的抑制伴随滴灌湿润体的交汇,加剧了滴灌带带间水盐分布的不规则性,导致土壤积盐的潜在风险增加。针对上述问题,以布设形式为“两膜两行”的覆膜滴灌田间小区为试验对象,通过HYDRUS模型构建了不同滴头流量(0.5～3.0 L/h)及膜间裸地间距(0～50 cm)组合情景下的二维土壤剖面模拟域,并针对滴头处的带间区域进行水盐动态分布的模拟研究。结果表明,所建模型能较为精确地描述带间剖面内水盐的分布状况,且模拟精度随与滴头水平距离的减小而提升。当膜间裸地间距从50 cm缩小至0 cm时,带间剖面土壤的平均含水率从25.12 cm³/cm³上升至28.76 cm³/cm³,平均土壤盐分质量浓度从9.53 g/L下降至6.25 g/L;滴头流量对带间区域内土壤水盐含量的影响程度相对较低,流量0.5、3.0 L/h下土壤体积含水率及盐分质量浓度的最大差异仅分别为0.14 cm³/cm^...     

Effects of Treflan injection on winter wheat growth and root clogging of subsurface drippers

The clogging of drippers caused by crop root intrusion has been a great concern of subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) systems. To attempt to solve the problem of root clogging of drippers, a series of field experiments were conducted in the growing seasons of 2006-2008. The goal was to investigate the effects of Treflan injection on dripper clogging by roots, and on root distribution, yield, and the quality of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under SDI. For each growing season, two Treflan injection dates (March 6 and April 15 for the 2006-2007 growing season, and March 6 and April 15 for the 2007-2008 growing season) and three injection concentrations of 0, 3, and 7 mg/l were arranged in a randomized block experimental design. During harvest, root length density (RLD) and Treflan concentration at different soil layers were measured using the auger-sampling method. Thirty-five drippers from each treatment were randomly chosen to observe evidence of root intrusion into the dripper flow passage in order to estimate root clogging. The experimental results showed that Treflan injection could effectively reduce root density in areas adjacent to drippers, thereby significantly decreasing the potential of root clogging. In 2007, 4 out of the 35 drippers were found with root intrusion problems in the control (without Treflan injection), while no root clogging existed any dripper in Treflan application treatments. In 2008, 6 drippers from the control but only 1 dripper from those treated with Treflan application showed root clogging. In addition, within the range of concentration used by the current experiment, Treflan concentrations had no significant effects on winter wheat root distribution, yield, and quality. Injection date, however, influenced the vertical root distribution significantly. Injection of Treflan late in the growing season influenced the root distribution only in the areas close to the drippers; the influenced areas increased if Treflan was injected early in the growing season.     

线源滴灌土壤湿润均匀性的影响因素试验研究

线源滴灌设计中,滴灌管出流均匀性与土壤湿润均匀性有本质不同,前者仅仅是后者必要的基础,但是要保证线源滴灌土壤湿润均匀性,还需要考虑滴头间距、滴头流量、滴水量和土壤质地的差别。对影响线源滴灌土壤湿润均匀性的主要因素进行了试验研究。试验中所用土壤为沙土和沙壤土;滴头间距为30 cm和50 cm;滴头流量为0.3~4 L/h;滴水量为10~25 L不等。试验表明,沿滴灌管方向的土壤湿润均匀度取决于湿润区的交汇程度,而湿润区的交汇程度又取决于土壤湿润区水平运移宽度和滴头间距。沙土沿滴灌管方向的土壤湿润均匀度随滴水量的增大而显著增大,沙壤土的相应指标则随滴头流量的增大而增大。土壤湿润均匀度随滴头间距的增大而减小。线源滴灌设计时,粘粒含量较少的土壤应该有一定的设计湿润深度和较小的滴头间距才能保证其湿润均匀度满足设计要求。研究结论对完善滴灌技术设计理论有帮助。     

葡萄分层地下滴灌滴头布设深度优化

为解决不同树龄葡萄根系的差异使得地下滴灌系统在布设应用中存在的困难,采用室内试验和HYDRUS-2D数值模拟相结合的方法,以宁夏和关中葡萄产区为例,研究了2种土质条件下分层地下滴灌土壤水分运动规律,提出了分层地下滴灌带最佳布设深度.研究结果表明,HYDRUS-2D模拟值与试验实测值具有良好的吻合度.地下滴灌带的埋深直接影响土壤水分的分布,2种土质下湿润体内部处于最佳含水率区间的土壤体积随滴头间距的增加而增大.通过适当增大浅层滴头埋深并减小深层滴头埋深可减小表层水分无效损耗.从避免水分无效消耗以及提高湿润体与根系匹配效果等角度出发,建议关中地区葡萄单滴头灌溉且适宜滴灌带布设深度为20 cm;宁夏贺兰山地区滴灌带布设深度以15 cm和45 cm为宜.     

双点源滴灌条件下土壤湿润锋运移规律研究

通过模拟试验,研究了不同滴头流量、灌水量和滴头间距下双点源滴灌水分交汇作用对湿润锋运动规律的影响,结果表明:在交汇界面,湿润锋水平和垂直入渗距离与入渗时间符合多项式关系,在未发生交汇的平面符合幂函数关系。相同条件下,交汇界面处的水分向外扩散距离与距滴灌点源相同距离处未发生交汇的水分扩散距离相比增加了30%,湿润锋前沿处的含水率比其增大了81%。在滴头流量为0.8 L/h、灌溉水量17.0 L条件下,双点源交汇入渗在结束灌水时湿润锋水平和垂直湿润距离分别为31.0 cm和33.3 cm,比单点源入渗分别大1.0 cm和1.3 cm。此外,通过试验发现,增大滴头流量、灌水量或缩小滴头间距均能有效改善土壤湿润体的均匀性。     

Fouling formation and chemical control in drip irrigation systems using treated wastewater

Drip irrigation systems are prone to changes in flow rate (FR) and increasing coefficients of variation (CV) when fed with treated wastewater, due to fouling inside the drippers. A model system was designed to measure the FR and fouling accumulation in laterals and drippers under different treatment conditions. A novel approach was taken to compare the different maintenance treatments. A comparison of chlorination and acidification strategies showed that daily chlorination and periodic acidification may prolong proper functioning of the drippers by maintaining a normal FR [(up to ±7 %) of nominal FR] and CV (<7 %) index in correlation with low fouling accumulation in the pipeline (<0.01 mg deposit/cm _pipe ² ). Current recommendations for the frequency of conventional treatments were found to be insufficient. Chemical analyses of the fouling inside the dripper and accumulated on the pipe wall showed that biofilm can survive inside the dripper under harsh environmental conditions, even when the pipeline stays clean. These results shed light on biofilm growth and survival mechanisms inside the dripper and may pave the way to developing new treatments or improving dripper design.     

咸水灌溉对土壤水盐分布和小麦产量的影响

在石羊河流域中游开展田间灌溉试验,试验设置3种灌水量,灌溉定额分别为355,280,205 mm(W1,W2和W3);4种灌水矿化度0.7,3.0,5.0和7.0 g/L(S1,S2,S3和S4),共12个处理,每个处理3组重复.研究结果表明:淡水灌溉条件下,土壤积盐率不超过15%,当灌水矿化度在3.0 g/L以上时,土壤剖面盐分积累峰值在20~40 cm层,灌溉水带入的盐分有40%~80%积累在60 cm深度.当灌水矿化度为3.0 g/L时,盐分胁迫造成春小麦减产在10%以下;灌水矿化度为5.0 g/L和7.0 g/L时,春小麦减产严重,最高可达28%.相同灌水矿化度条件下,与充分灌溉(W1)相比,W2和W3分别减产10%和15%左右.拔节期-灌浆期是春小麦需水关键期,灌水要及时,3种灌水量均可以保证春小麦根区含水量维持在田间持水量的60%~80%.因此,3.0 g/L的微咸水灌溉不会造成春小麦大幅减产,合理调控灌水时间,灌水量为205~355mm可以保证春小麦土壤含水量维持在适宜的水平.     

Establishment of shallow and restricted root systems in cotton and its impact on plant response to irrigation

Summary The effects of frequent and shallow soil wetting by surface drip irrigation on root growth, morphology, and location, and their impact on plant sensitivity to irrigation management were studied in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Daily drip irrigation, which wetted the 0 to 40-cm soil depth, encouraged root development mainly around the drippers. Water extraction took place mostly from 0 to 20 cm below the drippers, where the roots were concentrated. Shallowness of root growth was not altered by the expansion and deepening of the wetted soil zone which resulted from an increase in amount of irrigation water. The shallow and restricted root system was characterized by a high fraction of thin roots (less than 1 mm dia.) which comprised almost 90% of the root dry matter. Root proximity to the drippers and the limited amount of water in the rooted soil led to a sensitive and quick response of the plants to small amounts of irrigation. A supply of 1.0 mm H₂O given at midday to 70 day-old plants resulted in a leaf water potential (L _w) increase from –1.64 to –1.32 MPa over a 20-min period. This amount of irrigation comprised 15% of the average daily quantity. A 24 h delay in irrigation to 80 dayold plants was enough to decrease L _w from –1.41 to –2.42 MPa. This decrease was caused by a soil water deficit of less than 6 mm H₂O. Extending the irrigation delay to 72 h affected yield and earliness, although the deficient amount of water was supplied over the several days after the treatment. A strong response to minor, but continuous, differences in the daily irrigation amount was detected. Differences in irrigation of less than 1 mm H₂O per day applied during the whole growth season substantially affected L _w, yield and earliness. It was concluded that the establishment of a shallow and restricted root system resulted in strong dependence of the plants on frequent and sufficient supply of water, and temporary minor changes in irrigation affected plant water status and productivity.     

滴灌土壤湿润体含水率分布规律的试验研究

通过室内滴灌试验,研究了不同滴头流量对土壤湿润体变化过程的影响。试验所用的土壤为杨凌塿土,滴头流量分别为0.08、0.16、0.24、0.40、0.60、1.20、2.003、.60 L/h。结果表明,从0.08～0.6 L/h的滴头流量,其湿润体体积和灌水量之间存在显著的线性关系,说明平均含水率是一定值;从1.2～3.6 L/h的滴头流量,其湿润体体积和灌水量之间存在显著的幂函数关系,说明平均含水率是逐渐增大的。