Influence of Seed Treatment with Uniconazole Powder on Soybean Growth,Photosynthesis, Dry Matter Accumulation after Flowering and Yield in Relay Strip Intercropping System

Abstract

The relay strip intercropping system of wheat-corn-soybean is widely used in southwest China. However, it is hard to produce soybean stably with this system, since the growth of soybean plants is slower under shading by corn at the seedling stage, and it is compensated by accelerated growth after the symbiotic stage. Soybean plants show excessive vegetative growth due to more rain during the flowering stage, which results in fallen petals, fallen pods and lower yield. This study investigated whether seed treatment with uniconazole powder (0, 2, 4 and 8 mg kg^–1 seed) suppresses excessive vegetative growth of soybean plants during the flowering stage and delays senescence of photosynthetically active leaves at the pod-setting stage. If such events are correlated with changes in photosynthesis, they may affect dry matter accumulation and seed yield in the relay stripping system. Uniconazole promoted biomass accumulation from 31 (R₃) to 61 (R₅) days after flowering (DAF) and seed yield. Seed treatment with uniconazole raised the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a contents. In contrast, uniconazole reduced leaf area index (LAI) from 1 DAF (R₁) to 46 DAF (R₄) with the increase in uniconazole concentration, whereas, uniconazole significantly increased LAI at 61 DAF, and the greatest promotion occurred at 2 mg kg^–1 treatment. The study clearly showed that uniconazole effectively suppressed excessive vegetative growth of soybean during flowering stage, delayed senescence of photosynthetically active leaves at pod-setting stage and induced higher yield, which were related to the changes in photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content, dry matter accumulation and LAI in the relay strip intercropping system.     

Alleviation of waterlogging damage in winter rape by application of uniconazole: Effects on morphological characteristics,hormones and photosynthesis

Oilseed rape seedlings (Brassica napus L.) treated with uniconazole were transplanted at the five-leaf stage into specially designed experimental containers, and then exposed to waterlogging for 3 weeks. Pre-treatment of rape seedlings with uniconazole significantly increased seedling height, shoot width, number of green leaves and leaf area per plant, and consequently the shoot, root, and total dry weight after waterlogging. Following waterlogging stress, the uniconazole treated plants had a significantly improved growth including plant height, length and width of leaves, number of green leaves, leaf area per plant, and canopy width at the stem elongation stage, and plant height, stem width, and root, shoot and total dry weight at the flowering stage. At harvest, uniconazole treatment increased the number of primary and secondary branches, seeds per pod, and number of effective pods in branches and in terminal raceme after waterlogging treatment. The uniconazole-induced increase in the number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod were the two yield components responsible for the significantly greater seed and oil yields obtained from the uniconazole plus waterlogging treated plants, over either the control or waterlogged plants. Uniconazole also reduced waterlogging-induced rise in the erucic acid content of the seeds. The modification of GA₃, zeatin, ABA and ethylene levels due to pre-treatment of rape seedlings with uniconazole might have helped to delay the chlorosis and senescence induced by waterlogging. Uniconazole treatment also increased the leaf photosynthetic rates of waterlogged plants, in part, due to the changes in leaf conductance and hormone levels which ultimately affected various physiological processes.     

Isoflavonoid Accumulation Pattern as Affected by Shading from Maize in Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in Relay Strip Intercropping System

Abstract

Soybean is the most common resource of isoflavonoid in human food. Wide development of relay strip intercropped soybean has contributed to the soybean industry in China. Due to the shading from maize, growth and grain production of soybean is reduced. However, whether soybean isoflavonoid accumulation pattern is influenced in the relay strip intercropping system is still unclear. Here, we studied the accumulation patterns of soybean isoflavones in the relay strip intercropping system and sole cropping system at the per-harvest stage. The accumulation patterns of soybean isoflavones at the postharvest stage were also studied. The results indicated that accumulation patterns of soybean isoflavones of all varieties in leaf and seed in the two systems were similar, but the trend was delayed in the relay strip intercropping system compared with the sole cropping system. During the pod filling stage, the total content of isoflavone, M-type isoflavone content, G-type isoflavone content in seed in the relay strip intercropping system were lower than those in the sole cropping system. During the after-ripening period, seed isoflavone content, M-type isoflavone content, G-type isoflavone content in seed increased in both systems, but were higher in the relay strip intercropping system. The temperature and photosynthetically active radiation were significantly lower in relay intercropping than in sole cropping, while relative humidity showed the opposite trend. Path analysis showed that total isoflavone content in leaves and seeds showed a significantly positive correlation with temperature and photosynthetically active radiation, but significantly negative correlation with relative humidity. Correlation analysis between the highest isoflavone content in sole cropping or relay intercropping seeds and agronomic traits revealed a significant positive correlation between the number of both branches and pods with total isoflavone, M-type isoflavone and G-type isoflavone in both systems.     

遮光和渍水对小麦幼苗形态和生长的影响

为了解遮光、渍水及其互作对小麦幼苗形态及生长性状的影响,以长江中下游不同年代小麦品种扬麦1号(20世纪70年代)、扬麦158(20世纪90年代)和扬辐麦4号(21世纪正在应用)为材料,通过盆栽试验研究了遮光、渍水后小麦幼苗主茎叶龄、单株茎蘖数、单株次生根数、苗高、叶面积、干物重、比叶重和根冠比的变化。结果表明,遮光处理显著延缓幼苗叶龄,抑制分蘖的发生,而渍水处理影响不显著;遮光和渍水处理均显著降低单株次生根数、叶面积、比叶重及地上部和根干重,遮光影响程度重于渍水,遮光和渍水同时处理仅对比叶重、地上部和根干重、根冠比表现出一定的累加效应。处理结束后经20d恢复,仅不遮光+渍水处理下叶龄、苗高和比叶重基本恢复到正常生长水平;不遮光+渍水处理下单株次生根数及各处理下根干重表现出恢复趋势。不同品种间幼苗形态和生长性状表现出显著的差异。扬辐麦4号和扬麦158单株次生根数和比叶重均显著高于扬麦1号。不同处理下扬辐麦4号幼苗形态和生长性状相比正常生长幼苗的变化幅度总体上小于其他品种,表现出较好的苗期抗渍及抗弱光能力。     

烯效唑对水稻基质育秧秧苗素质的影响

以淮稻5号为材料,烯效唑浓度分别为0、37.5、75.0、150.0、225.0、300.0 mg/m2,于一叶一心期喷施,三叶一心期分析了秧苗素质。结果表明:随着烯效唑浓度的增加,水稻地上部第二叶、第三叶的叶长显著下降,叶宽显著增加,叶面积显著下降,叶绿素含量先显著增加后显著下降,株高显著下降,茎基宽显著增加;单株根数、最长根长、根干重、根系活力和盘结力均表现出先显著增加后显著下降。综合而言,以烯效唑浓度37.5 mg/m2所育秧苗株高符合机插秧要求,茎粗苗壮,叶绿素含量较高,根数较多,根系活力较高,根系盘结力强,植株生物量大,可以增加秧龄弹性2.1 d。     

套作弱光胁迫对大豆苗期根系形态和生理活性的影响

研究玉米-大豆带状套作弱光环境下大豆苗期根系形态特征、生理特性和生物量积累,明晰苗期大豆根系对套作荫蔽的响应规律,筛选适宜玉米-大豆带状套作的大豆品种,为改良大豆对荫蔽胁迫的适应能力提供理论依据。以NTS1007、桂夏3号和南豆12等3个根系特征不同的大豆品种(系)为试验材料,在盆栽试验条件下,采用挖掘法考察根系形态特征,并对根系活力、表面积、伤流量和生物量积累等指标进行测定和分析。结果表明,与单作相比,玉豆带状套作下大豆主根长和侧根长均显著下降,侧根下降81.8%,主根下降42.8%,侧根下降更为明显;根系可溶性糖含量显著下降,导致根系活力降低,伤流量减少;大豆根系表面积和活跃吸收表面积显著减小,降幅均与一级侧根总长度的降幅呈极显著正相关;大豆植株生物量显著下降,其中地下部下降55.2%,地上部下降37.9%,根冠比减小。不同品种(系)大豆根系对套作的响应程度不同,南豆12的主根长、一级侧根长、根体积降幅最小(33.9%、74.4%、65.3%);桂夏3号的根系表面积和生物量降幅最大(67.1%、48.3%);NTS1007则根冠比、根系活力和伤流量冠比降幅最大(35.4%、39.2%、38.9%)。套作遮荫条件下大豆根系的伸长生长比根系生理性状更能够准确地反映植株根系生长状况,根系长度可作为判定对荫蔽胁迫适应能力的一个重要指标。南豆12在玉米-大豆套作下能够更为合理地分配同化产物,减小荫蔽胁迫对根系形态建成和生理活性的抑制作用,保证根系生物量积累。     

不同熟期类型大豆品种在玉豆间作模式下农艺性状和产量的比较研究

为筛选适宜间作的大豆品种，以早、中、晚熟三种类型共16个大豆品种（系）为试验材料，在玉米大豆间作和大豆净作（为对照）模式下比较研究其农艺性状和产量构成因素。结果表明,各熟期类型品种在间作条件下的株高、平均节间长、倒伏率均显著高于净作对照，且早熟品种的株高、底荚高、主茎节数、平均节间长以及倒伏率显著低于中、晚熟品种。早、中熟品种在间作下的有效分枝数与对照差异不显著，而晚熟品种显著高于对照。各熟期类型品种在间作模式下的产量都显著低于相应的对照，早熟类型品种的单株有效荚、单株粒数、百粒重、单株产量以及公顷单产均极显著低于中、晚熟类型品种，而这些性状在中、晚熟品种间差异不显著。早、中熟品种在间作下的单株有效荚率均显著高于对照，晚熟品种的单株有效荚率显著高于中熟品种，中熟品种显著高于早熟品种。然而各品种类型间作下的完整粒率与净作对照无显著差异，中、晚熟品种的完整粒率显著高于早熟品种。通过相关性分析，间作下倒伏率与株高、主茎节数、平均节间长呈极显著正相关；单株有效荚率、单株粒重、完整粒率、产量均与生育期呈极显著正相关；玉豆共生期占全生育期比重与有效荚率、完整粒率、产量呈极显著负相关。上述结果表明，在玉米大豆间作模式下，中、晚熟大豆品种相比早熟品种有较长的光补偿时期，能获得较高的产量，是适宜与玉米间作种植的大豆品种类型。     

Effect of shading on accumulation of soybean isoflavonoid under maize-soybean strip intercropping systems

Maize-soybean strip intercropping system is an important ecological planting system; the wide development of intercropped soybean has contributed to the soybean industry in China. Soybean growth and seed production were affected by the shading from maize. Previous studies confirmed that relay strip intercropping shading facilitates the accumulation of isoflavone glucosides but does not take advantage of the accumulation of isoflavone aglycone. However, the regulation of isoflavones accumulation under strip intercropping system was unknown; in which soybean and maize were sown at the same time, and soybean was mainly shaded in the reproductive stage. In order to reveal the effects of intercropping shading on the isoflavones accumulation in soybean seed, two independent field experiments were conducted in eastern China. We compared the isoflavones profiles of soybean seeds, which were grown under various maize-soybean intercropping systems with different shade levels. The results showed that the intercropping shading was not benefited to the accumulation of soy-isoflavones, including aglycones and isoflavones glycosides and various forms of isoflavones were decreased with the decline of photosynthetic active radiation. Multivariate statistical analysis and significance analysis showed that acylated isoflavones may be more susceptible to intercropping shading.

Abbreviations: HCA: Hierarchical cluster analysis; PAR: photosynthetically active radiation; PCA: Principal component analysis; LC-MS: Liquid chromatography mass spectrometer.     

三种间作模式对棉花产量和品质及棉田效益的影响比较

为探讨适宜长江流域棉区棉田间作栽培的模式,以增加棉花产量、改善纤维品质和获得更高的经济效益。比较了棉花间作大豆、棉花间作玉米和棉花间作甘薯三种模式的经济效益、棉花产量、纤维品质、干物质积累及叶面积指数的变化特点。结果表明:三种间作模式较单作棉花可增加纯收入,棉花产量和干物质积累量及单位面积成铃数均增加;马克隆值变优和断裂比强度提高;在棉花盛蕾期棉花叶面积指数三种模式均比对照提高,在棉花盛铃期及以后的棉花叶面积指数因模式不同而有差别。棉花间作甘薯和棉花间作大豆模式的籽棉产量较高、经济效益好,纤维品质较优,其生产优势较为明显,适宜在长江流域棉区推广。     

大豆倒伏对植株性状和产量的影响

本文探讨了大豆倒伏对植株性状和产量的影响。指出了大豆倒伏临界冠/根比和倒伏临界期植株的干物质分配状况。经对倒伏和未倒伏植株的比较研究,结果表明,倒伏可以使株高明显增高,分枝减少,并使干物质分配在营养器官中的比例明显高于繁殖器官,最终导致荚重、粒重、百粒重、经济系数显著降低,产量约减少56％。     

Varietal Difference in Early Vegetative Growth during Seedling Stage in Soybean

Abstract

Rapid development after emergence is important for seedling establishment and early vegetative growth, especially at a low planting density or inferior environmental conditions. This study was conducted to understand the varietal difference in the growth parameters during the seedling stage in soybean. Twenty-seven soybean varieties originating from six countries were examined in 2009 and 2010. The pots were arranged in a completely random block design with 5 replications (10 pots per variety), and the seedlings were sampled at 14 and 28 days after sowing (DAS). The shoot dry weight at 14 and 28 DAS was highly correlated with seed size, cotyledon digestion, and leaf area. However, no positive correlation was found between shoot dry weight and photosynthetic rate at 28 DAS. Chamame, a Japanese cultivar, with the largest seed size grew rapidly, and showed the heaviest shoot dry weight, greatest cotyledon digestion, fast leaf expansion and high photosynthetic rate. However, Moyashimame, a medium-seed-size cultivar, also grew rapidly with a high photosynthetic rate. Some varieties such as Tachinagaha (Japan), Hefeng (China), Parana and Pérola (Brazil), had a large or medium seed size, and high photosynthetic rate but showed a relatively small leaf area and light shoot dry weight. These results suggested that big seeds with rapid cotyledon digestion developed a wider leaf area and therefore large dry matter production, indicating that the conversion of stored energy was more important than the leaf photosynthetic activity for early growth.     

荫蔽对大豆主要性状的影响及大豆耐荫性鉴定方法研究初报

模拟间套种的荫蔽条件，设置不同的遮光处理，研究荫蔽对大豆13个主要性状的影响。结果表明，结荚期株高、收获期株高、最低结荚高度、结荚期生物产量、单株荚数、单株粒数、单株产量和百粒重等8个性状发生显著变异，变异与荫蔽程度极显著相关，其中，前3者为正相关，其余5性状为负相关；结荚节位和主茎直径变异极显著，分枝数变异显著，但与荫蔽程度相关性不显著；主茎节数和单株瘪荚数变异不显著。选择受荫蔽影响显著且与荫蔽相关性显著的株高、最低结荚高度、结荚期生物产量、单株荚数、单株粒数、单株粒重和百粒重等7个性状为指标性状，以综合耐荫系数为指标，采用综合方法评定大豆种质的耐荫性，将耐荫性鉴定级别划分为五级。     

施氮水平对7S亚基缺失大豆根系形态和结瘤固氮的影响

为有效推广功能型大豆7S亚基缺失品种,以7S亚基缺失大豆品系东富2号为研究对象,设置4种施氮水平(纯N),N0(0 mg·kg~(-1))、N1(25 mg·kg~(-1))、N2(50 mg·kg~(-1))、N3(75 mg·kg~(-1)),采用桶栽法研究大豆根系形态和结瘤固氮对不同施氮水平的响应。结果表明:N1(25 mg·kg~(-1))水平下根系干重加大,根冠比增大,根瘤固氮潜力高,单株产量较高。N2(50 mg·kg~(-1))水平下根长、根表面积、根体积在生育后期增长较快,根系干重较大,根冠比低,固氮酶活性最高,单株籽粒产量最高。N3(75 mg·kg~(-1))水平下植株干重较大,无效生长较多,根瘤数少,固氮潜力和根冠比低,单株产量不高。综合籽粒产量和根系特性指标,功能型大豆7S亚基缺失品系东富2号的适宜施肥量为25~50 mg·kg~(-1)。     

云南省适宜与玉米间作大豆品种的筛选与鉴定

为了筛选和鉴定适宜云南省与玉米间作的大豆品种,本研究在玉米与大豆间作条件下,采用灰色关联度和系统聚类分析方法对44个大豆品种(系)的10个农艺及产量性状进行综合分析及评价。结果表明:参试品种各性状的变异系数的变异范围为7.3%~51.2%,说明各地大豆资源的表型多样性比较丰富。灰色关联分析表明影响间作大豆产量的性状依次为单株粒数、主茎节数、百粒重、单株荚数、分枝数、倒伏性、株高、节间长度、每荚粒数。利用系统聚类法将44个大豆品种分为了3大类,各类群性状之间的差异较明显,其中单株荚多、单株粒多、分枝多、百粒重适中的第一类是比较适宜与玉米间作的大豆品种(系)。     

赤霉素及烯效唑对大豆形态、光合生理及产量的影响

为了解赤霉素ＧＡ３和烯效唑的壮苗效果,采用ＧＡ３和烯效唑浸种处理大豆种子,调查大豆茎秆、节长、叶柄、叶片光合特性及产量的变化。两年结果显示,ＧＡ３ 和烯效唑对大豆株高有调控作用,但具有时效性。苗期,ＧＡ３处理增加株高,烯效唑抑制株高;盛花期、结荚期和鼓粒期处理与对照之间株高无显著差异;收获期ＧＡ３处理降低了第１、３、１０、１２、１３、１４节节长,从而显著降低大豆株高,烯效唑降低第１节节长,不影响株高。ＧＡ３和烯效唑 浸种处理均增加大豆茎粗,增强大豆抗倒伏性。ＧＡ３处理降低了８～１０节叶柄长度、增加了１４～１８节叶柄长度;烯效唑增加７～１２节叶柄长度。两种调节剂从节长和叶柄两个方面改变了大豆冠层结构,叶柄长度的变化量与同节位的产量贡献率的变化量显著相关,相关系数为０．６２２和０．５８５,Ｐ＜０．０５。烯效唑浸种处理能够增加７ｄ、１４ｄ叶绿素含量,１４ｄ光合速率,显著提高单株粒数、单株荚数和产量,两年平均增产１５．１４％。说明烯效唑处理可能通过改变大豆冠层结构和光合性质影响大豆产量。     

种子处理剂不同用量拌种对油菜毯状苗生长的影响

为培育出高质量油菜毯状苗,以适宜机械化移栽,探究种子处理剂(每升含5%的烯效唑5 g,七水硫酸亚铁142 mg,硫酸镁294 mg、硼酸0.6 mg、硫酸锌0.6 mg、硫酸锰0.6 mg,余量为水)不同用量拌种对油菜毯状苗生长的影响。本文以甘蓝型双低杂交油菜宁杂1818和常规油菜扬油9号为材料,设置种子处理剂用量分别为每100 g油菜种子0 mL、0.5 mL、1 mL、1.5 mL、2 mL、2.5 mL、3 mL和4 mL 8个处理,分析其对出苗率、存苗率、苗高、子叶大小、第一叶大小、根颈长度、根颈直径以及干物重等指标的影响。结果表明,适宜用量的种子处理剂能提高出苗率和存苗率,用量过高则显著降低出苗率和存苗率,不同种子处理剂用量均能显著降低苗高,缩短根颈长度增加根颈直径,干物质重随用量的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,综合各项指标,每100 g种子用2~2.5 mL种子处理剂拌种最优,是适合油菜毯状苗培育种子处理的最佳用量。     

烯效唑对甜叶菊形态、酶活性、叶片产量及品质的影响

【目的】研究植物生长调节剂烯效唑(Uniconazole)对甜叶菊形态建成、酶活性、产量及品质(莱胞迪苷A/蛇菊苷)的影响,旨在为甜叶菊产量和品质的外源调控效应及机理提供理论依据。【方法】以甜叶菊‘惠农3号’大田植株为材料,浸根和叶喷两种处理,其中,浸根处理分别设0、0.04、0.2、1 mg/L四个浓度处理,叶喷处理分别设0、10、50、250 mg/L四个浓度处理。【结果】外源烯效唑处理下,甜叶菊株高、茎粗、分枝数、根干重、茎干重、叶干重、POD活性、PPO活性、产量和品质相比对照而言均有所增加或改善,其中浸根浓度0.04 mg/L和叶喷浓度50 mg/L两处理的表现最佳。【结论】植物生长调节剂烯效唑对提高甜叶菊产量和改善品质效果较好。     

甘草种衣剂对甘草形态指标的影响

通过以种衣剂包衣处理甘草种子,比较研究在不同处理条件下,甘草植株地上部分、地下部分某些形态指标变化情况。结果表明,甘草种衣剂包衣处理后,甘草的株高、茎粗、根粗、根长、根干重、根体积、茎干重、叶干重、叶面积和壮苗指数显著提高。表明甘草种衣剂的使用可以提高中药材甘草的品质与产量。     

控制重茬大豆危害施肥技术优选

采用田间进行了重茬大豆施肥技术组合筛选,NPK不同组合可明显促进重茬大豆生长发育,主要表现在增加大豆株高、提高大豆地上和地下生长,增加干物质积累;NPK配合可促进大豆根瘤数量和重量的增加,N3P4K5 叶面肥在大豆分枝期(V5)、开花期(R2)和鼓粒期(R6)三个时期都明显增加大豆优质根瘤比率;NPK配合可增加大豆叶面积指数、生物产量和光合势,其中N3P4K5和N3P4K5 叶面肥对大豆生长发育促进作用最为明显,N3P4K5 叶面肥产量最高,较对照增产22.7%,增加了大豆有效荚数、单株粒数和单株粒重,各处理对大豆百粒重影响不大.     

烯效唑浸种对大豆苗期抗旱性的影响

为明确烯效唑对大豆苗期抗旱性的影响,以浙春3号为试材,采用不同浓度(0、0.05、0.1、0.2和0.4mg/kg)烯效唑浸种,探讨不同水分胁迫(正常供水、轻度胁迫和中度胁迫)下烯效唑对大豆苗期的抗旱效应。结果表明：烯效唑浸种降低了苗高,提高了大豆出苗率,茎粗和根冠比;同时还提高了叶片相对含水量,脯氨酸(Pro)含量和可溶性糖含量。烯效唑处理降低了丙二醛(MDA)含量,从而降低了脂质过氧化程度,提高了保护性酶的活性。正常供水下,SOD、POD和CAT酶活性均以0.1mg/kg处理最高,分别较对照提高了18.75%、8.43%和37.4%;轻度水分胁迫下,SOD、POD和CAT酶活性均以0.2mg/kg处理最高,分别较对照提高了23.53%、11.63%和47.5%;中度水分胁迫下,SOD、POD和CAT的酶活性均以0.4mg/kg处理最高,较对照分别提高了22.86%、11.2%和56.1%。可见,适宜浓度的烯效唑浸种可改善套作大豆苗期生长,提高抗旱能力。