不同pH下局部供应硝酸盐和铵对玉米侧根生长的影响

采用水培分根培养体系,比较了不同pH下局部供应不同形态氮素对玉米侧根生长的影响。结果表明,局部硝酸盐可以刺激侧根伸长,但不影响侧根密度,pH值5或pH值7对刺激效果没有显著影响。在两个pH值下,局部供应相同浓度的铵均未显著促进侧根伸长。说明铵不能显著刺激侧根的伸长并不是由于根际pH的变化。     

茶要对修剪叶和不同氮肥对土壤pH和活性铝含量的影响

利用盆栽试验了茶树修剪叶和不同氮肥对土壤pH和活性铝含量的影响。结果表明,施用硫酸铵和茶树鲜叶,茶树干重显著增加。硫酸铵显著促进梢生长并提高氨基酸偏一,施茶树鲜叶显著促进茶树根系生长。施茶树鲜叶处理的土壤有机质含量显著提高,而且pH最高、活性铝含量很低。施用硫酸铵处理的土壤显著酸化。研究表明,茶园土壤酸化的主导因子是施用酸性化学肥料和茶树根系分泌的有机酸等,而并非茶树落叶和修剪叶还园。     

滴灌施氮对赤红壤酸化的影响

通过盆栽试验研究滴施不同品种氮肥对赤红壤酸化过程的影响.结果表明,在滴施硫酸铵、硝酸铵和尿素的条件下,各个土层的pH值都有所降低,同时,土壤的交换性铝含量有一定程度的增加;种植玉米的处理在滴头正下方各个土层的pH值均高于不种植玉米的处理,而交换性铝含量则低于不种植玉米的处理.种植玉米能够缓解滴施氮肥后的土壤酸化,降低土壤交换性铝含量.     

Soil acidification induced by leguminous crops

Solution culture and greenhouse studies have both clearly demonstrated the ability of legumes to acidify their rooting medium. Furthermore, research workers comparing the pH beneath undisturbed sites versus all-legume pastures or all-grass versus all-legume (or grass-legume) pastures have observed a lower soil pH under the leguminous pastures. The processes leading to legume-induced soil acidification are reviewed and discussed.
The growth of legumes which are fixing atmospheric N₂ involves the excess uptake of nutrient cations over anions from soil solution. This results in the net efflux of H₃O⁺ ions from plant roots into the rhizosphere.
When virgin lands are sown with legumes the accumulation of soil organic matter, with a consequent increase in cation exchange capacity and exchange acidity, is an important contributing factor to the long-term decline in surface soil (0–10 cm) pH. Nonetheless, such a phenomenon does not explain the decrease in pH below 10 cm soil depth nor the lower pH below leguminous than all-grass pastures. The efflux of H₃O⁺ ions from the legume roots may have an important effect on the soil pH under such conditions. The loss of symbiotically fixed N; from the system through leaching of NO₃⁻ - N may also contribute to soil acidification under leguminous pastures.     

Productivity and residual benefits of grain legumes to sorghum under semi-arid conditions in south-western Zimbabwe: Unravelling the effects of water and nitrogen using a simulation model

The APSIM model was used to assess the impact of legumes on sorghum grown in rotation in a nutrient-limited system under dry conditions in south-western Zimbabwe. An experiment was conducted at Lucydale, Matopos Research Station, between 2002 and 2005. The model was used to simulate soil and plant responses in the experiment. Sequences of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) were used in the rotations. Legumes accumulated up to 130 kg of N ha⁻¹ which was potentially available for uptake by sorghum in the following season. The APSIM model predicted total biomass, grain and N yields of the legume phase within the experimental error and performed well in predicting sorghum yield and N supplied in the rotation after cowpea and groundnut. The model generally under-predicted sorghum total biomass and grain yield after pigeonpea. Observed patterns of crop water use, evaporative losses during the dry season and re-charge of soil profile at the start of the rainy season were generally well predicted by the model. An assessment of output on sorghum N and water stresses in the rotation indicated that the legume–cereal rotation is more driven by soil nitrogen availability than water availability even under semi-arid conditions. Further legume–cereal rotation analysis using the model will assist in the understanding of other processes in the rotations in dry environments.     

淹涝胁迫和氮形态对苗期玉米营养特性的影响

采用砂培培养方法,比较研究两种水分条件和3种供氮形态处理对苗期玉米根、茎鞘、叶生物量干重及其氮、磷、钾含量及分配的影响。结果表明,非淹涝胁迫条件下铵硝态氮混合处理(AN)玉米生物量干重及氮、磷、钾累积量最高;淹涝胁迫条件下铵硝态氮混合处理(ANF)的叶片、总生物量以及硝态氮处理(NF)的根系、叶片和总生物量干重明显降低。淹涝胁迫降低3种氮形态处理叶片氮累积量,明显降低铵硝态氮混合处理和硝态氮处理植株氮、钾累积量,降低磷在铵硝态氮混合处理茎鞘、叶中的分配比例、磷在硝态氮处理根、叶中的分配比例以及钾在铵硝态氮混合处理茎鞘、叶中的分配比例。淹涝胁迫下铵态氮处理(AF)叶片含氮量、植株含钾量呈降低趋势;非淹涝胁迫下铵态氮处理(A)具有相对较高的植株氮、磷含量,且淹涝胁迫对氮、磷、钾在植株不同部位分配的影响相对较低。因此,本试验供应铵态氮苗期玉米具有相对较强的耐淹涝胁迫能力。     

结实期干湿交替灌溉对水稻根系、产量和土壤的影响

[目的]干湿交替灌溉(WMD)对水稻根系生长和产量形成有重要影响,但其对土壤性状的影响,以及与根系生长的关系尚不明确.[方法]本研究以5个不同类型的水稻品种为材料,在结实期设置常规灌溉(CI)和干湿交替灌溉(WMD)两种灌溉方式处理,研究了其对水稻产量、根系形态生理及土壤性状的影响.[结果]1)与CI相比,结实期WMD...     

咖啡硝态氮代谢研究进展

咖啡是一种对氮需求量高的作物,氮的吸收、同化对咖啡生长、发育和产量有重要的影响。进入植物体内的硝态氮只有在转化为铵态氮后才能被植物直接利用,这一代谢过程受外界光照、树龄、土壤pH值等因素的影响。综述近些年来有关环境因素对咖啡硝态氮代谢方面影响的研究进展,并讨论叶片和根系硝态氮代谢的差异以及根系硝态氮吸收的生理意义,为进一步开展咖啡施肥技术研究提供依据。     

Analysis of cold tolerance in sorghum under controlled environment conditions

Grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) originated in the semi-arid tropics and is generally sensitive to low-temperature stress. Early planting and use of minimum tillage necessitate the development of sorghum hybrids with early season cold tolerance. Genetic variability for cold tolerance exists in sorghum and has been detected by early planting under field conditions and by analysis of seeds and plants under growth chamber conditions. There is limited information on the efficiency of evaluating cold tolerance under growth chamber conditions and the relationship with field performance. The objectives of this study were to quantify the variability of cold tolerance in commercial hybrid seed lots under growth chamber conditions, to exam different components of cold tolerance and their relationships, and to evaluate the consistency of lab test results with data from field tests. Thirty commercial hybrid seed lots were evaluated by growing the entries under 15/10, 13/10, 11/8, and 25/20 °C day/night temperature in a 13/11 h cycle in a growth chamber. Traits measured included emergence percentage, emergence index, shoot and root dry weight, seedling height, and vigor score. Significant genotypic differences were detected for all traits. Correlations among the traits were significant and favorable, which confirmed that simultaneous improvement of these traits should be possible. The same seed lots were also evaluated in a soil-free plate-based assay, in which percent germination, and shoot and root elongation of the seed lots grown in dark at 15 °C were measured. Results from both laboratory tests, soil-based and plate-based, were correlated with data collected in a field study, which was conducted to evaluate cold tolerance of commercial sorghum hybrids at Manhattan, Hesston, Bellville, and Garden City, KS in 1998 and 1999. Single-trait correlations between lab and field studies were significant. Differentiation based on rank-summation index of common traits, rank-summation index correlations and the overlap of best entries, further provided strong support of the efficiency of predicting and identifying elite hybrids using growth chamber assays.     

铝胁迫下大豆根系分泌物对根际土壤的影响

以2个大豆品种（浙春2号和浙春3号）为材料，设置了4个铝浓度，分别在铝处理7d和14d时，测定大豆根系分泌物中的氨基酸、有机酸及可溶性糖，同时对大豆根际土壤的pH值、土壤酶和土壤呼吸速率进行分析。实验结果显示，虽然根系分泌物对根际土壤具有一定的酸化作用，但是随着铝浓度的升高，根系分泌物有使根际土壤酸碱度趋向平衡的效应。低铝浓度下，大豆根系分泌较多的可溶性糖和氨基酸，促使根际土壤酶活性的增强和土壤呼吸速率的提高，同时还可分泌较多的柠檬酸，与大豆的耐铝性相关。高铝浓度抑制主要根系分泌物的分泌，降低土壤酶活性和土壤呼吸速率；但高铝胁迫增加可溶性糖分泌量。实验结果表明，浙春2号大豆比浙春3号大豆耐铝；随着铝处理时间的延长，铝毒害作用明显。     

转基因大豆种植对根际土壤酶活性和养分的影响

采用盆栽试验,以耐草甘膦大豆M88、抗虫耐草甘膦大豆ZB及常规大豆中黄13为研究对象,比较分析转基因大豆对根际土壤酶活性和养分含量的影响。结果表明,在大豆成熟期时,与常规大豆中黄13相比, M88、ZB根际土壤碱性磷酸酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、速效磷含量无显著差异,硝态氮含量显著下降。根际土壤脲酶活性、铵态氮含量则表现不同,其变化随大豆品种的不同而不同。相较于常规大豆中黄13, M88根际土壤脲酶活性和铵态氮含量无显著差异; ZB根际土壤脲酶活性显著下降,而铵态氮含量则显著上升。      

细胞膜质子泵在水稻耐铵机制中的作用机理探讨

 水稻是一种典型的耐铵植物。由于铵态氮营养条件会导致根系分泌大量的氢离子,对植物生长产生胁迫。因此,耐铵植物应具备耐酸的能力。细胞膜质子泵具有主动排出质子,调节细胞内外pH的功能。结合目前的研究结果,探讨了水稻根系细胞膜质子泵在铵态氮与低pH两个因素交叉作用下活性的变化及其调节机制,以阐明水稻耐铵的一个必要机制。上述结果对于丰富植物耐铵机制的研究具有重要的理论与实践意义。     

Natural dyeing with black cowpea seed coat. I. Dyeing properties of cotton and silk fabrics

A new trial to determine the dyeing properties of cotton and silk fabrics with a black cowpea seed coat as crop waste was investigated. The natural dye anthocyanins were extracted from a black cowpea seed coat in an aqueous solution and used to dye silk and cotton. The optimal conditions for colorant extraction were an aqueous solution of a dried seed coat of black cowpea in a 1:10 liquor ratio at 70 °C for 4 hours with pH of 4. The best dye-uptake of silk and cotton fabric were obtained when the pH was 3.5 and 3.0 respectively, the temperature was 80 °C for 1 hour and the liquor ratio of black cowpea was 1:20. Different colors as dusky brown, brown, faint yellow, light green, reddish brown, cyan and green could be obtained using a various kind of mordants. The depth and brightness of color tones were affected by different dyeing and mordanting pH conditions. The colors of the fabrics were examined using a computer color matching system in terms of the K/S values and CIELAB color-difference values. The dyeing was evaluated using standard light, wash and heat fastness tests. Good wash and heat fastness were obtained but the poor light fastness indicated the need for improvement to fulfill the requirement for textile applications.     

Nutritional properties of nonrice crops in the Asian Rice Farming Systems Network

Six legume crops and three cereal crops in the Asian Rice Farming Systems Network were compared with IR58 brown rice in terms of dry matter, energy and protein yields per hectare. Sorghum was closest to brown rice in dry matter and energy yield but soybean had the highest protein yield. Peanut and soybean had higher crude fat than the other crops which accounted for their high energy content and yield among the legumes. Amino acid analysis showed cowpea, mungbean, pigeonpea, bushsitao, and soybean protein as limiting in sulfur amino acids (cysteine + methionine). Peanut protein was limiting in either lysine or tryptophan + threonine. Corn, sorghum and wheat proteins were limiting in lysine.     

Physiological and Molecular Analysis of Applied Nitrogen in Rice Genotypes

Ten genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were grown for 30 d in complete nutrient solution with 1 mmol/L (N-insufficient),4 mmol/L (N-moderate) and 10 mmol/L (N-high) nitrogen levels,and nitrogen efficiency (NE) was analyzed.Growth performance,measured in terms of fresh weight,dry weight and lengths of root and shoot,was higher in N-efficient than in N-inefficient rice genotypes at low N level.Of these 10 genotypes,Suraksha was identified as the most N-efficient,while Vivek Dhan the most N-inefficient.To find out the physiological basis of this difference,the nitrate uptake rate of root and the activities of nitrate assimilatory enzymes in leaves of N-efficient and N-inefficient rice genotypes were studied.Uptake experiments revealed the presence of two separate nitrate transporter systems mediating high-and low-affinity nitrate uptake.Interestingly,the nitrate uptake by the roots of Suraksha is mediated by both high-and low-affinity nitrate transporter systems,while that of Vivek Dhan by only low-affinity nitrate transporter system.Study of the activities and expression levels of nitrate assimilatory enzymes in N-efficient and N-inefficient rice genotypes showed that nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) play important roles in N assimilation under low-nitrogen conditions.     

橡胶树臭根病菌的鉴定及其生物学特性研究

利用海南省橡胶树臭根病病株上采集的病根样本,采用菌索组织分离法获得菌落后,进行子实体诱导产生分生孢子,再经单孢分离纯化获得菌株HNDZ001,通过柯赫氏法则验证、形态学特征观察及分子生物学技术对该菌株进行鉴定,确定菌株HNDZ001为引起橡胶树臭根病的匐灿球赤壳菌(Sphaerostilbe repens Berk.&Br.)。生物学特性测定结果表明,菌株HNDZ001在PDA培养基上菌落近圆形,表面黄白色,致密,背面呈深褐色至浅黄色,后期会产生黄褐色菌索和孢梗束;该菌菌丝生长的适宜条件为温度25~34℃、p H 7~9,最适生长条件是温度28℃、pH值为8、甘露醇为碳源、牛肉浸膏为氮源、完全黑暗,且在黄瓜汁培养基上菌丝生长最好。     

根袋法获取木薯根际土壤及其细菌群落特征研究

为了获取木薯根际土壤并研究其细菌群落特征,加深对木薯根际微生态的认知,开展根袋试验,以粘土和砂质壤土根袋内不同土壤质量（100~500 g）为处理。结果表明,根袋内土质量影响株高,但不影响茎叶重。根袋内100 g土的速效养分受到根系强烈影响,其中铵态氮和速效钾显著高于根袋外。Illumina Hiseq高通量测序结果表明,细菌优势菌门包括变形菌门（31.272%）、放线菌门（25.753%）、酸杆菌门（12.761%）、绿弯菌门（8.799%）等。2种土壤根袋内细菌α多样性增加,粘土细菌丰度也增加。RDA分析表明,土壤速效磷与放线菌门和绿弯菌门正相关,与变形菌门负相关;速效氮、速效钾、铵态氮、硝态氮与芽单胞菌门、酸杆菌门、Parcubacteria等负相关,与厚壁菌门、蓝藻门、梭杆菌门、拟杆菌门正相关;从根袋内外土壤速效养分和土壤细菌多样性综合判定,根袋内100 g土壤时可视为根际土壤,且铵态氮和速效钾可作为判断是否根际土壤的指示指标。根际微生物多样性显著提高。鞘脂杆菌目是木薯品种SC205在不同土质下共同富集的根际细菌。发现了土壤速效养分与部分细菌门的相关性。     

氮素供应形态对水稻根系形态和磷吸收的影响

 采用水培方法,研究了缺磷条件下不同形态氮（NH₄⁺、NO^₃-和NH₄NO₃）下的水稻根系形态性状,以及它们产生的后效应对磷吸收的影响。结果表明,在氮素供应充足但磷饥饿胁迫的状况下,氮素形态对根系的影响仍然十分显著。与单一的铵营养相比,铵硝混合营养增加了根长和根系的表面积、根系的密度以及磷的总吸收量;与单一的铵或硝营养相比,铵硝混合营养可增加吸收的磷从根系向地上部的运输。因此,铵硝混合营养改善低磷胁迫下水稻对磷的吸收和转运,其部分原因与氮素形态与根系形态发生有关。