湖南早籼稻品种芽期和苗期耐冷性初步研究

以16个湖南地区推广的早籼稻品种为材料,设置9个芽期低温胁迫处理,以死苗率为指标探讨了早籼稻芽期耐冷性的适宜鉴定方法,并鉴定了部分品种的苗期耐冷性。结果表明,8℃/7 d低温处理下早籼稻品种死苗率的方差和变异系数大,能较好地鉴别品种间耐冷性差异,是早籼稻芽期耐冷性鉴定的最合理方式;相关分析表明,早籼稻苗期耐冷性与芽期耐冷性鉴定结果基本一致;在苗期低温胁迫下耐冷水稻品种能够维持较高的游离脯氨酸含量,同时保持叶绿素和丙二醛含量的相对稳定;部分早籼稻品种的芽期和苗期耐冷性较差,不适宜采用直播栽培。     

云南稻种昆明小白谷耐冷性指标性状的遗传分析

 以云南稻种资源昆明小白谷与日本品种十和田配制的杂交F₂、B₂F₁等为材料,在低温处理条件下研究了昆明小白谷7个农艺性状的遗传特性。结果表明总结实率和特定结实率是对低温最敏感的性状,可用作孕穗期耐冷性的评价指标,在无法用结实率来评价耐冷性时,也可用株高、穗长的变异率作为耐冷性指标。遗传研究发现有1～2对主基因参与调控结实率性状,回交使性状向轮回亲本趋近的速率因性状而异。     

优质水稻新品种芽期耐冷性鉴定

对来自不同地区的多个水稻品种进行芽期耐冷性试验,结果表明:15份优质水稻品种发芽期14℃、7 d处理,耐冷性均表现为极弱;14℃、14 d处理,龙稻18、通禾66耐冷性表现为极强,九稻68、吉粳511耐冷性表现为强。在芽期试验中,所有品种芽期耐冷性为强。     

利用染色体片段置换系定位水稻芽期耐冷性QTL

以籼稻品种9311为受体、粳稻品种日本晴为供体构建的95个染色体片段置换系为材料,在5℃低温条件下进行芽期耐冷性鉴定。结果表明,6个置换系低温处理后的成苗率与受体亲本9311有一定差异,其耐冷性略强于9311。利用代换作图法共鉴定出4个与芽期耐冷性相关的QTL,分别位于水稻第5和第7染色体上。其中qCTB-5-1、qCTB-5-2和qCTB-5-3分别被定位在第5染色体RM267与RM1237、RM2422与RM6054及RM3321与RM1054之间遗传距离分别为21.3cM、27.4cM和12.7cM的置换片段上;qCTB-7被定位在第7染色体RM11-RM2752区间遗传距离为6.8cM的置换片段上。     

水稻生长早期耐冷性QTL分析

 以籼粳交“密阳23/吉冷1号”的F2：3代200个家系为作图群体，构建分子连锁图谱，并进行了F3代家系的生长早期耐冷性鉴定和QTL分析。结果表明，幼苗期耐冷性、分蘖期耐冷性和低温下幼苗生长能力等生长早期耐冷性在F3代表现为近似正态的连续分布，是由多基因控制的数量性状。在第1、5、9染色体上分别检测到与幼苗期耐冷性相关的QTL各1个，其中qCTS1对表型变异的解释率最大，达15.5%；在第2、3、7、9、11染色体上分别检测到与分蘖期耐冷性相关的QTL各1个，而每个QTL对表型变异的解释率均较低；在第1、2、11、12染色体上分别检测到与低温下幼苗生长能力相关的QTL各1个，其中qGAS2和qGAS12对表型变异的解释率分别为26.6%和42.9%，是主效基因。     

利用分子标记进行水稻苗期耐冷性相关性状的QTLs研究

用二九青和Yukihikari杂交后再经8代自交得到的79个重组自交系(RIL)群体为材料,构建了包含89个微卫星标记的分子连锁图谱.以低温下缺绿、枯萎死苗为指标对水稻苗期耐冷性数量性状位点(QTLs)进行了定位.在17℃,18℃和15～20℃ 3种不同低温处理情况下,以叶绿素含量为指标,共定位了11个QTLs,它们分别位于染色体1(2个),2(2个),3,5,6,7,8,9,12上;其中3个QTLs在3种环境中都能检测到,1个QTL在2种环境中检测到,而其余7个QTLs只能在1种环境中检测到;11个QTLs各自引起的表型变异为5.68%～27.42%.以枯萎死苗作为指标共定位了5个QTLs,分别位于染色体3,4,7,8,11上,各QTL控制的表型变异范围为7.65%～49.34%;其中位于染色体11上的RM224位点引起的表型变异达49.34%,是一个主效QTL.缺绿和枯萎死苗都是不耐冷品种受低温影响的表现,但从分子图谱定位的结果看,它们是由不同的基因位点控制的,没有连锁遗传关系.由此推断,水稻苗期耐冷性是一个由多基因控制的复杂遗传现象.     

水稻耐冷性遗传及基因定位研究概况与展望

综述了水稻低温发芽力,幼苗期、孕穗期和开花期耐冷性等遗传研究概况和近年来在水稻耐冷性数量性状基因定位(QTLs)研究方面所取得的进展,并展望了今后的水稻耐冷性研究方向。     

早籼品种苗期耐冷性的遗传研究

 应用人工气候箱低温处理．研究了早籼品种的苗期耐冷性。根据3叶期在6℃下处理48小时，3O℃／25℃ 24小时恢复生长后的叶片黄化程度及48小时恢复生长后的死苗情况，发现3个早籼品种的耐冷性均由一对显性基因控制。品种耐冷性愈差，电导率愈高，以此评价的耐冷性遗传也可能由一对主基因控制。     

亚洲地区大豆育成品种幼苗期耐淹性鉴定和优选

以亚洲大豆育成品种为对象,评价其幼苗期耐淹性,揭示其遗传变异特点,从而为耐涝育种提供种质基础。采用我国黄淮、南方及亚洲其它15国的350份大豆育成品种,以相对死苗率为主要鉴定指标,结合叶片相对失绿率与相对萎蔫率,在苗期进行大豆耐淹性盆栽鉴定。结果表明:以相对死苗率为主的指标体系可以有效鉴定大豆品种的苗期耐涝性。亚洲品种群体存在丰富的耐淹性遗传变异,相对死苗率变幅为4.8%~212.0%。中国黄淮、中国南方、东亚、东南亚和南亚5个区域的品种均呈现中间多、两头少的单峰态分布,遗传变异系数均高于21.24%,耐淹性变异丰富,尤其中国黄淮地区覆盖了全群体相对死苗率变幅。各地区均存在耐淹品种,山东、江苏相对较多;从5个区域中依次优选出7、4、1、1、2,共15份耐淹性种质;系谱追踪发现莒选23、南农493-1、黔豆2号的耐淹性可能传递给后代;4份国外耐淹性品种兼具有抗病性可作为亲本拓宽中国耐涝育种的种质基础。     

996/4628重组自交系群体开花期耐冷性评价及遗传分析

连续2a利用人工气候室低温鉴定996/4628重组自交系群体开花期耐冷性并对其进行遗传分析,结果表明,以低温处理下结实率、结实率下降值和低温敏感指数3个指标为耐冷性评价指标对996/4628重组自交系F8群体和F1o群体进行耐冷性鉴定,各群体内株系间均存在极显著差异,但两群体的耐冷性差异不显著,说明重组自交系到第8代已稳定,且年际间耐冷性鉴定结果差异不显著.996/4628重组自交系群体的耐冷性呈连续分布,3个耐冷性评价指标的均值均介于2个亲本之间,说明996开花期耐冷性是由多基因控制的数量性状.     

QTL analysis of cold tolerance at seedling stage in rice (Oryza sativa L.) using recombination inbred lines

Cold tolerance at seedling stage of rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a favorable trait for the stable establishment in temperate and high-elevation areas. In the present study, 71 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) derived from the cross of Asominori (Japonica) and IR24 (Indica) were used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting cold tolerance at seedling stage. The putative QTL was further confirmed using some chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs), in which IR24 was used as the donor parent and Asominori as the recurrent parent. The average seedling mortality was used as cold tolerance after cold treatment with 6 °C for 7 days and recovery culture with 25 °C for 4 days at three-leaf seedling stage. Three QTL affecting cold tolerance at seedling stage were detected on chromosomes 1, 5 and 6 with LOD scores ranging from 2.2 to 4.1 using composite interval mapping (CIM). Among them, qSCT-1 located in the region of XNpb87-2-C955 on chromosome 1 was a major QTL which explained 24.51% of total phenotypic variance and favorable allele came from japonica parent, Asominori. In addition, IR24 alleles at the other two loci (qSCT-5 and qSCT-6) increased cold tolerance. And these three QTL were confirmed by four lines from the IR24 CSSLs. Transferring favorable allele from japonica variety to indica background or pyramiding different QTL identified from indica is an effective way to improve cold tolerance of rice.     

普通野生稻苗期耐冷性QTL的鉴定与分子定位

 以两份普通野生稻核心种质资源DP15和DP30为供体、9311为受体构建染色体片段代换系鉴定苗期耐冷性QTL;利用苗期耐冷性最强的1个代换系构建QTL作图群体,用SSR标记对其主效QTL进行定位。研究结果表明,两个抗源DP15和DP30所含的苗期耐冷性QTL的数量、位点及耐冷性效应均存在明显的差异。在基本上覆盖两个亲本全基因组的230份BC4F2代换系中共发现19个苗期耐冷性QTL,分布在水稻12条染色体上,第3和第8染色体上有比较密集的苗期耐冷性QTL分布。这19个分布于全基因组的苗期耐冷性QTL被分别分离到不同的野生稻染色体片段代换系里,效应最小的微效QTL位点所在的代换系在苗期耐冷性鉴定中的活苗率仅为8%,而效应最大的主效QTL位点所在代换系的活苗率达到74%。这个主效QTL qSCT 3 1被定位在第3染色体着丝点附近长臂上的RM15031―RM3400区间,距离最近的标记RM15040、RM1164的遗传距离为1.8 cM。     

Identification of QTLs for Rice Cold Tolerance at Plumule and 3-Leaf-Seedling Stages by Using QTLNetwork Software

A doubled haploid(DH)population consisted of 120 lines,derived from a cross between an indica variety,TN1, and a japonica variety,Chunjiang 06,was used to identify QTLs controlling rice cold tolerance at the plumule and 3-leaf-seedling stages by using the QTLNetwork software.The percentages of normal plumules after 4°C treatments for 7 d, 9 d,11 d,and 14 d,as well as the cold stress tolerance index(CSTI)and the withering index(WI)of rice seedling were investigated.A total of five single-effect QTLs,each for percentages of normal plumules after 4°C treatments for 9 d,11 d and 14 d,and CSTI and WI,respectively were identified.The QTLs for the percentages of normal plumules after low temperature treatments for 9 d,11 d and 14 d were on chromosomes 4,2 and 11,accounting for 14.1%,17.3%and 21.5%of the phenotypic variation,respectively.QTLs for CSTI and WI were on chromosomes 10 and 1,respectively.Two pairs of epistatic loci were identified,but none of the epistatic loci involved the single-effect QTLs.The RM528-RM340 interval on chromosome 6 interacted with the RM278-RM3919B interval on chromosome 9 for CSTI,and the epistatic interaction accounted for 17.7%of the phenotypic variation.A pair of epistatic loci was identified for WI,the RM246-RM5461 interval on chromosome 1 interacted with the ISA-RM447 interval on chromosome 8,which accounted for 22.6%of the phenotypic variation.     

水稻幼苗期耐冷性选择对主要农艺性状的影响

利用籼粳稻杂交后代（密阳23/通88-7、密阳23/TR22183、密阳23/高产102）探讨了水稻幼苗期耐冷性选择对主要农艺性状的影响。从籼粳稻杂交后代F2和F3中选择的耐冷个体群或系统群与随机个体群或敏冷系统群间进行主要农艺性状的比较结果表明,在F2和F3水稻幼苗期耐冷性选择对秆长、穗长和穗数并不产生显著的影响,但选择获得的幼苗期耐冷性强的F2个体群的孕穗期耐冷性(结实率)、F3系统群的分蘖期耐冷性(赤枯度)和孕穗期耐冷性(结实率)均显著强于随机个体群和敏冷系统群;在冷水处理下F3幼苗期耐冷性强的耐冷系统群的产量显著高于敏冷系统群。提出在水稻幼苗期以叶赤枯度来选择幼苗期耐冷性强的个体是获得高产耐冷后代材料的有效途径。     

水稻耐热性的QTL定位及耐热性与光合速率的相关性

应用典型的籼粳交组合IR64×Azucena花药培养的DH群体及其已构建的分子连锁图谱,在田间及温室高温条件下对该DH群体的结实性状进行考查,采用QTLmapper 1.0软件检测控制结实率的加性和上位性效应的QTL。在第1、3、4、8和11等5条染色体上,共检测到6个具有加性效应的QTL,其中位于第1、3染色体的2个加性效应QTL来自父本Azucena的等位基因,它们是耐热的QTL,能分别提高结实率9.50和6.46个百分点,其贡献率分别为19.15%和2.86%;位于其余3条染色体的4个加性效应的QTL来自母本IR64的等位基因,它能提高结实率4.33~10.37个百分点,在第1、2、3、4、5、7、8、11等8条染色体之间还检测到8对加性×加性上位性效应,其贡献率为2.27%~8.13%。同时还对水稻分蘖盛期和抽穗期进行了光合速率的测定,发现抽穗期剑叶光合速率与耐热性呈显著的正相关。     

Mapping QTLs for Drought Tolerance at Seedling Stage in Rice Using Doubled Haploid Population

QTLs for drought tolerance at the rice seedling stage were analyzed using a doubled haploid (DH) population consisted of 251 lines from the cross between a japonica parent Maybelle and an indica parent Baiyeqiu. A genetic linkage map with 226 SSR marker loci was constructed. Single-locus analysis following composite interval mapping (CIM) detected a total of five QTLs located on five different chromosomes of rice. Four QTLs were also detected following two-locus analysis, resolving two pairs of epistatic QT...     

Differential Expression of Whitebacked Planthopper Resistance in the japonica/indica Doubled Haploid Rice Population under Field Evaluation and Seedbox Screening Test

Whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) -resistance in a japonica / indica doubled haploid (DH) rice population established from a cross between WBPH-resistant japonica Chun]iang 06 and susceptible indica TN1, was comparatively evaluated through a field experiment based on the WBPH immigrant density and standardized seedbox screening test (SSST). All the susceptible DH lines in the field experiment behaved accordingly in SSST. However, 35 of resistant 66 lines (53%) in the field, were categorized to susceptible groups in SSST. Likewise, there were no significant differences in WBPH immigrant densities among 70 DH lines that were highly resistant to susceptible in SSST. The results revealed that SSST could not evaluate properly WBPH resistance in the DH lines. Four QTLs for WBPH-resistance phenotyped by the immigrant density were detected on chromosomes 2, 3, 4, and 11. Of them, the QTL on chromosome 4 was the most effective (LOD 21.8, variance 78%). Five QTLs associated with seedling mortality were mapped on chromosomes 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. In addition to the QTL (LOD 10.5, variance 68%) on chromosome 4, there was another major QTL (LOD 12.7, variance 71%) located on chromosome 5, which was SSST-specific but might be irrespective of the WBPH resistance traits.     

几种杂交水稻及其亲本三系幼苗抗冷特性的比较

根据杂交水稻抗冷性选育种的需要,我们研究了低温对五个杂交水稻组合的影响从低温对幼苗根系电解质泄漏,黄化幼苗转绿和幼苗存活率的影响来看:根系外渗液的相对电导率增加,叶绿素合成能力的降低与幼苗存活率具有一致性,其抗冷顺序为粳稻型的秀优57>籼稻型的青优早>汕优63、汕优64和成优64。杂交水稻F_1的抗冷性与母本近似,与父本关系不大,保持系的抗冷性相似于不育系。本文对该结果在杂交水稻抗冷性选育中的意义进行了讨论。     

非洲栽培稻垩白粒率耐热性QTL的定位

【目的】本研究旨在定位一个稻米垩白粒率高温耐性QTL,为外观品质育种及解析垩白粒率高温耐性的遗传机制提供依据。【方法】以非洲栽培稻耐热品种IRGC102309(Oryza glaberrima Steud.)和籼稻品种R9311(O. sativa L. subsp. indica Kato.)为亲本构建的栽培稻种间染色体片段导入系CSIL05-23为材料构建次级分离群体,结合人工气候室模拟灌浆期高温胁迫处理,采用垩白粒率高温钝感值为评价指标,对非洲栽培稻垩白粒率高温耐性 QTL 进行检测。【结果】 在BC₆F₂分离群体,利用单标记分析,发现第5染色体上的SSR标记RM1200与垩白粒率耐热性状极显著正相关（P=0.0005）。进一步利用BC₆F₃和BC₆F₄分离群体,采用QTL Cartographer 2.5软件和复合区间作图法在水稻第5染色体上的SSR标记RM1200-RM5796区间重复检测到一个灌浆期垩白粒率耐热性QTL, 命名为qHTCGR5,分别解释11.4%和17.5%表型变异。根据BC₆F₄分离群体的纯合重组体表型分组,利用置换作图方法将目标QTL同样定位在SSR标记RM1200-RM5796之间,遗传图距为1.3 cM,物理图距约为333.4 kb。【结论】 控制垩白粒率耐热性的qHTCGR5是一个能够用于稻米外观品质育种的新QTL。