利用东乡普通野生稻染色体片段置换系定位产量相关性状QTL

以东乡普通野生稻和日本晴为亲本构建的染色体片段置换系为研究材料,2019年分别在北京、山东临沂和江西南昌对分蘖数、穗粒数和粒形等11个产量相关性状进行多环境鉴定,结合染色体片段置换系基因型数据定位水稻产量相关性状QTL。3个环境共检测到68个QTL,包括株高4个、穗长5个、分蘖数2个、一次枝梗数7个、一次枝梗粒数8个、二次枝梗数8个、二次枝梗粒数10个、每穗粒数6个、千粒重7个、粒长8个和粒宽3个;LOD值介于2.50~12.66之间,贡献率变幅为4.67%~27.79%,15个QTL的贡献率大于15%;24个QTL与已报道位点/基因位置重叠,44个QTL为新发现位点;6个QTL在2个环境能被检测到,1个QTL qTGW2能在3个环境检测到,且是还未报道的新位点。最后,利用BSA法验证了qPH7、qPBPP8-2和qGW10三个QTL的可靠性。本研究将为后续产量相关性状基因克隆以及进一步解析其遗传基础和分子调控机制奠定基础。     

利用Ⅱ-32B/A7444组合CSSL群体定位水稻7个穗部性状QTL

为发掘水稻穗部性状有利等位变异,构建了以籼稻保持系II-32B为遗传背景的A7444染色体片段置换系群体;利用QTL Ici Mapping 4.1软件对该群体7个穗部性状进行了QTL定位。结果 2年共检测到26个QTL。2年均检测到的13个QTL中,控制一次枝梗数的4个QTL位于第1、第6、第8和第9染色体,平均贡献率分别为15.16%、13.10%、29.74%和11.21%,平均加性效应分别为-1.40、1.01、1.11和0.77。控制二次枝梗数的2个QTL位于第6和第8染色体,平均贡献率分别为10.97%和21.39%,平均加性效应分别为5.45和6.36。控制每穗总粒数的3个QTL位于第2、第6和第8染色体,平均贡献率分别为8.65%、12.52%和31.22%,平均加性效应分别为-18.61、22.23和31.87。控制每穗实粒数的1个QTL位于第8染色体,平均贡献率为28.06%,平均加性效应30.85。控制千粒重的2个QTL位于第2染色体,平均贡献率分别为44.65%和17.51%,平均加性效应分别为2.88和-2.51。控制粒宽的1个QTL位于第10染色体,平均贡献率为21.96%,平均加性效应为0.11。第2、第6和第8染色体分别存在同时控制二次枝梗数、每穗总粒数和每穗实粒数QTL的区段。qSBN6和qSBN8所在区间与Hd1和DTH8的相同,但分别存在16处和1处碱基差异,推测为Hd1和DTH8的不同等位基因。qSBN2为新检测到的控制二次枝梗数位点。研究结果为实施分子标记聚合育种提供了有用信息。     

水稻穗不同部位籽粒品质性状差异的比较

以直立穗型品种辽粳5号和弯曲穗型品种丰锦及其杂交衍生的4个RILs株系为试验材料,研究水稻穗不同部位籽粒品质性状的差异。结果表明,不同穗型水稻糙米率、精米率和整精米率的差异主要由中、下部二次枝梗籽粒差异较大引起的,特别是下部二次枝梗籽粒精米率较低是直立穗型品种碾磨品质明显低于弯曲穗型品种的主要原因。不同穗型品种穗内不同部位籽粒的外观品质差异较小,只有粒长和粒宽比表现为弯曲穗型大于直立穗型。蒸煮和食味品质在不同穗型间差异不明显,穗上不同部位籽粒间蛋白质的含量差异较小,直链淀粉的含量表现为一次枝梗籽粒小于二次枝梗籽粒,食味值表现为一次枝梗籽粒中部的要好于上部和下部,二次枝梗籽粒表现为上部>中部>下部。     

东北三省水稻产量和品质及其与穗部性状关系的初步研究

以2004年辽宁、吉林、黑龙江三省水稻区域试验品种（品系）为试材，在栽培管理水平高、有代表性的沈阳、公主岭、佳木斯区试点，研究穗部性状及其与产量和品质关系的结果表明，东北三省各自产量及其构成因素的品种间差异均达到极显著水平，辽宁产量极显著高于另两省，后两省间差异不显著；辽宁穗数和每穗粒数分别极显著低于和高于另两省，其他产量构成因素省份间差异不显著；除一次枝梗结实率外，三省各自穗部性状的品种间差异都达到显著或极显著水平；辽宁穗部性状特点一是穗长较另两省短2 cm左右，接近显著水平，着粒密度极显著高于另两省，二是一次枝梗数和一次枝梗粒数极显著高于另两省；糙米率是吉林＞辽宁＞黑龙江，精米率是吉林＞辽宁、黑龙江，整精米率有黑龙江＞吉林＞辽宁的趋势，长宽比是辽宁、黑龙江＞吉林，垩白率是吉林＞辽宁、黑龙江，食味值是黑龙江＞吉林＞辽宁；每穗粒数及其密切相关的着粒密度、一次枝梗数、一次枝梗粒数、二次枝梗粒数、二次粒率与加工品质均呈负相关趋势，而结实率及其组成部分一、二次枝梗结实率与加工品质均呈正相关趋势，食味值与穗部性状的关系也表现类似趋势。     

粳稻稻米外观和碾磨品质性状与植株农艺性状的遗传关系分析

研究了不同环境条件下粳稻稻米外观品质、碾磨品质与植株农艺性状间的遗传关系.结果表明,糙米长、糙米宽、垩白率、透明度等外观品质性状以及糙米率、精米率、整精米率等碾磨品质性状与大多数植株农艺性状间存在极显著的正向或负向协方差.稻米外观品质性状与单株穗数、千粒重等性状间主要表现为遗传主效应协方差,垩白率、透明     

普通菜豆籽粒大小与形状的QTL定位

普通菜豆是世界上最重要的食用豆类作物之一,其籽粒大小和形状与产量及外观品质密切相关。本研究以来自安第斯基因库的大粒品种龙270709和来自中美基因库的小粒品种F5910配置杂交组合,获得的F2分离群体分别在哈尔滨大田与北京昌平温室种植,对百粒重、粒长、粒宽、粒厚、长宽比和长厚比6个籽粒性状进行了相关性分析和QTL定位。相关性分析表明,百粒重与粒长、粒宽、粒厚、长宽比、长厚比5个衡量籽粒大小和形状的性状均显著正相关。利用基于完备区间作图方法的Ici Mapping 4.1进行QTL定位,哈尔滨环境下定位到38个与百粒重、粒长、粒宽、粒厚、长宽比、长厚比相关的QTL,表型贡献率介于2.39%~17.37%之间,分布在除第1染色体外的其余10条染色体上;北京昌平环境下定位到21个上述性状的QTL,表型贡献率介于5.92%~22.53%之间,分布在第1、第3、第6、第7、第8、第9和第11染色体上。其中,百粒重QTLSW7与SW7’,SW6.1与SW6’,粒长QTLSL6.1与SL6.1’,粒厚QTLSH11与SH11’在2个环境下的标记区间重叠或者重合,SW7、SW6.1、SL6.1、SW6’和SL6.1’的表型贡献率在10%以上。     

水稻穗部性状的QTL定位及上位性分析

水稻穗部性状与产量直接相关,定位克隆穗部性状相关QTL对探究穗部性状分子机制及分子植物育种具有重要意义。以粳稻TY319和籼稻保持系8B的F3群体为作图群体,对穗长、一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数、每穗总粒数和着粒密度进QTL定位与上位性分析。采用完备区间作图,共检测出14个穗部相关性状QTL,分别位于第1、第2、第7、第8、第9、第10染色体,LOD值介于2.56~4.96,表型变异贡献率介于6.90%~31.99%。控制二次枝梗数的qSB-1、及控制着粒密度的qSD-1和qSD-2未见报道,可能是新的QTL,上位性分析检测到69个互作。     

不同生态环境下玉米产量性状QTL分析

以玉米（Zea mays L.）自交系黄早四和Mo17为亲本得到的191个F₂单株为作图群体,衍生的184个F_2∶3 家系作为性状评价群体,分析了单株穗数、穗行数、行粒数、百粒重和单株籽粒产量在北京和新疆2个生态环境下的表现和数量性状基因位点的定位结果。QTL检测结果表明,2个环境共检测出47个QTL,分布于除第10染色体以外的9条染色体,其中与单株穗数相关的QTL共10个,可解释的表型变异为5.3%~25.6%;与穗行数相关的QTL共13个,可解释的表型变异为4.5%~23.2%;与行粒数相关的QTL有9个,解释的表型变异为5.4%~13.7%;与百粒重相关的QTL达10个,可解释的表型变异为4.9%~13.3%;与单株籽粒产量相关的QTL有5个,可解释的表型变异为6.1%~35.8 %。大部分产量QTL只在单一环境下被检测到,说明产量相关QTL与环境之间存在明显的互作。表型相关显著的产量性状,它们的QTL容易在相同或相邻标记区间检测到。研究还发现了若干个QTL富集区域,可能是发掘通用QTL的候选位点。     

粳稻不同粒位上垩白及粒形与品质性状间的关系

为了研究不同粒位上籽粒垩白性状和粒形特征与其他品质性状的关系,选用直立穗型和弯曲穗型水稻为材料,按照穗部位置分为27个粒位,分析了它们之间的相关性。结果表明,不同粒位上粒形特征与垩白性状关系显著,两者都影响整精米率,粒长、粒宽、长厚比和宽厚比与整精米率呈极显著正相关,垩白粒率和垩白度与整精米率呈极显著负相关关系。粒形特征对蒸煮食味品质、营养品质和淀粉RVA谱特征有一定影响,主要表现在粒长、粒宽、长厚比和宽厚比与食味值、直链淀粉含量和胶稠度、峰值黏度、热浆黏度和崩解值极显著正相关,而与糊化温度、消减值、总蛋白、谷蛋白、清蛋白和脂肪酸含量极显著负相关。垩白性状与蒸煮食味品质、营养品质和淀粉RVA谱特征值都有密切关系,垩白粒率和垩白度与食味值、直链淀粉、胶稠度、峰值黏度、热浆黏度、崩解值、冷胶黏度、回复值和球蛋白含量极显著负相关,与糊化温度、消减值、清蛋白、醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白、总蛋白和脂肪酸含量极显著正相关。选育低垩白、高长厚比和宽厚比的籽粒是改良粳稻食味的有效途径之一。     

小麦籽粒产量及穗部相关性状的QTL定位

由小麦品种花培3号和豫麦57杂交获得DH群体168个株系,种植于3个环境中,利用305个SSR标记对籽粒产量和穗部相关性状(穗长、穗粒数、总小穗数、可育小穗数、小穗着生密度、千粒重和粒径)进行了QTL定位。利用基于混合线性模型的QTLNetwork 2.0软件,共检测到27个加性效应和13对上位效应位点,其中 8个加性效应位点具有环境互作效应。相关性高的性状间有一些共同的QTL位点,表现出一因多效或紧密连锁效应。5D染色体区段Xwmc215–Xgdm63,检测到控制籽粒产量、穗粒数、总小穗数、可育小穗数和小穗着生密度5个性状的QTL位点,各位点的遗传贡献率较大且遗传效应方向相同,增效等位基因均来源于豫麦57,适用于分子标记辅助育种和聚合育种。控制千粒重与穗粒数的QTL位于染色体不同区段,有利于实现穗粒数与粒重的遗传重组。     

利用单片段代换系研究水稻产量相关性状QTL加性及上位性效应

产量及其相关性状如单株有效穗数、千粒重、穗实粒数、穗总粒数和结实率等是水稻重要的农艺性状,了解产量及其相关性状QTL的加性及上位性效应对以分子标记聚合育种改良水稻产量具有重要意义。本文以16个单片段代换系及15个双片段代换系分析了水稻产量相关性状QTL的加性及上位性效应。共检出影响产量及其相关性状的13个QTL,包括产量性状1个、单株有效穗数1个、千粒重4个、穗实粒数4个、穗总粒数2个和结实率1个,分布于第2、第3、第4、第7和第10染色体上。此外,检出12对双基因互作。结果显示,2个正向(或负向)产量性状QTL聚合,往往会产生负向(或正向)的上位性效应,能否产生更大(或更小)的目标性状,取决于双片段遗传效应(加性效应与上位效应代数和)绝对值与单片段最大加性效应绝对值的差。本研究结果对实施高产分子标记聚合育种方法有重要参考价值。     

Quantitative trait loci for grain-quality traits across a rice F2 population and backcross inbred lines

Improving grain-quality is an important goal in rice breeding programs. One vital step is to find major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for quality related traits and then investigate the relationships among them. We crossed ‘N22’, an indica variety with good appearance but low grain weight, to a japonica variety, ‘Nanjing35’, with superior grain yield but poor appearance. This enabled us to construct an F₂ population and a set of backcross inbred lines (BILs) for QTL-mapping for the traits related grain appearance. In all, 37 QTLs were identified for grain length (GL), grain width (GW), grain thickness (GT), thousand-grain weight (TGW), and the percentage of grains with chalkiness (PGWC). Of these, 17 QTLs detected from 184 plants in the F₂ population explained 4.97–27.26 % of the phenotypic variance, another 20 QTLs were identified using BILs from 2009 to 2010. Quantitative trait loci for major effects were detected in different populations and across years. A new QTL hot spot (marker interval RM504–RM520) was found on Chromosome 3, which harbored QTLs for GL, GW, GT, and TGW. Among our five examined traits, grain shape was significantly correlated with TGW and PGWC. The PGWC values of two heavier grains BILs, L93, and L145 are much lower than Nanjiing35, the analysis of genotype showed that this greater weight may due to the locus for GL occurring within RM504–RM520 on Chromosome 3. Therefore, those two lines will allow us to develop a long-grain high-yield rice variety with less chalkiness.     

Development and characterization of chromosome segment substitution lines derived from backcross between japonica donor rice cultivar Yukihikari and japonica recipient cultivar Kirara397

Grain yield-related traits and grain quality-related traits are important for rice cultivars. The quantitative trait loci (QTLs) involved in controlling the natural variation in these traits among closely related cultivars are still unclear. The present study describes the development of a novel chromosome segment substitution line (CSSL) population derived from a cross between the temperate japonica cultivars Yukihikari and Kirara397, which are grown in Hokkaido, the northernmost limit for rice cultivation. Days to heading, culm length, panicle length, panicle number, brown grain weight per plant, thousand brown grain weight, brown grain length, brown grain width, brown grain thickness, apparent amylose content, and protein content were evaluated. Panicle length, brown grain length and amylose content differed significantly in the parental cultivars. Thirty-five significant changes in the evaluated traits were identified in the CSSLs. A total of 28 QTLs were located on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. These findings could be useful for breeding rice cultivars in the northernmost limit for rice cultivation.     

水、旱栽培条件下稻谷粒型和粒重的相关分析及其QTL定位

为了解水、旱栽培条件下水稻粒形和粒重的表型及QTL变化,以陆稻品种IRAT109和水稻品种越富构建的双单倍体群体为材料,系统分析了稻谷粒长、粒宽、粒重及长宽比在水、旱栽培条件下的相关性,并进行了数量性状基因位点的比较定位。结果表明,水、旱条件下,粒长与长宽比和粒重均呈极显著正相关;粒宽与长宽比呈极显著负相关,与粒重极显著正相关,4个性状在水、旱条件间相关性都达极显著正相关。其中粒长的相关系数最高,达0.817,粒宽的相关系数最低,为0.457。表明粒长受水分影响最小而粒宽受水分影响较大。粒重、长宽比介于二者之间。两种条件下共检测到14个QTLs,分布于水稻1、5、6、7、10和12染色体上,其中控制粒长的5个,LOD值为1.93~5.11,贡献率为5.97%~28.85%;控制粒宽的1个,LOD值为2.39,贡献率为12.76%;控制长宽比的3个,LOD值为2.08~4.6,贡献率为7.78%~21.89%;控制粒重的5个,LOD值为2.68~9.45,贡献率为4.1%~14.8%。其中控制粒长的qGL-5及控制粒重的qGWt-1a和qGWt-1b在水、旱条件下均能检测到,在抗旱育种中可用于分子标记辅助选择籽粒性状。QTL分析的结果进一步验证了表型分析结果,粒宽相对易受土壤水分影响,粒长、粒重和长宽比,受水分胁迫影响较小,遗传比较稳定。     

Identification and validation of a yield-enhancing QTL cluster in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Improvement of rice grain yield (YD) is an important goal in rice breeding. YD is determined by its related traits such as spikelet fertility (SF), 1,000-grain weight (TGW), and the number of spikelets per panicle (SPP). We previously mapped quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for SPP and TGW using the recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the crosses between Minghui 63 and Teqing. In this study, four QTLs for SF and four QTLs for YD were detected in the RILs. Comparison of the locations of QTLs for these three yield-related traits identified one QTL cluster in the interval between RM3400 and RM3646 on chromosome 3. The QTL cluster contained three QTLs, SPP3a, SF3 and TGW3a, but no YD QTL was located there. To validate the QTL cluster, a BC₄F₂ population was obtained, in which SPP3a, SF3 and TGW3a were simultaneously mapped to the same region. SPP3a, SF3 and TGW3a explained 36.3, 29.5 and 59.0 % of phenotype variance with additive effect of 16.4 spikelets, 6 % SF and 1.8 g grain weight, respectively. In the BC₄F₂ population, though the region has opposite effects on TGW and SPP/SF, a YD QTL YD3 identified in this cluster region can increase 4.6 g grains per plant, which suggests this QTL cluster is a yield-enhancing QTL cluster and can be targeted to improve rice yield by marker aided selection.     

Molecular dissection of the primary sink size and its related traits in rice

The genetic mechanism underlying the relationship between three traits of the primary sink size ‐ spikelet number per panicle (SNP), panicle number per plant (PN), and 1000‐grain weight (GWT), and their 10 component traits in rice was dissected in 292 F₁₃ recombinant inbred lines using a complete linkage map. A total of 43 genomic regions on 12 rice chromosomes were found to contain quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting the sink size traits, which revealed several important aspects of the genetic basis of sink capacity in rice. First, QTLs for SNP, PN and GWT were largely independent. Secondly, most QTLs affecting SNP and GWT showed close characteristics in both genomic locations and directions of effects to QTLs for their components, suggesting that pleiotropy, rather than linkage, was the primary genetic basis of the correlated panicle and grain traits. Thirdly, some QTLs affecting component traits did not contribute to SNP or GWT. In these cases, two or more QTLs with opposite effects on their component traits were detected, which could be due to either linkage or pleiotropy. Fourthly, some QTLs had large effects on panicle number (QPn4), panicle branching and length (QPbn3a, QPbn3b and QPb14), grain length and volume (QG13, QG15 and QGv2), and grain shape (QGs1 and QGs7), which were consistently detected in the related rice mapping populations and in different environments, providing good candidates and useful information for marker‐aided improvement of sink size and yield potential of rice.     

利用极端材料定位水稻粒形性状数量基因位点

利用极端大粒材料GSL156(千粒重71.9 g)与特小粒材料川七(千粒重12.1 g,轮回亲本)杂交、回交获得的BC₂F₂ 216个个体为作图群体,在北京进行稻谷粒长、粒宽、粒厚、长宽比、千粒重等粒形性状的鉴定。采用单标记分析和复合区间作图法,利用SSR标记对粒形性状进行数量性状基因座检测。结果表明,上述粒形性状在BC₂F₂群体均呈正态连续分布,表现为由多基因控制的数量性状;共检测到与粒形性状相关的QTL 28个,分布于第1、2、3、4、5、6和12染色体上。其中qGL3-2、qGL3-3、qGT12-1、qGT2-1、qGT5-1、qGW1-1、qGW12-1、qGW2-1、qGW5-1、qRLW3-1、qTGW12-1、qTGW2-1、qTGW3-3和qTGW5-1对表型变异的贡献率分别为13.70%、52.51%、21.13%、18.79%、20.92%、14.59%、18.33%、30.03%、20.05%、24.53%、13.47%、11.43%、21.30%和15.68%,为主效QTL。其中,第3染色体上检测出来的QTL最多。在所有检测到的28个QTL中,6个QTL的增效等位基因来源于小粒亲本川七,而其余QTL的增效等位基因均来源于大粒亲本GSL156,基因作用方式主要表现为加性或部分显性。第3染色体RM7580~RM8208区间是分别与粒宽、长宽比和千粒重相关的3个主效QTL的共同标记区间,第2染色体的RM7636~RM5812区间、第5染色体的RM3351~RM26区间和第12号染色体的RM1103~RM17区间是分别与粒宽、粒厚和千粒重相关的3个主效QTL的共同标记区间,这些区间对粒形贡献率较大,为进一步精细定位或克隆这些新的粒重或粒形QTL奠定了基础。同时大粒亲本对稻谷粒长、粒宽、粒厚和千粒重等性状的增效作用显著。     

Mapping quantitative trait loci influencing panicle‐related traits from Chinese common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon) using introgression lines

Panicle‐related traits are important agronomic traits which directly associated with grain yield. In this study, we investigated quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with panicle‐related traits using a set of 265 introgression lines (ILs) of common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) in the background of Indica high‐yielding cultivar Guichao 2 (O. sativa L.). A total of 39 QTLs associated with panicle‐related traits including panicle length (PL), primary branch number (PBN), secondary branch number (SBN), spikelet number per panicle (SPP) and spikelet density (SD), were detected in the ILs with single‐point analysis. The alleles of 20 QTLs derived from wild rice showed positive effects, and some QTLs, such as, QPl1b for PL, QPbn8 for PBN, QSd4 and QSd11b for SD and QSpp4 for SPP showed larger positive effects, providing good candidates and useful information for marker‐aided improvement of yield potential of rice. Most of the QTLs controlling SPP, SBN and SD were located in cluster or closely linked on chromosomes, and the directions of their additive effects were consistent, which explained the genetic basis of significant correlations between their phenotypic characters.     

低磷胁迫下水稻产量性状变化及其QTL定位

为研究低磷胁迫对水稻产量及其构成因素QTL表达的影响, 以耐低磷旱稻IRAT109和磷敏感水稻越富杂交的116个株系的DH群体为材料, 在低磷和正常栽培条件下, 调查了千粒重、结实率、有效穗数、穗粒数及单株产量等性状。结果表明, 结实率、有效穗数和单株产量对低磷胁迫的敏感性较大, 而千粒重、穗粒数对低磷胁迫的敏感性较小。利用水稻分子连锁图中94个RFLP标记和71个SSR标记, 依据以上5性状低磷胁迫下与对照的差值进行QTL定位。共检测出17个QTL, 其中12个对表型变异的贡献率大于10%。3、6和7号染色体上3个标记区域存在QTL成簇分布, 这些高贡献率QTL及成簇分布QTL可作为水稻耐低磷产量性状分子育种的重要候选区域。