奇球菌属类胡萝卜素提取物的抗氧化活性研究

从不同种奇球菌属(Deinococci)细菌中分离提取类胡萝卜素,并利用高效液相色谱分析了提取物的组成和性质。通过DPPH自由基和超氧自由基清除试验,比较了不同菌种来源的类胡萝卜素提取物的抗氧化能力,结果发现,D.radiopugnans和D.radiodurans提取物的体外抗氧化能力最强,在浓度为0.6μg/ml时DPPH自由基清除率都达到46%左右;D.radiopugnans提取物的超氧自由基清除活性较强,在浓度为3μg/ml时清除率达到42.99%。同时,采取体外蛋白质氧化抑制试验和脂类氧化抑制能力测定分析比较了不同种类提取物对大分子的保护作用,结果表明D.radiopugnans和D.radiodurans提取物具有较强的生物大分子氧化防护功能。以上研究为从具有极端环境适应能力的奇球菌属筛选抗氧化活性类胡萝卜素,并进一步研究其作用机制提供了基础。     

黄化英红九号红茶体外抗氧化活性分析

以黄化英红九号红茶为材料,分析其茶多酚及儿茶素含量,测定其FRAP铁离子还原能力、 DPPH和ABTS自由基清除能力,以揭示黄化英红九号的抗氧化机理。结果表明,黄化英红九号红茶中茶多酚、 EGC、 C、 EC、 EGCG、 GCG和ECG与英红九号有显著差异,其多酚提取物抗氧化活性随质量浓度增大,活性增强。黄化英红九号多酚提取物平均EC50分别为6.01μg/m L(FRAP)和4.63μg/m L(ABTS)极显著低于英红九号(7.13μg/m L和6.03μg/m L), DPPH EC50为3.59μg/m L,与英红九号(3.90μg/m L)没有显著差异。相关性分析表明, FRAP、 DPPH EC50值与茶多酚、 EGC、 C、 EC、 GCG和ECG呈极显著负相关; ABTS EC50值与茶多酚、 EGC相关性达到极显著水平,相关系数分别为-0.621 0和-0.535 3。因此,黄化英红九号红茶多酚提取物具有优良的抗氧化活性。     

超微粉碎对青稞麸皮粉多酚组成及抗氧化活性的影响

为评价超微粉碎对青稞麸皮多酚、体外抗氧化活性和淀粉消化酶抑制活性的影响。该研究制备了3种粒径分别为335.94、72.52、22.69μm的青稞麸皮粉体,对3种粉体的多酚、黄酮含量及其组成、体外抗氧化活性与淀粉消化酶活性抑制率进行测定。结果表明:与粗粉相比,2种微粉的多酚(游离酚、结合酚)、黄酮和总酚含量均显著高于粗粉(P0.05)且粒径越小,含量越高;青稞麸皮粉共检出19种酚酸,其中游离酚以阿魏酸和藜芦酸为主,结合酚以阿魏酸和苯甲酸为主;随着粒径的减小,粉体多酚提取物的抗氧化活性(DPPH·自由基清除能力、FRAP还原能力、ABTS~+·自由基清除能力)及对α-葡萄糖苷酶、α-淀粉酶抑制率均显著增强(P0.05);粉体多酚组成及含量与体外抗氧化活性及淀粉消化酶活性抑制率存在一定的相关性。相关分析结果表明:青稞麸皮游离酚提取物中2,4-二羟基苯甲酸、藜芦酸是清除DPPH·自由基、抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的主要贡献物质,阿魏酸是抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶及α-淀粉酶活性的主要物质;结合酚提取物中2,4-二羟基苯甲酸是抑制α-淀粉酶活性的主要物质。该结果显示超微粉碎一定程度上可提高青稞麸皮中多酚含量、体外抗氧化活性及淀粉消化酶抑制率,可作为青稞麸皮食品的一种有效前处理加工手段。     

吡啶壳聚糖的制备、表征及体外抗氧化活性研究

为研究吡啶壳聚糖的抗氧化活性,将吡啶小分子基团经化学接枝合成吡啶壳聚糖,利用傅里叶红外光谱、紫外-可见光谱、核磁共振光谱对其进行结构表征,并测定其取代度、水溶性、毒性及体外抗氧化活性。结果表明,吡啶成功接枝至壳聚糖,得到水溶性较好、取代度为0.66的吡啶壳聚糖,属实际无毒;以水溶性壳聚糖为对照,吡啶壳聚糖对·OH、DPPH自由基的清除能力以及还原能力均有提高;在β-胡萝卜素漂白体系中,吡啶壳聚糖的IC50为0.9 mg·m L-1,当其浓度为1.8 mg·m L-1时,对亚油酸氧化的抑制率为60.7%,优于对照组(27.5%)。本研究为壳聚糖在食品添加剂、自由基清除剂等中的应用提供了理论依据与参考。     

3种热带果树叶子甲醇粗提物的抗氧化活性比较

为了研究热带果树的抗氧化活性,以木菠萝、人心果和龙眼叶为原料,经75%甲醇超声辅助提取,得到3种提取物。分别采用Folin-Ciocalteau法和分光光度法测定总酚和类黄酮含量;以维生素C为对照,分别测定各提取物对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基(DPPH·)、自由基阳离子(ABTS+·)、铁离子和钼离子的还原能力及金属螯合能力。结果表明:人心果叶、木菠萝叶和龙眼叶都具有较强的清除DPPH和ABTS自由基能力、对铁离子和钼离子还原能力和金属螯合能力,其中人心果叶活性最强,龙眼叶最弱,且抗氧化活性与总酚含量存在显著的相关性。人心果叶、木菠萝叶和龙眼叶是较好的抗氧化原料,将具有广阔的应用价值和利用前景。     

猴头菌素分离纯化、结构鉴定及体外活性研究

为探究猴头菌功效成分的结构构成及其生物活性,对猴头菌发酵菌丝体中猴头菌素进行分离纯化和结构鉴定,并对其抑菌活性、抗肿瘤活性及刺激神经细胞分泌生长因子能力进行分析。采用乙醇回流提取,并依次通过石油醚、乙酸乙酯萃取得到粗萜物质,粗萜物质经硅胶柱层析和半制备高效液相色谱分离纯化得到组分Fr-3-1,红外光谱及质谱分析表明其为猴头菌素A类似物。采用滤纸片法测定Fr-3-1抑菌活性,MTT法测定其体外抗肿瘤活性,酶联免疫吸附法测定其刺激神经细胞分泌生长因子能力。结果表明,Fr-3-1对金黄色葡萄球菌具有良好的抑菌活性,对人胃癌细胞MGB-523有一定的抑制效果,其最小抑菌浓度(MIC)值分别为0.781 mg·mL~(-1)和453.14μg·mL~(-1)。当浓度为100μg·mL~(-1)时,Fr-3-1促进大鼠星型神经细胞的分泌神经因子浓度为46.63 pg·mL~(-1),显著高于同浓度的肾上腺素。本研究结果为猴头菌作为治疗老年痴呆症和神经衰弱等症状的备选药物及保健食品的开发利用提供了理论依据。     

探究阿苯达唑对猪带绦虫糖原的影响

为探究阿苯达唑对体外培养的猪带绦虫不同部位(头部、颈部、节片)的糖原作用效果,分别制备浓度为0μmol·mL~(-1)、10μmol·mL~(-1)、20μmol·mL~(-1)、30μmol·mL~(-1)、40μmol·mL~(-1)的阿苯达唑溶液,并加入等量含营养液的生理盐水,在此条件下各培养24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h,最后采用石蜡切片法制片、染色,观察猪带绦虫糖原在头部、颈部、节片的情况。结果表明:阿苯达?破坏猪带绦虫的最佳浓度为20μmol·mL~(-1),且随着时间的延长,糖原可被完全破坏。此外,颈部糖原减少最明显,说明阿苯达?对颈部糖原破坏最大。     

美国豆芋花总皂苷制备及其α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性

为高效利用美国豆芋花皂苷类化合物,以皂苷得率和纯度为指标,研究美国豆芋花总皂苷的提取工艺及大孔树脂纯化工艺,并对制备的美国豆芋花总皂苷的抗氧化及α-葡萄糖苷酶活性抑制能力进行研究。结果表明,美国豆芋花总皂苷的提取工艺为提取溶剂90%乙醇,料液比1∶20,温度70℃,提取时间2 h。得到的提取物石油醚脱脂后用水饱和正丁醇萃取,D-101大孔树脂吸附柱纯化的工艺为上样皂苷质量浓度1 mg·m L~(-1),上样量40 m L·g~(-1)树脂,洗脱剂为80%乙醇(pH值6),洗脱剂用量4 BV(树脂柱体积)。制备的美国豆芋花总皂苷样得率4.24%,纯度达65.35%,比粗提物(纯度15.27%)提高了约3倍;抗氧化性能(清除DPPH和ABTS自由基IC50值分别为51.08、29.24μg·m L~(-1))和α-葡萄糖苷酶活性抑制能力(IC50值为83.62μg·m L~(-1))也均优于粗提物(清除DPPH、ABTS自由基IC50值分别为286.51、69.92μg·m L~(-1),α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制浓度(IC50)值为1 043.57μg·m L~(-1)),表明该工艺可用于高活性美国豆芋花总皂苷的富集和纯化。此外,美国豆芋花总皂苷抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的抑制类型为竞争型抑制,抑制常数为49.68μg·m L~(-1)。本研究结果为开发具有降血糖功能的医药中间体或功能性食品提供了新资源和实践基础。     

山楂黄酮提取物对辐照肉糜脂肪氧化的抑制能力

试验研究山楂黄酮的抗氧化性以及对辐照肉糜的抗氧化作用.结果表明,山楂黄酮提取物对DPPH·具有一定清除作用,每110g肉糜中添加0.525mg山楂黄酮粗提物对DPPH自由基的清除率可达到56%.山楂黄酮提取物可有效降低辐照肉糜的脂肪氧化程度,且山楂黄酮提取物与Vc复配添加使用效果明显优于山楂黄酮提取物或茶多酚单独处理....     

花期及提取方法对重瓣栀子花成分及活性影响

为提高栀子花资源的利用率,本研究首先分析了花蕾期、盛开期和衰败期3个花期重瓣栀子花的营养活性成分及抗氧化活性。在此基础上,以盛开期重瓣栀子花为原料,比较了不同溶剂(石油醚、乙醇、水)和水蒸气蒸馏4种不同提取物的活性成分含量,抗氧化、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性及抑菌活性的差异。结果表明,不同花期重瓣栀子花总脂肪、总糖和蛋白质含量差异较小,总酚、总黄酮、总环烯醚萜含量及抗氧化活性则表现为盛开期显著高于其他花期。重瓣栀子花乙醇提取物的总酚(6.32%)、总黄酮(8.40%)、总环烯醚萜(19.80%)含量,1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH,IC₅₀=98.50μg·mL^-1)、2,2’-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸(ABTS,IC₅₀=65.79μg·mL^-1)自由基清除能力及抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性(IC₅₀=275.48μg·mL^-1)的能力均显著高于其他提取物。在抑菌效果上,水蒸气蒸馏物对大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌及酵母菌的抑制效果均强于其他提取物...     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.