冬小麦品种航天诱变后代性状分析

8个品种冬小麦的种子搭载实践8号育种卫星后经过连续多年种植选择,对其SP2、SP3代农艺性状及品质性状进行诱变效应分析。结果表明,小麦种子经航天诱变后能引起后代表现型的广泛变异,但不同品种、不同性状对空间环境的敏感性、诱变效果不同,SP2代新麦8、郑麦366的表现型突变频率分别达13.2%、12.5%。SP3代株高、穗...     

实践八号育种卫星搭载籼稻的诱变效应研究

利用卫星搭载4个籼稻品种(系)的干种子,对SP1代种子活力和农艺性状、SP2代农艺性状、稻米直链淀粉含量和白叶枯病抗性进行诱变效应分析,结果表明:空间环境对籼稻种子损伤较小,SP1代的发芽率、芽长、株高以及结实率的生理损伤变幅为0～26.9%;对空间环境的敏感性由强到弱依次为桂99、航恢7号、R998、金航138。SP1代表型不发生分离;SP2代在株高、分蘖、谷粒重、稻米直链淀粉含量和白叶枯病抗性等性状出现分离,突变性状在SP3代能够遗传。空间诱变不仅能使水稻农艺性状发生变异,而且能使稻米品质和抗病性产生变异。     

空间环境对大豆主要农艺性状及蛋白品质的诱变效应

以"实践八号"育种卫星搭载的3个大豆品种中黄28、中黄29、中黄31为材料,调查了空间诱变后代SP1、SP2代的主要农艺性状分析检测SP2、SP3种子的蛋白质组分(11S/7S球蛋白)、Kunitz胰蛋白酶抑制剂(SKTI)等品质性状分析检测,以为利用空间诱变技术改良大豆品质提供理论依据。结果表明,3个大豆品种对空间环境的反应敏感性不同,中黄28和中黄29的SP1代分别获得3株和12株变异株,变异率分别为0.417%和1.667%,而中黄31的SP1代没有发现变异植株,且中黄28的2株(01-SP2-1、01-SP2-2)和中黄29的5株(02-SP2-2、02-SP2-5、02-SP2-6、02-SP2-7、02-SP2-8)变异株在SP2代发生性状分离;空间环境使大豆11S蛋白亚基发生变异,SKTI基因发生突变。空间诱变既可改良农艺性状,也可改良品质性状。     

空间坏境对大豆主要农艺性状及蛋白品质的诱变效应

以“实践八号”育种卫星搭载的3个大豆品种中黄28、中黄29、中黄31为材料,调查了空间诱变后代SP1、SP2代的主要农艺性状分析检测SP2、SP3种子的蛋白质组分（11S/7S球蛋白）、Kunitz胰蛋白酶抑制剂（SKTI）等品质性状分析检测,以为利用空间诱变技术改良大豆品质提供理论依据。结果表明,3个大豆品种对空间环境的反应敏感性不同,中黄28和中黄29的SP1代分别获得3株和12株变异株,变异率分别为0.417 %和1.667 %,而中黄31的SP1代没有发现变异植株,且中黄28的2株（01-SP2-1、01-SP2-2）和中黄29的5株（02-SP2-2、02-SP2-5、02-SP2-6、02-SP2-7、02-SP2-8）变异株在SP2代发生性状分离;空间环境使大豆11S 蛋白亚基发生变异,SKTI基因发生突变。空间诱变既可改良农艺性状,也可改良品质性状。     

芥菜航天诱变选育后代的酯酶同工酶与SSR分析

以"实践八号"育种卫星搭载的5个芥菜品种为材料,经连续5年种植选择,共获得10个相对稳定的突变系,这些突变系农艺性状和经济性状都产生明显变异。以未经航天诱变处理的相应芥菜品种为对照,对其进行酯酶同工酶和SSR分析。同工酶分析显示:突变系与其对照之间在酶带种类及酶活性上均存在不同程度的差异;不同芥菜品种酯酶图谱不同,其诱变后代酶谱表达也不同,表明不同芥菜品种对航天诱变的敏感性存在差异。SSR分析结果表明:航天诱变材料相对于对照在SSR位点处发生较大程度的变异,其变异频率在9.52%～57.14%之间,总平均变异频率为26.19%;其中扩增片段数目变化约占56.36%,扩增片段分子量变化约占43.64%。本研究结果显示10个突变系在表现型、基因组序列和基因表达水平上均发生明显变化,表明航天诱变可作为芥菜种质资源创新和品种选育的方法之一。     

利用空间诱变技术进行早籼稻新品种的改良

利用卫星搭载2个早籼稻品系浙105和浙207干种子,进行空间诱变处理。回收后SP2~SP7逐代选择,以主要农艺经济性状改良为目标,结合稻瘟病和白叶枯病抗性筛选,获得一批突变品系;选用72对分布于水稻12条染色体上的SSR引物对5个变异株系与原种对照进行DNA分子检测。结果表明:空间诱变对水稻品种产生了不同程度的生理损伤,SP1表型不分离,SP2出现不同程度的变异,SP3起逐代选择获得农艺经济性状、稻瘟病和白叶枯病抗性变异株,从中选出得到明显改良的新品系;5个变异株系与原种之间均存在着不同程度的SSR多态性差异。     

EMS诱导小麦品种烟农15突变体的鉴定和EST-SSR分析

用EMS对小麦品种烟农15进行诱变处理,以构建突变体库、创造小麦新种质,为小麦功能基因研究和小麦遗传改良提供基础材料。经过M2代筛选和M3代鉴定,得到11个农艺性状发生明显变异的突变系,其中籽粒大小和株高2个性状的变异幅度最大。11个突变系均有复合性状突变出现,将其分为3类突变表型:8个大粒、高秆突变系;2个半矮秆突变系;1个高秆、多蘖突变系。用715个EST-SSR引物对受体烟农15和4个M3突变系进行了分析,共有14个引物对在受体和突变系间能扩增出差异条带。其中12个引物对扩增结果的差异表现为条带的有无;2个引物对表现为扩增出长度不同的差异条带。     

芝麻空间诱变后代的变异及其AFLP标记多态性分析

以＂实践8号＂搭载的豫芝8号与H98芝麻品种为材料,分析芝麻空间诱变SP2与SP3代植物学性状变异,并进行了分子水平检测。结果显示：（1）2个芝麻品种空间诱变SP2与SPSP3后代植株在叶片、株高、株型、花器、蒴果、育性、初花期等均出现了较丰富的变异,品种间突变类型及突变频率均存在差异,但是仅观察到小果变异（豫芝8号变...     

甘蓝型油菜品种航天诱变后代性状分析

通过对搭载实践8号育种卫星的6个甘蓝型油菜品种(系)种子及其后代连续多年种植选择,对其SP3农艺性状及品质性状进行诱变效应分析,对SP4产量和农艺性状等进行鉴定与结果分析。结果表明,6个搭载品种的植株性状、生育期和抗逆性在SP1与对照相比均没有明显变化。对SP2进行田间观测,发现有多个主花序、主茎萎缩和小花瓣等变异株。对SP3室内考种和品质测试,发现了矮杆、大粒等有利变异株,还有一些芥酸、硫苷和含油率发生改变的变异群体。对SP4田间产量鉴定,得到了1份高产材料TK407,产量为3 048.35 kg·hm-2,产量构成三要素合理,分别为单株有效角果数365角、每角粒数23.43粒、千粒重4.61g。研究表明,航天诱变后代能产生变异植株,通过育种目标性状多代选择,能选育出高产、优质的新品种。     

茄子航天诱变后代变异及其SSR标记多态性研究

以"实践八号"育种卫星搭载的3个茄子高代自交系为材料,分析茄子航天诱变后代的变异及其SSR多态性。结果表明:航天诱变处理能显著影响茄子当代(SP1)种子的萌发,诱使株高、株型、叶片、果形等植物学性状在二代(SP2)发生变异,多数变异性状可在三代(SP3)稳定遗传;不同基因型材料对航天诱变处理的敏感度不同,长茄05-18的敏感性最高,圆茄05-9较05-7敏感性高;SSR多态性检测结果显示,变异株系与其未经航天处理自交系间存在不同程度的多态性,说明航天诱变可以使茄子在分子水平上发生变异。     

航天诱变技术在小麦育种上的应用

航天诱变是利用微重力、强辐射、超低温等空间特殊环境诱变植物种子或离体组织,获得有益突变体,进而选育植物新品种或创制优异育种材料和基因资源的技术。本文综述了航天育种的概念、发展历程以及在小麦育种方面取得的成就,重点介绍了近年来在航天诱变对小麦重要农艺性状的影响以及航天诱变的遗传机制等方面的研究工作,并据此探讨了航天诱变研究中存在的问题及今后可能的研究方向和应用前景,旨在为我国小麦航天育种研究提供一定的理论参考。     

春小麦航天诱变入选后代的变异研究

本文介绍了小麦纯系克498和龙0657航天诱变第2代(SP2)和第3代(SP3)的入选与决选情况,SP2和SP3代主要农艺性状的变异,SP3代决选株籽粒高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HM-GS)和醇溶蛋白电泳谱带的变异。研究表明:(1)克498 SP2和SP3代的有益变异入选株率和决选株率分别为1.02%、0.81%和2.47%、1.39%;龙0657 SP2和SP3代的有益变异入选株率和决选株率分别为0.97%、0.50%和3.77%、1.68%。(2)克498 SP2和SP3代的入选株主要农艺性状的变异幅度、极值和变异系数与其亲本相比都有很大差异;SP2代的差异大于SP3代;克498 SP2和SP3代的差异大于龙0657 SP2和SP3代的差异。(3)克498和龙0657 SP3代决选株间主要品质性状存在较大差异;0657 SP3决选株间主要品质性状的差异大于克498 SP3代决选株。(4)克498和龙0657 SP3代HMW-GS组成的变异频率分别为8.3%和28.1%。(5)克498和龙0657 SP3代醇溶蛋白电泳谱带变异频率分别为45.8%和50.0%。     

Genotypic and Environmental Modification of Asian Noodle Quality of Hard Winter Wheats

The relative effects of environment, genotype, and their interactions on the modification of Asian noodle quality attributes were assessed using 38 winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and breeding lines grown in replicated trials at three Nebraska locations in harvest year 2000. Noodle color was determined in both white salted and yellow alkaline procedures, and noodle textural features were investigated by producing white salted noodles. Significant environmental, genotypic, and genotype‐by‐environment variation was observed for nearly all initial and 24‐hr noodle color traits in both types of noodles. Significant genotypic effects were observed for several textural traits, while significant environmental effects were observed only for noodle hardness and water uptake. However, among the noodle textural traits, the genotype‐by‐environment interaction was significant only for noodle firmness. High and significant phenotypic correlations were observed between color traits in the two noodle applications. Genetic correlations were of lower magnitude, indicating the possibility of breeding wheats specifically for various noodle color types. Strong negative phenotypic and genetic correlations were observed between flour protein content and noodle brightness (L*) values in both yellow alkaline and white‐salted applications. Textural traits largely were independent of noodle color traits. When significant phenotypic or genetic correlations were observed between variable pairs, invariably similar correlations were observed with flour protein content. Noodle cutting force, cutting area, and final thickness showed strong phenotypic and genetic correlations with each other and with protein content. These variables largely were independent of noodle firmness and hardness, which were, in turn, more dependent on alleles at the wheat wx‐A1 and wx‐B1 (waxy) loci. Noodle firmness was greatest in flours from wild‐type wheats; lines with a null allele only at the wx‐A1 locus did not differ from wild‐type. Softest noodles were produced from lines carrying null alleles at both wx‐A1 and wx‐B1, while lines with a null only at wx‐B1 were intermediate in softness.     

60Co-γ辐射荷兰鸢尾突变株性状分析

为了探究荷兰鸢尾⁶⁰Co-γ辐射突变株具备的主要可区别性状的评判指标,根据球根鸢尾的测试指南,对其中4个稳定的突变株5-7CBS、7-10SLZ、7-10QLS、10ZLL以及野生型展翅品种进行植物学农艺性状测评,分析比较其主要观赏性状的异同。结果表明,突变株与野生型的植株形态、开花期以及生育期等特征特性基本保持一致;在调查的40个性状中,不同突变株的垂瓣上部上表面底色、旗瓣颜色、花柱上表面颜色、羽冠上表面颜色、垂瓣下部上表面底色等5个假质量性状的表达状态,与野生型相比均具有明显差异;另外的35个性状表达基本一致,相应的表型高度相似,数值较为相近,无明显差异。表明荷兰鸢尾花色在辐射育种中具有较大的遗传改良潜力,推测花色变异可能是辐射突变株与野生型具备可区别性的一个重要性状评判指标,依据花朵颜色的表达状态,花色变异可划分为加强型、野生型、减弱型、全变型4个类型。本研究结果可为开展荷兰鸢尾新品种创制提供基础数据和参考依据。     

Agronomic and genetic characterization of wild emmer wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum turgidum</Emphasis> subsp<Emphasis Type="Italic">. dicoccoides</Emphasis>) introgression lines in a bread wheat genetic background

During a long evolutionary history across a range of environmental conditions in the Near East Fertile Crescent, wild emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccoides) has accumulated a wealth of genetic diversity and adaptations to multiple biotic and abiotic stress conditions. The joint effects of the domestication and subsequent selection in man-made agro-ecosystems have considerably reduced the genetic variation in cultivated crop species as compared to their wild progenitors. The wild emmer gene pool harbors a rich allelic repertoire for improving numerous agronomically important traits. A set of advanced wild emmer wheat introgression lines (ILs) was previously established on a bread wheat genetic background. It combines genetic diversity from the wild progenitor as well as the genetic background of the cultigen. Based on field evaluations, the set of ILs (divided hierarchically into different families based on the genetic background) has exhibited high phenotypic variance in agronomically important traits. Analyses of variance ?(ANOVA) have shown that the effect of the hierarchical genetic factors was significant in the vast majority of the traits. Similarly, characterizations by molecular markers of known traits have shown that the genetic profile differs between ILs from different genetic backgrounds. Multivariate principal component analysis has revealed interesting associations between vegetative and reproductive traits and illustrated the impact of some of these traits on ILs distribution in the PC1 and PC2. The exploitation of the wild emmer wheat ILs as a tool for reintroduction of alleles that were lost during domestication and possible implications for wheat breeding are discussed.     

Fourier Transform Infrared (FT‐IR) Microspectroscopic Genetic Expression of the Waxy Trait in Isogenic Durum and Common Wheat

The aim of recent breeding activity is to develop new wheat lines that incorporate desirable traits that are advantageous in baking and milling. Waxy wheats differ from wild‐type ones in functionality, end use, and biochemical contents (e.g., amylopectin/amylose ratios and lipid contents). Previous waxy wheat investigations focused only on differences in the carbohydrate and protein fractions. The goals of this work were to apply chemical imaging to discriminate between waxy and wild‐type wheats and to define contrasting lipid profiles that occur in the deliberate alteration of the carbohydrate fraction. Fourier transform infrared (IR) microspectroscopic in situ probing and imaging of kernel sections was applied with the use of high spatial resolution. Mid‐IR provided chemical manifestation of lipid genetic expression in isogenic samples. All waxy wheat specimens contained higher lipid content, mostly in the form of glycolipids. The relative lipid profiles differed among common, durum, and waxy wheats. Isogenic partial waxy cultivars and advanced breeding lines were also examined.     

Genetic relationship among selected heat and drought tolerant bread wheat genotypes using SSR markers,agronomic traits and grain protein content

ABSTRACT

Assessing the genetic variation and relationships present in crop germplasm is a pre-requisite for parental selection and breeding. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic relationships present among selected heat and drought tolerant wheat genotypes using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, agronomic traits and grain quality parameters to select desirable parents for breeding. Twenty-four agronomically selected wheat genotypes sourced from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT)’s heat and drought tolerance nursery and four local check varieties were genotyped using 12 selected polymorphic SSR markers. The test genotypes were phenotyped using yield and yield-component traits, and grain protein content (GPC) under non-stressed (NS) and drought-stressed (DS) conditions. Expected heterozygosity mean value of 0.58 indicated moderate genetic diversity for breeding. The studied wheat genotypes were delineated into six genetic groups using cluster analysis. Significant genotypic differences were observed for agronomic traits and GPC under NS and DS conditions. Genetically unrelated breeding parents including LM02, LM13, LM23, LM41, LM44, LM71, LM73 and LM75 were selected for population development and breeding for enhanced grain yield and protein content under heat and drought-stressed environments.     

小麦高代新品系农艺性状相关性及聚类分析

小麦高代品系的农艺性状分析有利于育种材料的综合评价。为明确试验材料遗传差异和特点,辅助小麦品种的选育和改良,以自育的20个小麦高代新品系为研究对象,在大田条件下测定各品系的返青期分蘖数、抽穗期、成穗数等10个主要农艺性状,分析了各农艺性状的变异程度、相关性,并进行聚类分析。结果表明,成穗数(CV为15.3%)、不孕小穗数(CV为13.0%)变异范围较大,具有较大的改良潜力。同时可看出,各农艺性状相关性的较为复杂,越冬期分蘖数与返青期分蘖数、株高、成穗数呈极显著正相关。返青期分蘖数与成穗数呈极显著正相关。将20份参试材料采用离差平方和法在欧式距离水平上聚类划分为四大类,其中第Ⅲ类材料株高较高,综合性状好,产量三要素协调,分别为BH171870-2-1、B151124-1-2、秦农168(CK)、B110719-1-1-2、B150317-2-1、B150336-1-2,其中以B110719-1-1-2与对照材料秦农168最为接近,综合表现较优,可作为下年陕西省冬小麦区域试验或国家冬小麦区域试验参试材料。