春季猕猴桃嫁接技术

正近年来,猕猴桃产业在农村蓬勃发展。农业科技人员、种植户都在不断摸索经验,总结实用方法。春季嫁接猕猴桃,主要把握"三个关键"。1接穗及砧木选择接穗要从品种纯正、长势健壮、腋芽饱满、无病虫害的一年生丰产优良株上采集。砧木应是根颈部粗度在0.6 cm以上,无病害。如果是大树改接良种,要对多年生枝重回缩,1年生枝留2~3芽短截,疏除过密、过弱的多年生枝。2嫁接方法猕猴桃嫁接方法有劈接法、舌接法、芽接法。     

山西省蚜虫消长与玉米矮花叶病流行关系

玉米矮花叶病是非持久性病毒——MDMV 引起。病毒介体是蚜虫,在山西省主要是麦二叉蚜(Schizaphis graminum Rond)、禾缢管蚜(Rhopalo-siphum padi Linnaeus)、玉米蚜(Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch)、桃蚜(Myzus persicae Sulzer)和棉蚜(Aphis gossypii Glover),麦无网长管蚜[Acythosiphum dirhodum(Walker)]的传毒能力未定。实验表明,传毒蚜虫饲毒最适时间5～30分钟,接毒最适时间30～60分钟,持毒期限6～7小时,有效传毒蚜数3～5头。气温20℃麦二叉蚜的传毒效能最高,是春播玉米的主要传毒蚜虫。传毒蚜的高峰期后16～30天是发病高峰,以玉米拔节至孕穗间发病最快,抽雄后渐缓。病害的发生流行取决于毒源量、传毒蚜的虫口密度及其自然带毒率的提高,这过程进展的快慢是受时间和空间的影响。     

瓜蚜在西葫芦植株上传播获取西瓜花叶病毒的效率及西瓜花叶病毒病的发生规律

为明确瓜蚜Aphis gossypii Glover成蚜对西瓜花叶病毒(Watermelon mosaic virus,WMV)的传毒特征,应用RT-PCR技术检测了瓜蚜传播获取WMV的效率及其在成蚜体内的存留时间;同时调查了2015年山东省日光温室西葫芦瓜蚜种群动态与西瓜花叶病毒病的发生规律。结果表明,瓜蚜成蚜离开带毒西葫芦植株0 h后,带毒率为35.00%,3 h后成蚜带毒率随时间的延长开始呈下降趋势,24 h后仅为5.40%。26℃条件下,健康瓜蚜取食带毒植株5 min后即可获毒,0.5 h后获毒率达到62.50%;带毒瓜蚜取食健康植株0.5 h后植株即可带毒,24 h后植株带毒率达到94.44%。温度对瓜蚜成蚜的传毒率有一定影响,在21、26、31℃条件下,瓜蚜成蚜24 h传毒率分别为61.11%、94.44%和88.89%。调查发现,温室西瓜花叶病毒病的发生率与瓜蚜种群数量呈正相关,当温室瓜蚜成蚜种群数量为1.06～1.73头/叶时,西葫芦开始发病,当成蚜数量增至18.22头/叶时,全田发病率可达83.33%。表明瓜蚜成蚜具有较强的传播WMV的能力,有效控制瓜蚜发生对减少WMV的扩散具有重要意义。     

采用“顶接法”培育柑桔无病毒苗

柑桔茎尖嫁接脱毒技术为当今防治柑桔病毒病的一种最有效的方法。国内在70年代后期开始采用倒“T”形茎尖嫁接脱毒技术培育无病苗木,现成活率达到26%～52%,但存在接穗被生长过盛的愈伤组织抑制,且成本较高,易造成霉菌污染的问题,通过试验对嫁接方法和培育条件进行较大改进:采用顶端横切面直接嫁接(顶接法)的方法代替倒“T”形嫁接法,成活率达51.04%优于倒“T”接法;用营养缶本代替试管培养,可以不受环境条件的限制,能解决霉菌污染的问题,成活率一般达49.5%;经田间观察,顶接法的新梢长度、展叶数等长势亦优于倒“T”形法。顶接法是完全在自…     

砧木与西瓜品种对黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒病的耐病性比较

在上茬棚栽嫁接西瓜上黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒病严重发生的田块,应用DAS-ELISA检测法检测播种的10个砧木和西瓜品种对该病毒病的耐病性,发现品种间耐病性差异较大,且西瓜品种耐病性强于砧木品种。5个西瓜品种的病株率为5.0%(小兰)~50.0%(宁波美都),5个砧木品种的病株率为63.6%(强力南瓜)~100%(抗枯先锋1号)。     

毒源和寄主对褐色桔蚜传播柑桔衰退病毒效率的影响

褐色桔蚜是柑桔衰退病毒(Citrus tristeza virus,CTV)最有效的传播媒介,为了解不同柑桔寄主种类和毒源对褐色桔蚜传播CTV效率的影响,检测在以锦橙、凤凰柚和墨西哥来檬作毒源植株时,褐色桔蚜对10个CTV分离株的单蚜传毒率,以及蚜传前后CTV分离株p25/HinfⅠRFLP组群构成的变化,并对其中5个分离株与2个国外分离株进行了p20和p25基因相应氨基酸序列的比对分析。结果表明:褐色桔蚜传播CTV的能力受柑桔寄主种类的影响较大,以锦橙作毒源植株可以获得最高的传毒率;CTV毒株强弱以及褐色桔蚜虫态(有翅或无翅蚜)对单蚜传毒率影响不明显;褐色桔蚜传播具有p25/HinfⅠRFLP第3组群构成的CTV分离株的能力较强。     

西瓜花叶病毒引起的西葫芦花叶病

 根据作者研究西瓜花叶病毒除侵染葫芦科作物外,还在苋色藜上形成枯斑,桃蚜可作为传毒媒介。病毒的长度为600~700mμ的线状分子等特性,引起北京西葫芦花叶的病毒应属于西瓜花叶病毒——WMV-2。     

南砧1号作砧木嫁接西瓜防治枯萎病效果好

防治枯萎病效果好以金钟冠龙、京欣1号、庆红宝西瓜品种为接穗，南砧1号为砧木，以接穗品种未嫁接苗作对照，采用顶心插接法嫁接。嫁接苗长到团棵期进行大田移栽。定点定株(100株)于拉蔓期、结瓜期、膨大期调查发病株，计算病株率及防效。成熟期测定产量和品比质量。结果：接穗与砧木亲和力高，嫁接苗易成活，拉蔓期嫁接苗病株率为0，结瓜期金钟冠龙、京欣1号、庆红宝嫁接苗病株率分别为0.33％、0.33％和0.67％，防效分别为93.4％、93.4％和86.6％；西瓜膨大期为枯萎病发病盛期，嫁接苗病株率分别为0.67％、0.33％和0.67％，防效分别为88.8…     

菜蚜与大白菜孤丁病流行的关系

在华北地区,造成大白菜孤丁病流行的主要毒源是孤丁1号(芜菁花叶病毒)。这是以蚜虫为传毒介体的病毒病害。造成这种病毒病害大流行,一般应具备以下几个条件:(1)有毒源;(2)有传毒介体(蚜虫);(3)传毒介体的扩散飞行时期与大白菜感病期相吻合;(4)大白菜品种能感病;(5)具备适于发病的外界环境条件。其中,有无毒源的问题关系到一个地区的栽培制度问题;在一般蔬菜     

稀土钆对硝酸盐胁迫下西瓜幼苗抗氧化酶活性等生理特性的影响

采用硝酸盐[Ca(NO_3)_2]胁迫处理,研究了稀土钆[Gd_2(CO_3)_3]对嫁接西瓜幼苗生长与相关生理特性的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,Ca(NO3)2胁迫下嫁接西瓜幼苗叶片超氧阴离子(O·2)产生速率及过氧化氢(H_2O_2)、丙二醛(MDA)含量增加,膜透性增强,致使其净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)分别显著下降64.2%、81.6%、27.1%和71.5%,幼苗干物质积累减少38.9%,生长显著受抑。叶面喷施Gd_2(CO_3)_3可提高Ca(NO_3)_2胁迫下嫁接西瓜幼苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)等抗氧化酶活性,降低O·2产生速率、H2O2和MDA含量及细胞膜透性,缓解Ca(NO_3)_2胁迫下Pn、Gs、Tr值的下降幅度,促进干物质的积累,幼苗干重增加29.2%,生长加快。可见,Gd2(CO3)3可通过调节Ca(NO3)2胁迫下嫁接西瓜幼苗抗氧化性,减少其膜脂过氧化程度,进而维持其较高的光合性能,有效促进了Ca(NO_3)_2胁迫下嫁接西瓜幼苗的生长。     

Progress in grafting watermelon to manage Verticillium wilt

Vegetable grafting for disease management was first used successfully when watermelon grafted onto a Cucurbita moschata rootstock overcame Fusarium wilt. Interspecific grafting has since been used effectively to mitigate several soilborne pathogens in a variety of solanaceous and cucurbitaceous cropping systems. Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae is a significant disease in watermelon crops and is difficult to manage. Current management practices, including crop rotation, soil fumigation, and host resistance, are insufficient due to the ability of microsclerotia to persist in absence of a host, lack of efficacy of soil fumigants, and limited availability of resistant cultivars. Watermelon grafted onto commercial cucurbit rootstocks have increased tolerance to Verticillium wilt, although no cucurbit rootstocks are known to be completely resistant. Verticillium wilt incidence decreased on grafted plants grown in artificially and naturally infested soils, while scion health and growth as well as rootstock root mass and vigour increased. Commonly used rootstocks are Lagenaria siceraria, C. moschata, and C. maxima × C. moschata; of these, only C. maxima × C. moschata ‘Tetsukabuto’ reduced severity of Verticillium wilt across several scion cultivars, locations, years, and soil densities of V. dahliae. Although studies on Verticillium wilt resistance of grafted watermelon are few, their combined results suggest the threshold of V. dahliae soil density for watermelon may be around 5–12 cfu/g. This review summarizes available information on Verticillium wilt of watermelon and effects of different rootstock × scion combinations, assisting growers and breeding programmes in decisions to adopt watermelon grafting for management of Verticillium wilt.     

辣椒嫁接抗病砧木筛选及嫁接栽培技术

共选取8个砧木品种,通过生长势观察、抗病性调查、亲和力观测等试验, 筛选出综合性状突出的砧木ZM608,进行了抗性测定,接菌后7、15、30 d的死株率为0、0、2.5%,而本地主栽品种陇椒2号分别为2.5%、21.25%、37.5%。经较大面积嫁接示范推广,辣椒疫病死株率控制在6%以内。     

新嫁接枣树对枣黏虫越冬场所和虫态的影响

为探索枣树嫁接对枣黏虫越冬场所和虫态的影响,调查了枣树主干、主枝、侧枝嫁接部位、主干绑缚防虫带部位枣黏虫的越冬情况。结果表明,在10~15年生枣树(尚未形成老翘皮)的新嫁接区,枣黏虫已向新越冬场所转移,在4个调查部位均有越冬蛹,以主干防虫带处越冬蛹数最高,平均达16头左右,其次为主干和主枝嫁接部位,平均达6~8头,越冬蛹存活率均在60%以上。另发现枣黏虫除以蛹越冬外,在新嫁接处还有越冬幼虫存在,这些幼虫可能会对枣树的新愈伤组织造成危害。本研究表明枣树栽培模式的改变对枣黏虫的越冬场所和越冬虫态均有一定的影响作用。     

胡杨嫁接繁殖研究初报

以小美旱、新疆杨、二白杨、柳树为砧木,采用“炮捻”劈接以及“T”字型、方块型、“舌”型芽接方式就嫁接繁殖胡杨技术进行了试验研究,选择确定小美旱是胡杨嫁接繁殖的优良砧木,而“舌”型芽接是最佳的嫁接方式,其平均成活率可达86.3%。进一步在不同时期进行“舌”型芽接,证明8月中、下旬为胡杨芽接的适宜时期,适时嫁接成活率高达94%,一般可保证成活率在80%以上。有关研究结果表明,通过嫁接技术可以解决胡杨无性繁殖难题,从而使生长与形质俱佳的胡杨优良无性系应用于林业生产,这对于保护胡杨优良基因资源、改善西部生态环境以及开发与利用盐碱地资源等具有重要意义。     

Separation of citrus viroids by shoot-tip grafting in vitro

Arizona 861-S1 citron ( Citrus media L.) infected with a severe exocortis isolate containing four citrus viroids was used as source of tissue for shoot-tip grafting in vitro. Out of 51 attempts, 25 successful grafts were obtained. Only 16 plants survived transplanting and of these 12 were viroid-free. The viroid profile of the other four plants showed fewer viroids than the original field source. The significance of these results, as compared with previous reports on the recovery of viroid-free plants, is discussed. The results show the usefulness of shoot-tip grafting in vitro as a tool to recover single viroid isolates from complex field sources.     

Seasonal detection of pear decline phytoplasma by nested-PCR in different pear cultivars

Seasonal detection of pear decline phytoplasma was studied in three pear cultivars: Bartlett, Limonera and Blanquilla. Samples from 43 infected trees were collected monthly over 2 years and analysed by nested PCR. The three cultivars each showed a different pattern of phytoplasma detection. The maximum detection rate of pear decline phytoplasma occurred in December in the three orchards, and it remained high throughout the winter months. In spring, when new buds appeared and sap was produced, the detection rate decreased. Leaf midribs, buds and stems were compared to determine which sample was more reliable for phytoplasma detection. The best indicators were stems. The presence of phytoplasma in sieve tubes during the dormant season was determined by grafting. The results suggest that phytoplasmas could overwinter in shoots, with the implication that vegetative propagation during this period could also disseminate the disease.     

Race 2 of Verticillium dahliae infecting tomato in Japan can be split into two races with differential pathogenicity on resistant rootstocks

Verticillium dahliae infecting tomato can be differentiated into races 1 and 2 based on differential pathogenicity on tomato cultivars carrying resistance gene Ve1. Although no commercial cultivars resistant to race 2 are available, race 2‐resistant rootstock cultivars Aibou and Ganbarune‐Karis have been bred in Japan. Nevertheless, the resistance of these rootstocks appears to be unstable in commercial tomato fields. Pathogenicity assays conducted under controlled conditions revealed that these rootstock cultivars are resistant to some isolates of race 2; this resistance is controlled by a single dominant locus, denoted by V2, based on segregation of resistance in F₂ populations from selfed rootstock cultivars. However, some other isolates of race 2 can overcome this resistance. Therefore it is proposed that the current race 2 of V. dahliae should be divided into two races, i.e. ‘race 2’ (nonpathogenic on Aibou) and ‘race 3’ (pathogenic on Aibou). The distribution of these races was surveyed in 70 commercial tomato fields in Hida, Gifu Prefecture, Japan. Race 3 was found in 45 fields, indicating that race 3 had already spread throughout the region. On the other hand, 25 fields had only race 2, and thus race 2‐resistant rootstocks would be effective for disease management in these fields. Races 2 and 3 could not be identified by genomic Southern hybridization probed with a telomere sequence, nor with previously reported race‐specific PCR assays. Elucidation of race‐determining mechanisms and development of methods for quick race identification should be made in future studies.     

嫁接茄子根系分泌物对黄萎病菌的化感作用

研究了不同砧木、不同浓度嫁接茄子根系分泌物对茄子黄萎病菌（Verticillium dahliae）孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响。结果表明,与自根茄相比,所有参试的嫁接茄根系分泌物都不同程度抑制了黄萎病菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长;并且随着根系分泌物浓度的增加,抑制作用增强。     

Use of reciprocal grafting to study brown stem rot resistance in soybean

ABSTRACT Resistance to brown stem rot of soybean has been identified and utilized in cultivar development and germ plasm enhancement. However, little is known about the nature of resistance to this disease. In an attempt to better understand the resistance mechanism by locating the tissue or tissues responsible for resistance, reciprocal grafts were made between brown stem rot-resistant and -susceptible genotypes including near-isogenic lines for resistance gene Rbs2. Results of brown stem rot evaluation of grafted plants indicate that brown stem rot resistance is conditioned by the root in all resistance sources evaluated.     

Fusarium boothii的特异性PCR检测方法的建立与应用

为了研究甘薯不同生育时期感染甘薯病毒病（SPVD）对甘薯产量的影响,并建立产量损失估计模型,以‘郑薯20’和‘徐薯25’两个甘薯品种为试验材料,分4个时间嫁接感染 SPVD。试验结果表明,感染 SPVD 的甘薯病情指数随着嫁接时间推迟而降低,叶绿素含量随嫁接时间推迟而逐渐提高,单株鲜重和干重随着嫁接时间的推迟逐渐增加。根据2012年试验结果,建立了病情指数（X）与产量损失率（Y）之间的关系模型：Y ＝0．7276X ＋23．279,R2＝0．8845,并利用2013年试验数据对模型进行了验证。