矿区排土场人工草地土壤水分及入渗特征效应

本研究以露天煤矿排土场新土体上建植的不同人工草地为对象,分析了不同人工草地地上生物量、土壤水分及土壤入渗性能。结果表明,不同人工草地地上生物量之间差异显著(P<0.05),灌木和草灌混播草地的地上生物量比单一草种草地高,冰草+沙蒿和沙打旺+沙蒿草地地上生物量分别比单一种植冰草和沙打旺的草地高40.84%~47.88%和27.31%~53.49%;不同人工草地土壤含水量随深度增加而增大,20~30 cm层土壤含水量花棒草地最高;不同人工草地地上生物量和土壤水分的累加值呈负相关关系;草灌混播草地的平均土壤初始入渗速率比单一草种草地高44.25%。本研究结果表明,在矿区排土场新土体改良和植被恢复建设中应以草灌混播人工草地为主,可有效提高草地生产力,改善土壤的水分状况和入渗性能,利于植被生长的可持续。     

黄土丘陵区微地形条件下草本群落特征与土壤水分及养分关系分析

以黄土丘陵区纸坊沟流域为研究区,通过对典型断面固定样地草本群落特征、土壤水分和养分的调查和测定,研究了微地形尺度典型断面草本群落特征与土壤水分、养分的关系。结果表明：群落地上生物量及物种多样性等生物学特征指标在不同坡向的大小顺序基本为：阴坡>阳坡和半阴半阳坡,在不同坡位的大小顺序基本为：坡下部>坡中、上部,这与土壤养分和土壤水分在阴坡含量较高并且在坡底富集的现象相关。相关分析表明：土壤各养分指标与群落生物学特征之间有关系,相比较而言土壤含水量与群落各生物学特征指标相关性更好,说明土壤水分是限制植物生长的关键限制性因子。     

不同pH值处理对两种草坪草生长及质量的影响

为研究不同pH值土壤对草坪草生长质量的影响,试验以不同pH值土壤生长的马尼拉、早熟禾草坪草生长苗为研究对象,测定了植物的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、叶绿素含量、株高、生物量等指标。结果表明:1)马尼拉草坪草的发芽率、发芽势、株高在pH值为4~6时呈逐渐上升趋势,在pH值为4~9时地上、地下部鲜重与干重都有较明显的增减趋势;土壤pH值不同马尼拉草坪草的发芽率及地上、地下部干重和鲜重与对照比较差异很大,而发芽势与发芽指数差异不显著(P0.05);不同pH值土壤生长的马尼拉草坪草叶绿素含量差异很大,在土壤pH值为5~7时叶绿素含量呈逐渐下降趋势,在土壤pH值为7~9时叶绿素含量呈逐渐上升趋势。2)早熟禾草坪草发芽率、发芽势及发芽指数在pH值为4~7时呈上升趋势,在pH值为4~9时地上、地下部鲜重与干重都有较明显的增减趋势;不同pH值土壤生长的早熟禾发芽率、发芽指数、株高、地上部鲜重、地下部鲜重及干重与对照比较都差异很大,而发芽势差异不显著(P0.05);在pH值为6~8时早熟禾的叶绿素含量呈逐渐增长趋势,土壤pH值不同叶绿素含量差异很大。     

黄土高原坡地退耕恢复草地的土壤水分动态

为了解黄土高原水蚀风蚀区坡地退耕还草后的土壤水分消耗与补充过程,利用2003年开始的野外坡面径流小区定位观测土壤剖面水分,分析坡地退耕还草多年后的土壤水分动态变化及丰水年的恢复状况。结果表明:坡地退耕还草后,土壤水分含量降低,多年以后,苜蓿地显著低于坡耕地,含水量已接近或者达到萎蔫含水量。撂荒草地土壤水分含量稍低于坡耕地,尽管坡耕地有较多的径流,但是土壤水分含量保持在较高水平。2010年初3个处理土壤剖面平均含水量分别为7.4%,12.6%,12.5%,丰水年降水可以不同程度的补充土壤剖面水分,补充深度较一般年份深110 cm左右,苜蓿地、撂荒地、坡耕地土壤水分分别恢复到10.0%,14.5%,15.5%,分别增加了35.1%,15.1%,24.0%。因此,坡耕地退耕种植紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)导致土壤水分含量显著降低,只有在丰水年土壤水分含量才有较明显的恢复。     

苜蓿和沙打旺苗期需水及其根冠比

研究苜蓿和沙打旺苗期水分利用与根冠比例。结果表明,沙打旺叶片对土壤水分的瞬时利用效率均高于苜蓿。沙打旺地下部与地上部生物量比和根长/株高比在不同水分条件下亦高于苜蓿,尤其在低水分时。在高水分下苜蓿单位水分消耗所形成的生物量较多,随着土壤含水量的降低而大幅度减少。苜蓿具有较高的蒸腾速率和较快的根系生长速率,因而造成土壤水分的过快消耗。总之,高水分生长条件易于苜蓿生产效率的发挥,但沙打旺对土壤水分环境变化的稳定性较强。结合多年的研究成果和黄土丘陵区的实际情况,提出在不同立地条件下,沙打旺可以种植在该地区的坡地,而苜蓿则应在水分条件相对较好的川地种植。     

黄土高原半干旱区天然草地群落结构与土壤水分关系

气候变化导致水热条件发生变化,从而引起土壤含水量改变,必然影响区域植物群落结构和功能。本研究以黄土高原半干旱区天然草地群落为研究对象,在较大空间尺度上根据随机设置样地法调查区域内典型地带性草地群落,研究黄土高原半干旱区土壤含水量的变化对草地群落的影响。结果表明,1)地上生物量、凋落物质量与土壤含水量呈显著正相关;地下生物量和总生物量与土壤含水量虽正相关但不显著;2)物种多样性和物种丰富度均随着土壤含水量的增加而增加;3)植物功能群受土壤水分的影响,表现为禾本科和豆科随着土壤含水量的增加而增加,而杂类草相反。总之,在半干旱区土壤水分是限制群落生产力和物种多样性的重要因子,而禾本科和豆科作为指示物种可以反映土壤的水分状况。土壤水分的变化可能是导致半干旱区天然草地群落演替的驱动力,草地退化可能与土壤含水量的改变有关。     

拔节期水分胁迫对荻生长和生物质特性的影响

用盆栽土培法研究了土壤水分胁迫对拔节期荻(Miscanthus sacchariflorus(Maxim.)Benth.)生长和生物质特性的影响.结果表明:土壤水分条件对荻的生长影响显著,严重胁迫(土壤相对含水量(RWC)为40%)对荻生物量的抑制作用明显强于轻度胁迫(RWC60%),而轻度胁迫与充分供水(RWC80%)处理间差异不显著;随着水分胁迫强度的增加,荻地下部分生物量比例逐渐增加,从而使根冠比显著增加;土壤水分条件对荻的生物质特性影响显著,随着土壤含水量的下降,荻茎叶中挥发分含量逐渐下降,而灰分含量逐渐增加;茎、叶中的钾、氯与土壤含水量呈负相关,而硫、硅与土壤含水量呈正相关.     

老芒麦种子发育时不同位叶光合速率和生物量变化与种子产量的相关分析

本文通过在开花期、灌浆期、乳熟期、蜡熟期、完熟期测定不同位叶的光合速率和生物量,分析种子发育过程中各位叶的光合速率、光合贡献率、叶生物量及含水量、花穗生物量和种子千粒重的变化,研究种子产量与不同发育期不同位叶光合性能的关系。结果表明,1)种子发育过程中,不同位叶的光合速率和光合贡献率均存在显著变化,同一发育期各位叶的光合速率和光合贡献率表现出显著差异。2)不同位叶的叶生物量和含水量随种子发育均发生显著变化,同一位叶在种子发育不同时期的叶生物量和含水量表现出显著差异。3)种子产量与开花期15叶的光合速率和生物量及叶总生物量均呈正相关;与灌浆期第1,3叶光合速率和第1,2叶生物量呈显著正相关(P<0.05);与乳熟期第4,5叶的光合速率及叶生物量为负相关;与蜡熟期、完熟期第1叶光合速率为正相关,与第35叶光合速率为极显著负相关,与第1,2叶生物量呈正相关,与第35叶生物量呈显著负相关。4)种子产量与灌浆期之后的叶总生物量均为负相关,与灌浆期和乳熟期花穗生物量呈负相关,与蜡熟期和完熟期花穗生物量为显著正相关。所以,在营养生长阶段要采取合理栽培措施,促进不同位叶叶片生长和营养累积,为种子发育奠定物质基础,而灌浆期后要注意调控各位叶的生物量和光合速率,着重保护第13叶的完整性与健康度,以提高老芒麦种子产量与千粒重。     

内蒙古南部黄土丘陵区土壤水分与二年生苜蓿生长初析

本文通过对内蒙古南部黄土丘陵区非灌水条件下的土壤水分状况与二年生苜蓿生长进行了初步研究。结果表明：土壤储水量变化与苜蓿生物量积累趋势基本相一致，土壤水分动态变化受苜蓿生长影响表现出“上保水、下耗水”现象。40厘米以下苜蓿地土壤含水量低于天然草地土壤含水量3-4%（θv)，而表层土壤含水量依然高于天然草地2%（θv)左右，全生育期内，苜蓿地土壤水分消耗超过天然草地70毫米左右，1米以下土壤含水量已经反映出少量亏缺。     

坡向坡位和撂荒地对云雾山草地土壤酶活性的影响

对封育21年的云雾山典型草坡不同坡位土壤酶活性进行了研究。结果表明,表层土壤4种酶活性在坡顶和坡底分布均为阴坡>阳坡>撂荒地。蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性在坡面任何坡位均表现为阴坡>阳坡>撂荒地;过氧化氢酶活性在坡面则表现为阴坡>撂荒地>阳坡。不同坡向、不同坡位剖面土壤4种酶活性随剖面层次的增加而降低;在坡顶和坡中部土壤剖面脲酶活性波动较大,在坡底为阳坡>阴坡>撂荒地。封育增加了土壤蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性,其影响深度从坡顶向下而增加;长期封育增加了深层土壤水分和有机碳含量,从而降低了相应土层土壤过氧化氢酶活性。不同坡向、不同坡位剖面土壤4种酶的活性与对应土层土壤有机碳呈极显著正相关关系,土壤酶活性敏感地揭示了植被恢复对土壤肥力提高的积极作用。     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Scrapie in goats in Cyprus

Ovine scrapie was first recorded in Cyprus in 1985. Subsequently four dairy goats kept in two mixed flocks with affected sheep developed characteristic clinical signs similar to those seen in sheep. Fifteen goats from the two flocks were examined histologically and neurological lesions consistent with a diagnosis of scrapie were found in the four animals and in three others which had subsequently developed early neurological signs. These lesions were similar to those of naturally-affected sheep although neuronal degeneration and vacuolation were more severe in some cases.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.