DDAC改性蒙脱土-木材复合材料的应力松弛

以二癸基二甲基氯化铵(DDAC)为蒙脱土的改性剂及中间介质,通过真空浸注制备蒙脱土-木材复合材料(MWC),分析不同处理方式试材的增重率、应力松弛和X射线衍射(XRD)表征。结果表明:MWC的增重率基本随着处理液中蒙脱土质量分数的增加而增加,并在有机蒙脱土(OMMT)为7%时,达到最大值;MWC的应力松弛性质发生了明显的变化,其中OMMT的质量分数对MWC应力松弛有较大的影响,质量分数为3%的处理液所处理试件的应力松弛量最小;木材的含水率状态对MWC的应力松弛性能的影响很大,饱水状态与绝干、气干状态相比较,其应力松弛量最大,绝干状态的应力松弛变化曲线最缓慢;蒙脱土未能充分进入到木材内部,但是进入到木材表面空隙或极少量进入到木材内部空隙的蒙脱土对杉木的应力松弛性能产生很大的影响。     

水分吸着过程中杉木黏弹行为的经时变化规律及其频率依存性

【目的】研究木材黏弹行为在水分吸着过程中的经时变化,明确水分对木材黏弹行为频率依存性的影响,补充和完善"水分-机械力"耦合作用下木材黏弹行为的变化规律,并为模拟和预测木材在切削、热压、磨浆等实际复杂过程中黏弹行为的变化提供科学依据。【方法】以含水率0.6%的杉木木材为研究对象,采用动态机械分析仪(DMA Q800)在30℃、不同相对湿度条件(30%,60%和90%)下测定木材贮存模量E'和损耗因子tanδ的变化情况,比较不同频率(1~50 Hz)之间木材黏弹行为的异同。水分吸着过程分为升湿和恒湿2个阶段:在升湿阶段,相对湿度由0以2%·min-1的速率分别升高至30%,60%或90%;在之后的恒湿阶段,相对湿度在30%,60%或90%下分别恒定240 min。【结果】在任一频率下,随着吸着时间的延长,木材贮存模量E'减小,损耗因子tanδ增大,并且贮存模量的变化率|ΔE'|明显小于损耗因子的变化率|Δtanδ|;单位含水率的贮存模量和损耗因子变化率(|ΔE'/ΔMC|和|Δtanδ/ΔMC|)随着吸着时间的延长均减小。此外,在水分吸着过程中的任一时间节点处,贮存模量随频率的增加而增大,损耗因子随频率的增加先减小后增大,损耗因子极小值对应的特征频率出现在10~30 Hz范围内,并随着吸着时间的延长向高频方向移动;在1 Hz和20 Hz频率下贮存模量的比值约为0.98,该比值基本不随吸着时间的延长而变化,但损耗因子的比值在升湿和恒湿过程中先增大后减小,并在升湿阶段结束时达到最大值。【结论】在水分吸着过程中,水分子的"塑化效应"是引起木材贮存模量减小和损耗因子增大的主要原因,并且单分子层吸着水的"塑化效应"最为明显;机械吸湿蠕变效应的存在使得升湿阶段木材黏弹性的变化较恒湿阶段明显;在水分吸着过程中,随着含水率增加,木材细胞壁聚合物分子的运动速度加快,松弛时间减少,并且α力学松弛过程(由半纤维素玻璃化转变引起)和β力学松弛过程(基于木材细胞壁无定形区中伯醇羟基的回转取向运动的力学松弛过程与吸着水分子回转取向运动的力学松弛过程二者叠加而成)的转变向高频方向移动;在水分吸着过程中,含水率的变化可引发木材细胞壁的不稳定化现象,并且相对湿度的变化加剧了这种不稳定化。     

杉木动态黏弹行为的时温等效性

运用时温等效原理研究含水率为0.6%的木材试样的动态黏弹性质。在25～150℃温度范围内,通过频率扫描(0.1～20Hz)试验获得不同恒定温度水平下木材的贮存模量和损耗因子值。将其他温度下的黏弹性曲线通过水平移动因子平移并叠合连接至参考温度(本研究中为135℃)曲线,分别生成一定频率范围内的贮存模量和损耗因子主曲线。通过最小二乘拟合法,采用Arrhenius方程对水平移动因子与温度的关系曲线进行拟合分析。结果表明:贮存模量主曲线的水平移动因子与温度的关系曲线在25～150℃内满足Arrhenius方程,因此利用时温等效原理描述木材的动态刚度性质是适用的;但时温等效原理无法预测木材的松弛转变行为。     

干燥处理木材动态黏弹性的含水率依存性

采用高温干燥、低温干燥和真空冷冻干燥方法对杉木人工林木材进行干燥处理,测定3种干燥处理材在不同含水率平衡态的动态黏弹性质.测定的温度范围为-120～40℃,频率范围为0.5～10 Hz.结果表明:1) 随着含水率增加,木材的贮存模量E'随温度升高而降低的程度增大,其中高温干燥处理材的贮存模量降低程度最小;2) 在测定温度范围内观察到2个力学松弛过程,较高温度域的α力学松弛过程是由低分子质量的半纤维素发生玻璃化转变引起的,低温域的β力学松弛过程是基于木材细胞壁无定型区中伯醇羟基的回转取向运动与吸着水分子的回转取向运动两者叠加而成的;3) 力学松弛过程的损耗峰温度随着含水率的增加而降低,随着测量频率的增加而向高温方向移动;4) 力学松弛过程的表观活化能随着含水率的增加而减小,对于α力学松弛过程,高温和低温干燥处理材的表观活化能低于真空冷冻干燥处理材的表观活化能.     

几种木材中硅石的研究

要实现木材-无机质复合材的人工模拟,其关键还是在于研究和探讨木材生物矿化的机理,因此要对木材中无机物的情况进行研究,从而获取生物矿化所形成的木材/无机质复合材料的形成机理,以此来指导木材的生物改性或木材/无机复合材的仿生合成。本文采用光学显微镜对几种木材/二氧化硅生物矿化复合材中硅石的分布进行观察发现:硅石主要分布在木射线细胞中,大量的晶体在木射线细胞以及轴向薄壁细胞中均有分布;采用重量法对几种木材/二氧化硅生物矿化复合材中二氧化硅含量情况进行测定表明:子京、山油柑、柚木、柠檬桉、山竹子等5种木材/二氧化硅生物矿化复合材中二氧化硅含量分别为1.5106%、0.8941%、0.8654%、0.2155%、0.1676%。     

基于生长轮的杉木早材黏弹性

【目的】比较不同生长轮木材早材黏弹性,探讨全干密度、管胞胞壁率、微纤丝角等因子与木材黏弹性之间的关系,从细胞水平理解木材黏弹行为的作用机制。【方法】以人工林杉木为研究对象,采用X射线剖面密度仪、ZEISS Imager A1显微镜、X射线衍射仪、动态力学分析仪(DMA 2980)分别测定第3、6生长轮(心材)以及第14、18生长轮(边材)早材的全干密度、管胞胞壁率、微纤丝角、弹性模量、贮存模量和损耗模量。【结果】1)边材(第14、18生长轮)的全干密度比心材(第3、6生长轮)略高,4个生长轮管胞胞壁率无明显差异,微纤丝角随树龄增加呈减小趋势。2)早材的弹性模量、贮存模量和损耗模量均随树龄增加而增大,微纤丝角与弹性模量、贮存模量、损耗模量呈显著负相关关系。3)在本研究测量温度范围内(-120～120℃),4个生长轮早材均出现2个力学松弛过程:一是在10℃附近的α力学松弛过程,关于其分子运动归属目前尚无统一定论;二是在-40℃附近的β力学松弛过程,是基于木材细胞壁无定型区中伯醇羟基的回转取向运动引起的。不同生长轮之间的力学损耗峰温度几乎无差异。4)随测量频率(1、2、5和10 Hz)增加,β力学松弛过程的损耗峰温度移向高温方向,α力学松弛过程的损耗峰温度并不随测量频率增加而改变,即无频率依存性。5)与位于边材区域(第14、18生长轮)的早材相比,位于心材区域(第3、6生长轮)的早材发生力学松弛过程所需的表观活化能均较大,可能是由于杉木心材相较于边材有更多的抽提物,抽提物的沉积限制细胞壁中分子链段运动所致。【结论】微纤丝角是影响不同生长轮内早材刚度和阻尼的关键因子,心材与边材表观活化能的差异可能是抽提物沉积所致。     

油茶果壳/杨木/HDPE复合材料的制备及性能研究北大核心

油茶果壳作为茶油加工的副产物,一直被视为农林废弃物。利用油茶果壳部分替代杨木制备木塑复合材料(WPC),是油茶果壳工业化利用的有效途径。采用挤出成型的方法,探究了不同质量油茶果壳替代杨木对WPC性能的影响。结果表明:随着油茶果壳替代杨木的比例由0增至1/2,制得的WPC弯曲强度和拉伸强度先增大后减小,当替代量为1/6时,其弯曲和拉伸强度最大,分别提高了5.39%和3.67%,冲击强度升高;WPC的热解起始温度变低,最大失重速率减少31.59%;储能模量逐渐减小,损耗角正切值和复数黏度增大;当油茶果壳替代量为1/2时,其7天吸水率降低了35.41%。用油茶果壳部分替代杨木制备WPC,既能保证抗弯强度,还能增强复合材料的冲击韧性、尺寸稳定性等。     

粉煤灰/壳聚糖复合材料的制备及在木材染色废水中的应用

以粉煤灰和壳聚糖为原料,采用微波辐射法制备粉煤灰/壳聚糖复合材料。通过单因素法和正交试验法考察了不同粉煤灰活化温度、壳聚糖和粉煤灰质量比、壳聚糖交联剂等条件下制备的复合材料对木材活性染料染色废水脱色率和CODCr去除率的影响,并用傅里叶红外光谱和扫描电镜对复合材料进行了表征。结果表明,当粉煤灰活化温度为250℃,壳聚糖与粉煤灰质量比为1∶25,用香草醛作为交联剂且加入量为壳聚糖质量的30%时,制备得到的粉煤灰/壳聚糖复合材料对木材活性染料染色废水的脱色率达858%,CODCr去除率达748%。粉煤灰和壳聚糖通过氢键结合形成复合材料可吸附废水中的染料。     

多元羧酸与木材交联反应对木材振动特性的影响

采用以多元羧酸为酯化剂 ,以无机盐类为催化剂的交联体系 ,进行木材交联反应 ,这是一类新型、水溶性、无毒害、无污染的非甲醛系试剂交联体系。本文分析了化学改性木材的振动特性变化。结果表明 ,用不同质量分数 1,2 ,3,4 -丁烷基四甲酸 (BTCA)处理西加云杉和美国扁柏木材的振动性能有所变化 :2树种的损耗角正切tanδ在纵向和径向有所下降 ;比动态弹性模量E ρ在纵向变化均不明显 ,随着抗胀缩率ASE上升变化不规则 ;声辐射阻尼系数E ρ3的变化类似于比动态弹性模量E ρ的变化 ;纵向和径向的周期能量损耗参数tanδ E均下降。     

二氧化硅基单宁复合材料对甲醛的吸附性能研究

基于室内空气环境中甲醛污染的问题,以常见的林副产品单宁酸为吸附源,树枝状介孔纳米二氧化硅(DMSNs)为基体,经中间体氨基改性二氧化硅(DMSNs-NH₂)制备了二氧化硅基单宁复合材料(DMSNs-tannin),当单宁酸添加量为0.3、 0.4和0.5 g时制备的复合材料分别为DMSNs-0.3、DMSNs-0.4和DMSNs-0.5;采用SEM、TEM、氮气吸附-脱附等温线、FT-IR和TG分析表征其结构,考察了不同单宁负载量对其甲醛吸附性能的影响,并进行吸附动力学探究。研究结果表明：该复合材料孔道结构丰富,热稳定性高,与DMSNs-NH₂相比,DMSNs-tannin具有更优异的甲醛吸附性能;复合材料DMSNs-0.5的单宁酸负载量最高,达23.60%,负载效率为47.33%,吸附6 h时甲醛吸附率为86.19%。DMSNs特殊的介孔结构为甲醛有效扩散提供了通道,其吸附过程更符合准二级动力学模型,说明其对甲醛的吸附主要为化学吸附,与吸附位点有关,是在复合材料表面的吸附与颗粒内扩散的复合吸附过程。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.