科技动态

正主要抗原蛋白口服疫苗可防控传染性法氏囊病为有效防控传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)感染,德国科学家采用毕赤酵母表达IBDV IR01株的囊膜蛋白VP2,可形成23 nm的IBD亚病毒颗粒(IBD-SVPs),提纯后的产量可达38 mg/L。他们将IBD-SVPs以肌肉注射或拌料饲喂试验鸡,以灭活的毕赤酵母为对照,采用IBDV MB3株攻毒。结果显示,免疫20μg IBD-SVPs的试验鸡可以获得完全保护,彻底清除病毒,阻止法氏囊损伤和萎缩。商品化的IBD疫苗可以提供完全的保护,彻底清除病毒,但有时会出现法氏囊损伤。口服500μg提纯的IBD-SVPs无论有无佐剂都可为试验鸡提供完全的保护,虽     

O型口蹄疫病毒VP1基因在毕赤酵母中的表达及免疫原性分析

利用毕赤酵母系统表达O型口蹄疫病毒VP1基因,并对表达的蛋白进行免疫原性鉴定。将VP1基因克隆入毕赤酵母分泌性表达载体pPICZα-C中,获得重组表达载体pPICZαC-VP1。将重组质粒pPICZαC-VP1线性化后,用电穿孔法转入酵母菌X-33,用Zeocin+YPDS平板筛选重组子,经甲醇诱导表达后,SDS-PAGE和Western blot分析表达产物,并用酵母表达的VP1蛋白免疫小鼠,然后通过ELISA检测抗体水平。结果表明,酵母所表达的VP1蛋白能诱导小鼠产生特异性体液免疫应答。     

鸡IL-2和新城疫病毒HN基因在毕赤酵母中的融合表达

为进一步研究IL-2对疫苗的免疫增强作用,本研究经PCR扩增分别获得鸡IL-2和新城疫病毒(NDV)HN基因片段,应用分子克隆技术获得含有融合基因IL2-HN的真核表达载体pPICZαA-IL2-HN,重组质粒pPICZαA-IL2-HN线性化后整合入毕赤酵母X-33染色体上,在甲醇诱导下表达融合蛋白,再进行SDS-PAGE、Western-blot检测。SDS-PAGE分析结果表明目的蛋白为分泌性表达,分子量约为100 ku,Western-blot结果表明目的蛋白具良好的免疫反应性。     

堆形艾美球虫广东株3-1E基因在毕赤酵母中的表达

以重组质粒pGEM-3-1E为模板，扩增了序列两端分别含有EcoRⅠ和XbaⅠ酶切位点的堆形艾美球虫（Eimeria acervulina）广东株3-1E基因（长度为529bp），将3-1E基因克隆至巴斯德毕赤酵母分泌型表达载体pPICZαC中，构建了酵母表达质粒pPICZαC-3-1E。转化毕赤酵母X-33得到含有3-1E基因的重组酵母，甲醇诱导产生的目的蛋白经SDS-PAGE分析和免疫印迹检测，表明毕赤酵母成功表达了3-1E基因。     

猪IL-18在酵母中表达及活性检测

以pGEMT/pIL-18为模板,应用PCR法扩增出猪IL-18基因,用EcoR Ⅰ和Xba Ⅰ双酶切后,插入酵母表达载体pPICZαA中,经酶切、PCR扩增及序列测定,成功构建了酵母重组表达载体pPICZ/pIL-18,电击转化毕赤酵母X-33,应用Zeocin筛选获得高拷贝重组转化菌株,甲醇诱导表达,经SDS-PAGE电泳分析重组pIL-18蛋白的表达,并用SephadexG200纯化表达的重组pIL-18蛋白.运用MTT法检测其生物学活性.试验结果表明,重组X-33酵母菌株能够表达分泌性pIL-18,诱导72 h表达量最高,其表达量占总蛋白表达量的38％.而且纯化的重组pIL-18蛋白具有明显促进淋巴细胞增殖的活性.     

环状抗菌肽cyclopsychotride在毕赤酵母X-33中的表达及其活性鉴定

为提高重组外源蛋白在毕赤酵母中的高效表达,试验采用毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)偏嗜性密码子改变抗菌肽cyclopsychotride的碱基序列,通过SOEing法合成后连接到pPICZα-C质粒上,从而获得分泌型重组酵母表达载体pPICZα-C-cyclopsychotride,再通过限制性内切酶BlnⅠ线性化,经电穿孔法转入毕赤酵母细胞X-33中。结果表明:经PCR检测后及Zeocin抗性筛选,获得高拷贝转化子;通过琼脂孔穴扩散法检测,酵母表达上清液对革兰阳性菌和革兰阴性菌有抑菌活性;抗菌肽cy-clopsychotride经沸水、酸碱及胃蛋白酶处理后仍具有抗菌活性。     

猪白细胞介素2基因的克隆和酵母表达

以伴刀豆球蛋白A（ConA）诱导的猪外周血淋巴细胞中提取的总RNA为模板,采用RT-PCR技术扩增出约500 bp的DNA片段,对阳性克隆进行测序与分析。结果：所克隆的基因与GenBank上公布的猪白细胞介素2（PoIL-2）基因的同源性为100%,表明试验成功获得了PoIL-2基因的全序列克隆;以该重组质粒为模板进行PCR,扩增出PoIL-2成熟蛋白的基因片段,连接真核表达载体pPICZαA,成功地构建了重组PoIL-2成熟蛋白基因的真核表达载体pPICZαA-PoIL-2;电转化pPICZαA-PoIL-2于巴斯德毕赤酵母X-33,诱导表达后进行表达产物的SDS-PAGE鉴定,结果表明试验成功地建立了重组PoIL-2的酵母表达系统。     

毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris )分泌表达牛白细胞介素2

利用舍有强启动子PAOX1和α-因子信号肽序列的巴斯德毕赤酵母载体pPICZαA，构建出舍牛白细胞介素2(BoIL-2)基因的重组质粒BoIL2-pPICZαA。线性化的重组表达栽体转化到巴斯德毕赤酵母X-33及KM71H中，筛选Zeoein高抗性酵母菌株，甲醇诱导目的蛋白表达。经SDS-PAGE和Western blot检测表明，BoIL-2以融合蛋白形式在胞内表达，但没能分泌到胞外。通过BoIL-2在巴斯德毕赤酵母中的表达，重点讨论了信号肽、基因的偏爱性等对外源基因分泌表达的影响。     

鸡IL-18酵母表达载体的构建及表达条件的优化

应用PCR技术从含有罗曼鸡白介素18全长基因质粒pMD18-T-ChIL-18中扩增出鸡IL-18成熟肽基因,亚克隆于毕赤酵母表达载体pPICZαA上,构建了重组质粒pPICZαA-ChIL-18。经酶切、PCR和测序鉴定正确后,电转化入毕赤酵母菌X-33,筛选多拷贝单克隆进行诱导表达,并进一步分析了培养液pH值、诱导剂浓度、诱导时间和诱导温度对重组菌表达水平的影响,从而获得最优化的表达条件。结果表明,重组毕赤酵母菌能够表达鸡IL-18,且在培养液pH6.0,甲醇诱导浓度1.5%,诱导温度26℃的条件下诱导96 h,目的蛋白的表达量最高,可占菌体总蛋白的60.2%。本文为鸡IL-18的规模化发酵生产奠定了基础。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病毒病毒样颗粒的制备

为了制备鸡传染性法氏囊病毒病毒样颗粒,本试验通过RT-PCR技术扩增出鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒超强毒株JL株的VP2全长基因,并将其插入杆状病毒表达系统的供体质粒pFastBacHTA中,构建含有IBDV VP2基因的重组供体质粒pFast-VP2,转化DH10Bac E.coli感受态细胞中,经蓝白斑筛选,获得重组杆粒rBacmid-VP2,将重组杆粒rBacmid-VP2转染sf9细胞后得到重组杆状病毒vBac-VP2。rBac-VP2感染sf9细胞,提取DNA,经PCR电泳分析,得到1条与预期大小相符的特异性条带;间接免疫荧光检测,可见特异性荧光;Western-blotting分析,在大约53 000处出现1条特异性的蛋白条带;电镜观察感染重组杆状病毒的细胞上清和沉淀,均可见重组VP2蛋白自行组装形成的病毒样颗粒。试验结果表明IBDV VP2基因在昆虫细胞中得到了表达,并自组装成了IBDV病毒样颗粒。本试验为研制鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒样颗粒疫苗奠定了基础。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.