美国肉鸡业、火鸡业发展概况

美国是世界第一肉鸡生产大国、出口大国,其肉鸡饲养、肉鸡加工、禽肉出口等数量均位居世界第一。2007年美国鸡肉产量为1640万吨,占世界总产量的26.8%。美国的肉鸡业具备产业一体化、企业规模化、生产科技化、布局区域化、加工深度化的特点。同样,美国也是世界上最大的火鸡生产和消费国家,2007年火鸡产量预计为263万吨,约占世界总产量的55%,年人均消费火鸡肉10千克左右。近年来,美国的肉鸡、火鸡企业加速了重组进程,促进了产业升级,推动了美国肉鸡、火鸡业的可持续发展。我国是第二肉鸡生产大国,但与美国等发达国家相比,在品种选育、生产规模、产品质量、加工程度等方面亟待提升。本文着重关注了美国肉鸡、火鸡主要生产企业的产品结构、营销策略、投资趋向等,这些正是美国肉鸡业、火鸡业现代化发展的主要根源,也正是我国肉鸡业学习和借鉴所在。     

近期美国肉鸡产业发展动态

美国是肉鸡生产、出口大国,其肉鸡饲养、产品加工、出口贸易数量均位居世界前列,其肉鸡行业发展变化将对国际市场产生一定的影响。关注其近期发展动态,可以为国内肉鸡业生产提供必要的参考。     

我国白羽肉鸡饲养现状与展望

白羽肉鸡业是我国畜牧业重点发展产业之一,本文回顾和总结了我国白羽肉鸡近30年来的饲养与生产细节,并对我国主要的肉鸡出口备案饲养场与合同饲养场的养殖模式、动物福利现状进行了调查,以期让读者看到中国白羽肉鸡业发展的侧影,从而认清形势,找到不足,提升我国白羽肉鸡业的竞争力.     

肉鸡价格的波动与宏观调控

肉鸡业是我国一个非常重要的养殖产业,肉鸡的价格水平不仅制约着肉鸡牛产加工企业的生存和发展,也直接关系到肉鸡养殖户的收入和消费者的生活成本.     

食品安全先行打造中国肉鸡业的金牌军团——访北京华都肉鸡公司佘锋总经理

北京华都肉鸡公司成立于1982年,隶属于国家农业产业化优秀重点龙头企业——北京华都集团有限责任公司,是中国第一家集肉用种鸡繁育、养殖、饲料生产、肉鸡屠宰加工、物流配送和食品营销于一体的肉鸡生产联合企业。公司现有员工4500多人,年屠宰加工销售鸡肉产品7万余吨,其中出口产品达到万吨以上。2007年销售收入超过16亿元,排名中国肉类行业前50强。作为中国肉鸡业佼佼者,华都公司在种鸡繁育、肉鸡产业化生产、食品加工的产业链的各个环节不断完善,堪称业界典范。本刊记者目前采访了总经理佘锋先生,分享他在肉鸡业发展进程中的经验。     

我国肉鸡球虫病的发展趋势及控制对策

球虫病是危害我国肉鸡业最为严重的疾病之一,随着肉鸡规模化养殖的发展,球虫病所导致肉鸡的直接生产损失以及因控制该病所引发的药残问题给我国的肉鸡养殖业造成沉重的打击,如果肉鸡球虫病得不到有效控制,必将阻碍我国肉鸡养殖业的健康发展。1球虫病在我国肉鸡养殖中的流行状况     

优质鸡养殖一条龙企业食品安全控制

近年我国发生了几起重大动物源食品安全事故，引起了全社会的震动和连锁反应。远的“苏丹红”、“三聚氰胺”和“瘦肉精”等事件不说，就说去年的“速生鸡”和连续2年的H7N9流感，造成的巨大影响至今还在发酵与延续。人们因为害怕食用“药残鸡”、“激素鸡”，惟恐避之不及而拒绝鸡肉食品，现在还未从阴影中走出来，导致肉鸡生产跌入低谷，肉鸡消费低迷。我国优质鸡产业普遍以“公司＋农户”一条龙养殖模式发展，肉鸡生产企业实行从饲料加工、种鸡养殖、禽苗孵化、肉鸡养殖、屠宰加工及检测和物流全产业链生产和管理，只有控制好产业链每个生产环节，才能确保产品质量和食品安全。     

浅淡无公害肉鸡养殖

一、我国肉鸡养殖现状 肉鸡业是改革开放以来我国畜牧业中发展最快的1个产业。据统计2001年我国禽肉产量达1273万吨,跃居世界第二,肉鸡饲养量达到24亿只,生产鸡肉1200万吨,另据有关资料显示,2001年共引进祖代种鸡64.5万套,父母代种鸡200万套,其中引进AA祖代肉种鸡达36万套,从而为肉鸡业发展提供了充足种质资源。然     

2007年我国肉鸡市场回顾及2008年展望

<正>我国肉鸡业由于受到非典、禽流感等疫情的冲击,2003—2006年发展明显趋缓,年均增长仅为2%。从2006年下半年起肉鸡业开始逐步走出低迷状态,2007年7月实现全行业盈利,全年肉鸡生产稳定增长,肉鸡价格大幅上涨,养殖效益明显提高,     

山东省肉鸡产业面临的问题及发展对策

自80年代肉鸡首次进入中国以来，经过30多年的快速发展，我国已成为禽肉生产大国。肉鸡业在国民生产总值中占有相当重要的地位。山东是肉鸡养殖、加工和出口大省，到目前为止，全省每年出栏白羽肉鸡12亿只左右，占全国出栏总量的近四分之一；全省白羽祖代种鸡存栏量占全国30%；全省禽肉出口占全国的50%以上，在全国能够出口的35家家禽加工企业中，山东占了17家。全省约400万人从事家禽养殖、加工、销售等相关工作。我省已是一个地地道道的全国禽业大省。     

我国肉鸡产品出口的制约性因素分析——基于出口市场及产品特征的研究

肉鸡业曾经是我国畜牧业中产业化经营程度最高、出口创汇最多、带动行业最广的产业.但近年来,肉鸡产品出口出现了大幅滑坡,我国已逐步退出了肉鸡产品贸易强国的行列.本文利用近十多年的国别贸易数据实证分析了我国肉鸡产品的出口市场结构、市场份额及产品特征,并结合肉鸡产品主要贸易国的需求状况,探讨影响我国肉鸡产品出口的制约性因素.     

赭曲霉毒素A对肉鸡毒性作用的研究进展

霉菌毒素污染是影响动物饲料安全的重要因素。赭曲霉毒素A（ochratoxin A,OTA）广泛存在于肉鸡饲料原料中。众多研究表明,OTA对肉鸡具有肾毒性、肝毒性、细胞毒性、遗传毒性、致癌性、致畸性、免疫毒性和肠道毒性等,给肉鸡养殖业带来了巨大的经济损失,也对动物和人类的健康造成威胁。对国内外OTA研究进展进行总结归纳,从诱导机体产生肠毒性、肝毒性、肾毒性和免疫毒性四方面阐述OTA对肉鸡的致毒机制,为深入研究OTA提供参考。     

黄曲霉毒素对肉鸡毒性作用的研究进展

黄曲霉毒素主要是由黄曲真菌和寄生曲真菌产生的一类高毒性次级真菌代谢物质,世界范围内大部分的粮食和动物饲料受到黄曲霉毒素的污染,对动物健康与畜禽养殖业可持续发展构成严重威胁。黄曲霉毒素B₁（aflatoxin B₁,AFB₁）是众多霉菌毒素中常见且毒性较强的一种,过量摄入AFB₁具有致癌、致畸、免疫抑制等毒性效应。大量研究证实AFB₁可对肉鸡的生长、免疫功能、器官发育等方面造成严重影响,威胁家禽业的健康发展。结合国内外研究报道,对黄曲霉毒素的性质、毒性进行概述,从肠道功能障碍、免疫抑制、器官损伤和遗传毒性四个方面阐述AFB₁对肉鸡毒性作用的研究进展,以期为进一步阐明黄曲霉毒素对肉鸡毒性作用的分子机制,同时为减轻黄曲霉毒素对肉鸡养殖造成的危害提供参考。     

New issues and science in broiler chicken intestinal health: Emerging technology and alternative interventions

Intestinal health is important for maximizing the health, welfare, and performance of poultry. Traditionally, due to lack of available technologies, our knowledge of the diversity of microbial communities within the chicken intestine had been oversimplified. Recent progress in technology suitable for microbial community analysis has evolved our understanding. New molecular technologies allow for a detailed molecular and physiological assessment, including quantification of individual microbial species and their metabolites. One area of research has assessed the microbial shifts that occur in response to supplementation of broiler diets with alternative products intended to promote broiler intestinal health. As a result of consumer awareness and the development of antibiotic resistant organisms, there is increasing social pressure for use of nonantibiotic products to promote broiler health, including: prebiotics, probiotics, organic acids, essential oils, enzymes, and volatile fatty acids, among others. Molecular technologies can be utilized to help advance our understanding of the mechanism of action of these alternative products by evaluating the changes in the intestinal microbiome and immune function following supplementation with these novel products. Advancing the selection of these products for practical application in the broiler industry is necessary to promote broiler chicken intestinal health, minimize public health risks, and maximize broiler production in the absence of antibiotics.     

Nuisance and Odor Issues in Broiler Production: A Case Study

Recent expansion of the broiler industry in Texas resulted in an opportunity to experience and mitigate a number of nuisance and odor issues related to broiler production. For the sake of this discussion, the participants in these issues are divided into 3 groups: the poultry industry; the nonpoultry citizenry; and government, regulatory, and educational agencies. Establishment of a broiler complex in an area with little exposure to commercial poultry production resulted in a concerned nonpoultry citizenry. This was often exacerbated by misinformation, external influences, and poor communications, resulting in a less-than-optimum level of trust between the nonpoultry citizenry and the poultry industry. Early in the process, the poultry industry attempted to provide information and open communication with the nonpoultry citizenry; however, establishment of bias within the nonpoultry citizenry eroded trust and cooperation to the point that effective communication was difficult. Throughout this period, government, regulatory, and educational agencies were involved in investigations of complaints, facilitation of communication, and development of policy. Over a 2-yr period these activities resulted in a special legislative appropriation to investigate odor and nuisance issues related to broiler production. This investigation and other agency activities resulted in the development of regulatory policy that required all broiler producers to develop comprehensive nutrient management plans. Although these plans are primarily concerned with water quality and environmental issues, the nonpoultry citizenry was willing to accept this step as a means to assure that poultry facilities would be operated in compliance with best management practices. As a result, the poultry industry now had specific policy and guidelines for dealing with environmental issues, and the nonpoultry citizenry had assurance that the broiler operations would be held to a standard of operation. At this time, the level of communication and trust between all parties is greatly improved.     

Evaluation of scratches as an essential element in the development of avian cellulitis in broiler chickens.

Currently, the published cellulitis models do not adequately address the actual pathogenesis as seen in the commercial broiler industry. In this model, small dermal scratches were made on the skin of broiler chickens, which were then placed on litter seeded with avian cellulitis-associated Escherichia coli. The research confirms scratches are required for the induction of avian cellulitis. The research also confirms that "type I" cellulitis lesions or those previously thought to be due to hatchery-borne infections can be induced with scratches. The described methods provide a realistic model for cellulitis development that will improve the reliability of prophylactic and therapeutic-regimen efficacy testing data, thereby providing information more directly useful to the commercial broiler industry.     

The gastrocnemius tendon of domestic fowl: histological findings in different strains

Vascular and histological studies were performed on normal gastrocnemius tendons from male birds considered susceptible (broiler breeding) and insusceptible (laying strain) to noninfectious tendon rupture. Structural differences between strains were noted at the site where rupture usually occurs. This site contains a hypovascular region which develops at an earlier age in broiler type fowls. Histological sections revealed that vessel occlusion had occurred in birds with hypovascular tendon segments. Chondrocytes and chondroid cells adjacent to occluded vessels accumulated lipid and died. This finding was particularly apparent in broiler fowls where cartilaginous plaques were larger and thicker than in laying strain fowls. The presence of occluded vessels, cartilage death and chondroid infiltration of collagen bundles in broiler type fowls are interpreted as structural changes which may predispose to noninfectious tendon rupture. Indeed they may also predispose to tendon lesions associated with pathogens.     

First report of seroprevalence and genetic characterization of avian orthoreovirus in Egypt

Tropical Animal Health and Production - Recently, the Egyptian broiler industry has experienced an increased incidence of avian reovirus (ARV) infections. However, to date, no studies have been...     

中国苜蓿产业发展的现状和面临的问题及对策分析

苜蓿营养丰富、产量高、蛋白质转化率高,是奶牛重要的粗饲料。目前中国优质苜蓿资源缺乏,商品苜蓿供不应求,供需失衡造成优质苜蓿价格不断攀升,进口量不断增加。国内苜蓿产业发展缓慢,主要问题是数量少、质量差、价格高;苜蓿种植缺乏政策扶持和配套的收割机械;干草加工设备技术落后,物流成本高。推进国内苜蓿产业发展的对策和建议是明确苜蓿产业战略地位,做好科学规划;产业发展走规模化、企业化模式;创新经营机制,带动产业发展;加大苜蓿产业科研和技术推广;和农产品一样享受"绿色通道"优惠政策;对苜蓿产业实行重点补贴。     

肉鸡秋冬季节饲养管理

肉鸡养殖规模不断扩大,养殖风险也越来越大。北方冬季外界气温较低,湿度小,给肉鸡饲养管理带来挑战,需针对气候特点减少应激,提高养殖效益,该文论述秋冬季节肉鸡饲养管理注意事项。