我国水稻主要品种近30年来审定及推广应用概况

综合分析1985-2015年全国水稻主要推广品种面积及审定情况,结果表明：审定品种数量持续快速增长,主栽品种和主导品种的数量和面积不断下降,品种集中度明显降低,常规水稻在各稻区的发展情况存在差异,而杂交水稻在全国范围内实现了快速发展。对影响水稻主要品种数量、分布和结构类型的因素进行了分析,对下一步水稻品种选育和推广等问题进行了讨论。     

Molecular diversity and genome structure in modern sugarcane varieties

Summary RFLP analysis was performed on 40 sugarcane cultivated varieties. Twenty-two maize low copy DNA clones located on different regions of the 10 maize chromosomes were used as probes to survey variability among the sugarcane varieties. A total of 425 fragments, 411 of which were polymorphic, were identified for 22 probe/enzyme combinations. Each variety displayed an average of 7.28 fragments per combination, revealing the complex polyploid origin of modern sugarcane varieties. The average genetic similarity between sugarcane varieties was 0.61. Although cultivated varieties appear closely related to S. officinarum clones, the genes of S. spontaneum seem to constitute the principal component of varietal diversity. A very weak global structuring among the 40 varieties is observed, in agreement with the profuse exchanges of parental materials between sugarcane breeding stations. Traces of linkage disequilibrium can be attributed to the distribution of S. spontaneum chromosomes among sugarcane varieties. The possibility of using modern varieties as a population for detecting associations between molecular markers and agronomic traits is suggested.     

近30年来我国水稻主要品种更新换代历程浅析

综合分析1985-2015年全国水稻主要品种推广及更替情况表明,我国水稻主栽品种更新速率明显放缓,主导品种经历了5~6次更新换代,其中,常规水稻品种经历了约5次更换过程,杂交水稻品种约经历了6次主要的更换过程,品种的抗病性等是主导品种更迭的主要原因,研究同时发现杂交水稻主导品种亲本同质化现象比较普遍。为进一步推动我国水稻品种更新换代,需发掘和创制新的种质资源及亲本,加强抗病性育种,更加注重主要性状的综合协调,选育、审定和推广更多优质、高产、多抗、广适于一体的优良品种。     

2003—2011年江西省审定早稻品种分析

为了筛选近年江西审定的优良早稻品种和指导江西早稻品种选育及推广应用,对江西省2003—2011年审定的130个早稻品种的育种方法,不育系和恢复系利用,选育单位,产量、米质及抗性性状进行分析、评价。结果表明：三系杂交早稻品种81个,占62.3%;两系杂交早稻品种30个,占23.1%;常规稻品种19个,占14.6%;杂交早稻是江西早稻选育的主要方向,三系法仍然是当前江西省早稻育种的主要方法,两系法呈现良好前景。111个杂交早稻品种利用了34个不育系,其中,三系不育系23个,两系不育系11个,‘金23A’、‘株1S’、‘优IA’、‘中9A’、‘荣丰A’和‘五丰A’等6个不育系是目前江西杂交早稻选育中应用的主要不育系,利用了87个恢复系,恢复系应用面广、数量多,突出的少,遗传多样性较低。第一选育单位有52家,分为种业（种子）公司、研究所（院）和学院（大学）等5类,其中,种业（种子）公司和研究所（院）审定了115个品种,两者占88.46%,是江西早稻品种选育的主要力量;分布在江西、湖南、浙江和北京等8省市,其中,江西省单位最多,有37家,审定品种94个,育种总体实力强。筛选到具有高产、优质和抗性等主要性状的优良品种90个次,其中,高产品种24个,抗性品种42个,优质品种12个,具有综合2个性状的优良品种12个。     

河南省近年审定小麦品种基于系谱和SNP标记的遗传多样性分析

为了解河南省近年小麦品种的遗传基础,利用Illumina 90k i Select SNP标记技术对豫麦34及该省2000—2013年审定的小麦品种共96个进行全基因组扫描,分析了其遗传多样性和遗传基础。结果表明,在所有SNP位点中,多态性比率为47.39%(38 661/81 587),多态性标记在基因组间分布呈现BAD。96个品种亲缘关系较近,两两遗传相似系数的平均值为0.719,变幅为0.552~0.998,且94.3%的品种间遗传相似系数在0.652~0.812之间;按UPGMA法将96个品种划分为7个类群。综合SNP和系谱分析,近10年河南省审定的96个小麦品种遗传多样性不够丰富,多数品种亲缘关系较近,在育种中迫切需要引入新的种质资源,拓宽遗传背景。     

Intake characteristics of perennial ryegrass varieties when grazed by sheep under continuous stocking management

Fifteen intermediate-heading varieties of perennial rye grass were continuously-stocked with sheep during two years and sward surface height was maintained in the range of 4 to 5 cm. Large differences in daily dry matter intake ewe^-1 were observed between the varieties suggesting that there is considerable scope for breeding improved varieties for grazing. Compared with the mean in each year, the ranges in values were proportionately 0.81 to 1.24 in 1998and 0.80 to 1.19 in 1999. Highest intakes were measured for sheep grazing 2 tetraploid hybrid varieties which also had markedly higher live weight gains ewe^-1 and ha^-1 compared with those grazing the 9 diploid and 4 tetraploid varieties examined. Daily intakes were not correlated with eating time but were correlated with intake rate min^-1eating (r = 0.73 and 0.88 in 1998 and 1999,respectively). Animals appeared unable to compensate fully for low intake rate by increasing eating time. Intake rates were not correlated with green leaf mass, the number of grass tillers m^-2 or water soluble carbohydrate concentrations in grass snips from the grazed horizon. High intake rates were achieved not only by sheep grazing highly-tillered diploid varieties but also by those grazing tetraploid hybrids with fewer tillers m^-2. Other plant morphological and chemical attributes need to be explored to determine what factors might influence the intake characteristics of varieties destined for grazing so that new target traits can be identified and improved methods can be developed to screen rapidly for these traits during breeding programmes and during variety evaluation. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

广东不同时期水稻主栽品种抗病基因同源序列多态性分析

为掌握广东不同时期水稻主栽品种抗病基因同源序列(RGA)多态性变化,利用3对RGA标记分析了广东20世纪50年代初地方品种及1972、1980、1994和2008年主栽品种。按供试品种RGA-PCR指纹聚类,以相似系数0.81为标准将171份品种分为20个类群。这五类品种分别分布于11、7、4、8、11个类群中,它们的Nei遗传多样性指数分别是0.801、0.682、0.493、0.603和0.527。相对于地方品种,1972、1980和1994年品种RGA多态性低是由于品种类群少及品种在各类群中分布均衡性差,2008年品种RGA多态性低是由于该年大多数品种属于同一类群,品种在各类群中分布均衡性差。因此保持品种抗性多样性,既要保证丰富类群,又要确保品种在各类群中分布均衡。近年来品种抗性背景趋同化是广东抗性多样性降低的主要原因,今后在新品种的选育上应均衡利用不同抗源。     

Numerical taxonomic studies of mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties in Nigeria

Summary The major characters which account for the variation among the mango varieties in Nigeria were studied using PCA and SCLA. Thirty-one varieties were collected in all ecological zones of the country. Altogether 64 characters were observed and coded for analysis. The results from both methods divided the varieties into two or four groups. The PCA showed that the combination of qualitative and quantitative data as well as combination of few vegetative characters with many reproductive characters are important for mango classification. The primary and secondary characters in classification of mango varieties are discussed.     

应用SSR分子标记分析国外种质对我国小麦品种的遗传贡献

利用363对SSR标记分析了在我国小麦生产和育种中发挥了重要作用的11份国外引进品种和33份选育品种的遗传组成,旨在揭示国外种质对我国小麦品种改良的遗传贡献,指导种质资源引进和利用。国外种质包含了选育品种所发现等位变异的76.3%。与不同时期小麦品种等位基因多样性比较发现,国外种质的平均等位变异数最多(3.92),20世纪60年代(2.86)和70年代(3.01)基本一致,80年代有所升高(3.46)。品种间遗传距离比较与品种等位基因多样性结果相吻合。比较引进和选育品种在SSR位点的等位变异频率变化,发现至少在33个SSR位点,国外种质等位变异在我国小麦育种中被优先选择(该等位变异在引进和选育品种的分布频率均高于70%),其中一些位点已知与产量、生育期和抗病等性状密切相关。表明引进品种在以上基因组区域对我国小麦品种具有非常高的遗传贡献。     

应用SSR分子标记分析国外种质对我国小麦品种的遗传贡献

利用363对SSR标记分析了在我国小麦生产和育种中发挥了重要作用的11份国外引进品种和33份选育品种的遗传组成,旨在揭示国外种质对我国小麦品种改良的遗传贡献,指导种质资源引进和利用。国外种质包含了选育品种所发现等位变异的76.3%。与不同时期小麦品种等位基因多样性比较发现,国外种质的平均等位变异数最多(3.92),20世纪60年代(2.86)和70年代(3.01)基本一致,80年代有所升高(3.46)。品种间遗传距离比较与品种等位基因多样性结果相吻合。比较引进和选育品种在SSR位点的等位变异频率变化,发现至少在33个SSR位点,国外种质等位变异在我国小麦育种中被优先选择(该等位变异在引进和选育品种的分布频率均高于70%),其中一些位点已知与产量、生育期和抗病等性状密切相关。表明引进品种在以上基因组区域对我国小麦品种具有非常高的遗传贡献。     

Collaborative and consultative participatory plant breeding of rice for the rainfed uplands of eastern India

We describe a participatory plant breeding (PPB) programme in rice for the rainfed uplands of eastern India. Collaborative participation (farmers grew and selected in segregating materials in their fields) and consultative participation (farmers selected among progenies in researchers' plots) were used. The PPB was started with only two crosses and, of these, Kalinga III/IR64 was the most successful and produced two released varieties: Ashoka 200F from collaborative breeding and Ashoka 228 from consultative breeding. Both yielded significantly more than control varieties, including Kalinga III, in research trials and in participatory trials in farmers' fields. Qualitative data from participatory trials was highly informative, statistically analysable, and cheaper to obtain than quantitative data. In low-yielding research-station and on-farm trials the two new upland varieties showed no significant genotype × environment interaction with the check varieties. However, in higher-yielding All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project trials, both varieties were more adapted to low yielding environments than the national check variety. Farmers liked the varieties for their early maturity, improved lodging resistance, higher fodder and grain yield, long-slender grains and excellent cooking quality. Before certified seed production, farmer groups have produced large quantities of seed that have spread widely through informal channels. The returns from PPB, compared to conventional breeding, were higher because it cost less, the genetic gains per year were higher, and the benefits to farmers were realised earlier. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

利用SNP芯片和BSA分析规模化定位小麦抗白粉病基因

规模化定位小麦品种携带的抗白粉病基因对于抗病性种质创新和新品种选育具有重要的意义。本研究采用Illumina Infinium iSelect 90k SNP芯片结合集群分离分析法(bulked segregate analysis,BSA)对36个河南省小麦新品系携带的抗白粉病基因进行了定位。SNP芯片检测表明,在24个小麦品系构建的抗、感池DNA间可检测到一个明显富集的SNP峰,表明其可能携带单一主效抗白粉病基因;在其他12个小麦品系构建的抗、感池DNA间可检测到多个SNP峰,推测其可能含多个抗白粉病基因。有26个小麦品系在2AL染色体上检测到的SNP数目最多,推测其携带位于2AL染色体上的Pm4b抗白粉病基因。开发出与2AL染色体上抗白粉病基因紧密连锁的分子标记Xwggc116,可用于这些小麦品系中抗白粉病基因的分子检测。研究结果表明高通量SNP分析技术平台可以用来规模化定位小麦品种中的抗白粉病基因,明确了河南省抗白粉病小麦品系中携带Pm2、Pm4b、Pm21和新1BL/1RS易位等有限的抗白粉病基因,抗病基因资源非常狭窄,亟需引进新的多样化抗病基因资源,拓宽遗传基础,培育抗病小麦新品种。     

The genetic diversity of old and modern Siberian varieties of common spring wheat as determined by microsatellite markers

The objective of this study was to assess genetic diversity within old and modern common spring wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) varieties cultivated in Siberia and to find out whether old Siberian varieties could be a potential source for genetic diversity in modern wheat breeding in Siberia. A set of 54 varieties was analysed using 22 wheat microsatellite markers (WMS), determining 23 loci located on 19 different chromosomes. In total, 151 alleles were detected with an average of 6.6, ranging from three to 11 alleles per locus. The average genetic diversity value (polymorphic information content) was 0.70. WMS located in the B genome produced more alleles per locus (7.6) compared with WMS located in the A (6.0) and D (6.0) genomes. Genetic similarity values between varieties ranged from 0.19 to 0.96 and were used to produce a dendrogram. With a few exceptions the varieties studied were clustered in two nearly equal groups consisting of predominantly old (released before 1960) and modern (released in 1960‐90s) varieties, respectively. Genetic diversity values within these two groups were similar with 0.60 and 0.58, respectively. The numbers of group‐specific alleles were 34 and 29, respectively. A significant variation in frequencies of 79 shared alleles was observed. The results obtained by using genomic microsatellite sequences demonstrated that breeding has not resulted in a decrease in the genetic diversity in Siberian spring wheat. However, significant quantitative and qualitative changes in allelic frequencies of different loci were detected. It may be suggested, that old Siberian common spring wheat varieties are a potential basis for genetic diversity in modern wheat breeding in Siberia.     

Screening rice genotypes for tolerance to alkalinity and zinc deficiency

Summary A preliminary investigation on the inheritance of tolerance to Zn deficiency and the inter-relationship of tolerances to Zn deficiency and alkalinity was made. Three generations of 2 crosses involving parents tolerant (IR20 and IR30) and sensitive (E425) to Zn stress were screened in IRRI concrete beds. One hundred genotypes (varieties and breeding lines) were screened for injury from alkalimity and Zn deficiency. The results of this experiment and earlier mass screening experiments were subjected to association analyses. The results in general indicated that tolerance to different mineral stresses behave nearly independently. The frequency distribution of ratings for 3 generations indicated that the trait tolerance to Zn deficiency is under polygenic control showing continuous variation and transgression in F₂. Tolerance seems to be dominant. The heritability varied between crosses.     

Symbiotic variability in Vicia faba. 2. genetic variation in Vicia faba

Summary Eight varieties of Vicia faba were examined in association with a standard strain of Rhizobium leguminosarum and also with the application of mineral nitrogen. Large differences in dry matter yield, nitrogen percentage and total nitrogen uptake were apparent between varieties and between rhizobium and mineral nitrogen treatments; the interaction was also significant. Genotypic differences in both the effectiveness of the symbiosis with this strain of rhizobium and the efficiency of utilization of nitrogen were thus demonstrated. The implications of this variability on the assessment of varieties and the possiblity of exploiting it by plant breeding techniques are discussed.     

山西省中晚熟玉米种植区不同品种穗部性状差异分析

【研究目的】为山西中晚熟玉米种植区农户选择合适的种植玉米品种及辨别不同玉米品种提供科学数据支撑。【研究方法】采用7种当地主推品种进行随机区组设计,采用宽行密植栽培技术,收获后考种测量穗部性状及产量。【结果】研究发现：(1)先玉335产量相比其他品种仍为最高,军玉288次之。太玉811在产量相关指标方面均低于其他品种;(2)除协玉4号之外,各品种中影响穗粗的基因表达相近,且品种差异对穗行数及穗长影响显著,但有些品种之间差异并不显著,反映出当前市场上有些品种的遗传背景较为相近;(3)军玉288应通过一定的栽培措施降低秃顶长度,且反应出除协玉3号与协玉4号之外其他品种在控制轴粗方面的基因相近,而现在的育种目标追求细轴,因此协玉3号与协玉4号应在轴粗方面进行相关改进。在山西中晚熟玉米种植区选取玉米品种时不同品种的产量差异并不显著,产量相关性状差异也不显著,但在一些外部形状、抗逆性、适应机械化收获等方面差异显著。【结论】先玉335的综合性状在这些品种中为最优。且有些性状的表现反映出这些品种的遗传背景相近,说明我国玉米遗传资源狭窄,因此今后在玉米育种过程中应在遗传资源的拓展、抗逆性的提高及适应机械化收获等方面进一步进行深入研究探索。     

用不同类型的水稻鉴别品种鉴定江苏稻瘟病菌的致病性

根据DNA指纹图谱和系谱, 从1999年采集的96个江苏稻瘟菌株中选择44个菌株进行致病性测定. 它们被鉴定为7个生理小种. 用日本清泽系列单基因鉴别品种和LTH近等基因系(NILs)鉴别品种分析, 分别产生27和10个致病类型, CO39 NILs对江苏菌株几乎没有鉴别作用. 分析结果可见供试菌株之间致病性差异极大. 研究表明, 发展包含较多抗病     

Associations among productivity,production response,and stability indexes in oat varieties

Summary We tested three sets of oat varieties for grain yield in a series of environments and observed that generally more than 80% of the yield variation for individual varieties was due to linear regression response. Mean yields for varieties were significantly variable in all three sets, and regression response indexes were significantly variable in two of them.Mean yields over the three sets were correlated with regression response indexes with r=0.61. Associations of mean yield with the three stability parameters (i.e., coefficient of determination, mean square for deviations from regression, and ecovalence) were low and usually not significant. The correlation of regression response indexes with coefficients of determination was 0.42, but neither of the other stability parameters was associated with the response indexes. The three stability parameters were closely correlated with one another.Our materials were selected varieties, so evidently our results suggest what can be accomplished in breeding for combinations of mean production, production response, and productiom stability.Journal Paper No.J-9092 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa, USA 50011. Project 1752. This work was supported in part by the International Atomic Energy Agency, vienna, Austria, in the form of a fellowship for the senior author.     

Organic varieties for cauliflowers and cabbages in Brittany: from genetic resources to participatory plant breeding

Plant breeding for organic agriculture (OA) was stimulated when it came under the European Organic Agriculture Regulation (2092/91) in 2004. In Brittany, the need for specific varieties for organic farming arose early for the Brassica species because of the unsuitability of most of the modern varieties to the principles of OA. Moreover, the private sector of plant breeding finds it economically difficult to satisfy the demands of OA. The aim of the present study is to provide varieties and seed for organic farmers for two vegetable Brassica crops, and to show how genetic resources can contribute to this purpose in the framework of a Participatory Plant Breeding (PPB) programme. The emergence of PPB in Brittany is the result of several concomitant and favourable circumstances: the will of the professionals (represented by IBB, Inter Bio Bretagne), their organization (an experimental station, the PAIS, Plateforme Agrobiologique d’IBB à Suscinio), the research initiative in INRA and the availability of genetic resources. From genetic resource observations, our experience showed several breeding situations: reviving a traditional activity (Roscoff cauliflower and local cabbages), extending tradition (autumn cauliflower), diversifying production by new introductions (coloured cauliflowers), and creating new forms of population varieties (broccoli and coloured cauliflowers). Farmers have taken charge of population breeding by mass selection and the PAIS, with INRA scientific support, has taken up innovative selection and the improvement of varieties completing the farmers’ initiatives. The PAIS remained the central point for information and for providing the seed for trials. Seed production will be managed in a collective way. Until now, the exchange of seed remained an experimental dimension of PPB. French seed legislation represents a limitation on the development of seed exchange by PPB.     

SSR对黑龙江省主栽水稻品种抗瘟基因Pi-1的检测分析

应用水稻稻瘟病抗性基因Pi-1紧密连锁的3个微卫星标记RM144、RM224和MRG4766对黑龙江省49主栽水稻品种(系)进行抗瘟基因Pi-1检测分析。结果表明,用3个与抗瘟基因Pi-1紧密连锁的SSR标记同时对抗瘟基因Pi-1有检测是非常有效的途径,检测到富士光等14个水稻品种(系)含有Pi-1抗瘟基因,明确了该基因在黑龙江省水稻品种(系)中的分布情况,为分子育种、合理搭配种植品种等提供了理论依据。