Protective Effect of Potato Peel Powder in Ameliorating Oxidative Stress in Streptozotocin Diabetic Rats

The potential of dietary potato peel (PP) powder in ameliorating oxidative stress (OS) and hyperglycemia was investigated in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. In a 4-week feeding trial, incorporation of potato peel powder (5 and 10%) in the diet of diabetic rats was found to significantly reduce the plasma glucose level and also reduce drastically the polyuria of STZ diabetic rats. The total food intake was significantly reduced in the diabetic rats fed 10% PP powder compared to the control diabetic rats. However, the body weight gain over 28 days was nearly four times greater in PP powder supplemented diabetic rats (both at 5 and 10%) compared to the control diabetic rats. PP powder in the diet also decreased the elevated activities of serum transaminases (ALT and AST) and nearly normalized the hepatic MDA and GSH levels as well as the activities of specific antioxidant enzymes in liver of diabetic rats. The result of these studies clearly establishes the modulatory propensity of PP against diabetes induced alterations. Considering that potato peels are discarded as waste and not effectively utilized, these results suggest the possibility that PP waste could be effectively used as an ingredient in health and functional food to ameliorate certain disease states such as diabetes.     

Effect of vegetable fibre on post prandial glycemia

Effects of feeding different levels of vegetable fibre to normal and non-insulin dependent diabetics were studied. Influences of a control diet (diet with no vegetable fibre) and a purified fibre diet (Isapgol) were compared to results achieved with different levels of several vegetables. A negative correlation between the level of fibre and blood glucose levels in terms of mean percent peak rise, AUC, and per cent glycemic response was shown. Bitter gourd was more effective than the leafy vegetables. Even though the trend in post prandial glucose levels was same for both normal and diabetic subjects, the metabolic response varied significantly between the two groups.     

Modulatory Effect of Fenugreek Seed Mucilage and Spent Turmeric on Intestinal and Renal Disaccharidases in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats

To elucidate the effect of feeding fenugreek seed mucilage and spent turmeric (10%) on disaccharidases activities, the specific activities of intestinal and renal disaccharidases viz., sucrase, maltase and lactase were measured in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Specific activities of intestinal disaccharidases were increased significantly during diabetes and amelioration of these activities during diabetes was clearly visible by supplementing fenugreek seed mucilage and spent turmeric in the diet. However during diabetes renal disaccharidases activities were significantly lower than those in the control rats. Fenugreek seed mucilage and spent turmeric supplementations were beneficial in alleviating the reduction in maltase activity during diabetes, however not much change in the activities of sucrase and lactase was observed upon feeding. This positive influence of feeding fenugreek seed mucilage and spent turmeric on intestinal and renal disaccharidases clearly indicates their beneficial role in the management of diabetes.     

Dynamics of phytate-zinc balance of fungi fermented cassava products (gari and flour)

Parsley is one of the medicinal herbs used by diabetics in Turkey. It has been reported to reduce blood glucose levels. In this study the effects of feeding parsley on diabetes-induced free radical mediated injury in rat aorta and heart tissues were investigated. Swiss albino rats were divided into six groups: Control, diabetic, parsley, diabetic + parsley, glibornurid, and diabetic + glibornurid. Rats were subjected to i.p. streptozotocin (STZ, 65 mg/kg) to induce diabetes. On the fourteenth day of the study, either parsley (2 g/kg) or glibornurid (5 mg/kg) were given for 28 days to the diabetic rats. Aorta and heart tissue lipid peroxidation and glutathione levels as well as blood glucose levels were determined. The results of the present study indicate that lipid peroxidation was increased and glutathione levels were decreased in both aorta and heart tissue of the diabetic rats. However, treatment of the diabetic rats with either parsley or glibornurid reversed the effects of diabetes on blood glucose, and tissue lipid peroxidation and glutathione levels.     

Effect of Tulasi (Ocimum sanctum) leaf powder supplementation on blood sugar levels, serum lipids and tissues lipids in diabetic rats

Tulasi leaf powder was fed at the 1% level in normal and diabetic rats for a period of one month to explore the effect on fasting blood sugar, uronic acid, total amino acids, and the lipid profile in serum and tissue lipids. The results indicated a significant reduction in fasting blood sugar, uronic acid, total amino acids, total cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipids and total lipids. In liver, total cholesterol, triglyceride and total lipids were significantly lowered. Total lipids were significantly reduced in kidney. In heart, a significant fall in total cholesterol and phospholipids was observed. All these observations indicate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect of Tulasi in diabetic rats.     

茯茶水提物对Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠糖代谢紊乱的干预作用

采用高脂高糖饲料联合链脲佐菌素诱导Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠模型,研究茯砖茶水提物对Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠的降糖功效。结果表明,茯茶水提取物干预能显著改善糖尿病小鼠多食、多饮、多尿、消瘦症状,降低空腹血糖浓度,提高机体对糖负荷的耐受性,提升胰岛素和胰岛素敏感水平,降低胰岛素抵抗水平。同时,q RT-PCR分析发现,茯茶水提物通过增强PPAR-α、GLUT2和GLUT4基因表达,促进了葡萄糖转运和肝脏内脂质代谢,从而改善糖尿病小鼠体内糖代谢紊乱。综上所述,茯茶能显著改善Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠糖代谢紊乱症状,其中中、高剂量茯茶效果最为显著。     

低温胁迫对嫁接苦瓜幼苗渗透调节物质的影响

为研究低温胁迫对苦瓜嫁接苗渗透调节物质的影响,以中原共荣与苦砧 2 号 2 个南瓜品种作为砧木与翠柳2号苦瓜分别靠接的嫁接苗为试材,对照采用苦瓜自根苗,使用人工气候培养箱进行低温处理,对低温下两种不同砧木嫁接苗的冷害指数及可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸、可溶性总糖、葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖含量的变化进行测定。结果显示：在低温胁迫下,嫁接苗的冷害指数极显著低于自根苗,说明嫁接可以缓解幼苗所受的低温伤害。在冷胁迫期间,可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸以及可溶性总糖嫁接苗显著高于自根苗;在冷胁迫前期,嫁接苗葡萄糖含量显著高于自根苗;果糖含量嫁接苗与对照差异不显著;蔗糖含量在低温胁迫过程中,嫁接苗均显著高于自根苗。苦砧 2 号在可溶性蛋白,游离脯氨酸以及可溶性糖的含量上均高于中原共荣,综合表现上苦砧 2 号的抗冷性优于中原共荣以及自根苗,说明嫁接苗在低温胁迫时能有效地提高此 3 类渗透调节物质含量,以此提高苦瓜幼苗的耐冷性,而在冷胁迫前期正向响应的可溶性糖中的主要成分是葡萄糖,蔗糖在整个耐冷胁迫期间均表现了正向作用。     

Antidiabetic effect of essential oil from Artemisia sieberi growing in Jordan in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of essential oil extracted from aerial parts of Artemisia sieberi in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats. Fifty rats were divided into five groups of 10 each. Group I normal rats received 1 mL day(-1) of dimethyl sulfoxide (control); group II normal rats received a single dose (80 mg kg(-1) b.wt.) of essential oil extract of Artemisia sieberi; group III diabetic rats received 1 mL day-of dimethyl sulfoxide; group IV diabetic rats received the oil extract (80 mg kg(-1) b.wt.); group V diabetic rats received metformin (14.2 mg kg(-1) b.wt.). All treatments were orally administered once a day for six weeks. Changes in blood glucose concentration, body weight and food and water intake were measured and the data obtained were compared with that of metformin. The essential oil extract significantly (p < 0.05) lowered blood glucose level as well as food and water intake in diabetic rats accompanied by an increase in body weight gain with no apparent side effect when compared with untreated diabetic rats. These effects were found to be closely similar to that of metformin, a common antidiabetic drug. On other hand, no apparent improvement on body weight gain in diabetic rats treated with metformin. In addition, for all parameters measured, the oil extract showed no effect in normal rats. In conclusion, the essential oil of Artemisia sieberi exhibited antidiabetic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Present findings support the possible use of the essential oil of Artemisia sieberi as a remedy for diabetes mellitus in humans.     

The effects of oral vitamin E on induction and consequence of experimental diabetes mellitus in rats

Streptozotocin destroys the beta-cells of pancreas by generation of reactive oxygen species and vitamin E has documented antioxidant properties. To evaluate the preventive effect of vitamin E on induction of diabetes by streptozotocin and effect of oral vitamin E consumption on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, forty male Wistar rats divided randomly to control, E1, E2 and E3 groups. The diet of E1, E2 and E3 groups were supplemented with 1, 2 and 4 g kg(-1) of vitamin E, respectively. Four days later all rats were made diabetic by IP injection of 45 mg kg-' streptozotocin and blood glucose was measured 72 h later to determine the severity of blood glucose elevation. Glycosylated hemoglobin, triglyceride, total cholesterol and HDL-c were measured and LDL-c and VIDL-c calculated in plasma of 6 diabetic rats with glucose more than 200 mg dL(-1) in each groups 21 days after streptozotocin injection. Vitamin E had no effect on diabetes induction by streptozotocin, but elevation of glycosylated Hb and reduction of LDL-c in group E3 were significant. Vitamin E also increased HDL-c although it was not statistically significant. We suggest that oral vitamin E consumption may have some beneficial effect on the correction of lipid metabolism disorders of diabetes, although it may worsen carbohydrate metabolism in mild diabetes.     

Lipid peroxidation alterations in type 2 diabetic patients

It was studied that type 2 diabetes mellitus is connected with increased plasma lipid peroxidation (lipid peroxidation expressed as malondialdehyde). This review aimed to evaluate the state of lipid peroxidation among type 2 diabetic subjects. Present finding showed that lipid peroxidation increased in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Increased lipid peroxidation maybe is associated with some diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus. Lipid peroxidation has an important role in the pathogenesis and the complications of diabetes. Antioxidants have been found to prevent the progression and occurrence of diabetes. There are several mechanisms that may cause lipid peroxidation affront in diabetic subjects, although, their precise contributions are not completely clear. We proposed that production of free radicals can be reduced by preventing high blood glucose levels and by the control of instabilities in blood glucose levels. A contributor to these instabilities in blood glucose is glycaemic control by using of fast blood sugar test. Furthermore, the earlier assessment of the advancement of diabetes that firmly control of blood glucose can be obtained; the greater will be the decrease in diabetic complications. Patients with type 2 diabetes may have very high physiological antioxidants requirements.     

美国花生生产与科学研究Ⅲ.花生育种

简要介绍了美国花生育种所面临的国内消费与政策形势,综述了美国花生抗病虫育种、优质育种、早熟育种、饲用多年生花生育种的研究成就和动向。     

鲜人参与生晒参对高脂饮食和STZ诱导的2型糖尿病大鼠的降血糖作用

目的研究生晒参与未经炮制加工的新鲜人参对高脂饮食和链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导致糖尿病大鼠的降糖作用。方法 60只雄性Wistar大鼠随机抽取8只作为正常对照组,其余大鼠用高脂饲料喂养加小剂量链脲佐菌素(STZ)的方法建立实验性2型糖尿病大鼠模型,筛选造模成功大鼠,随机分为模型组,胰岛素治疗组(0.5U/kg皮下注射),生晒参(RS-1:600mg/kg,灌胃给药)组,鲜人参(RS-2:600mg/kg,灌胃给药)组。实验灌胃给药8周后进行空腹血糖,胆固醇(TC),甘油三酯检测(TG)检测。结果空腹血糖结果表明,生晒参组和鲜人参组较模型组均有改善,鲜人参组效果表现显著(P0.05),所有给药组的总胆固醇,甘油三酯检测均下降,但并没有显着改变,不具统计学显着性(P0.05)。结论本研究表明,生晒参与鲜人参具有改善糖尿病大鼠血糖和血脂的紊乱作用,其中鲜人参比生晒参具有更好的效果。     

Studies on the effect of curry leaves supplementation (Murraya koenigi) on lipid profile,glycated proteins and amino acids in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients

Curry leaves powder supplementation (12 g providing 2.5 g fibre) was carried out for a period of 1 month in 30 non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients. The parameters monitored at 1, 15 and 30 days were fasting and 2 h post-prandial blood sugar levels, serum total cholesterol and its lipoprotein fractions, triglycerides, total amino acids, uronic acid, glycosylated serum proteins and glysocylated low density lipoprotein cholesterol fraction. The results indicated a transient reduction in fasting and post-prandial blood sugar levels at 15-day period with no appreciable changes in serum glycosylated protein levels, glycosylated low density lipoprotein cholesterol fraction, serum lipids, lipoprotein cholesterol levels, uronic acid and total amino acids were observed during the supplementation period, i.e. either at 15 days or 30 days.     

Chitosan Oligosaccharide Alleviates Abnormal Glucose Metabolism without Inhibition of Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in a High-Fat Diet/Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rat Model

This study investigated the effects of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) on glucose metabolism and hepatic steatosis in a high-fat (HF) diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. Male Wistar rats were divided into: (1) normal control (NC group), (2) HF diet (HF group), (3) streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes with HF diet (DF group), and DF group supplemented with (4) 0.5% COS (D0.5F group), (5) 1% COS (D1F group), and (6) 5% COS (D5F group) for 4 weeks. COS supplementation significantly decreased the plasma glucose, BUN, creatinine, uric acid, triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) levels, and hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase activity, and significantly increased hepatic hexokinase activity and glycogen content in diabetic rats; but the increased hepatic TG and TC levels could not be significantly decreased by COS supplementation. Supplementation of COS increased superoxide dismutase activity and decreased lipid peroxidation products in the diabetic rat livers. COS supplementation significantly increased phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) protein expression, and attenuated protein expression of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and phosphorylated p38 and renal sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) in diabetic rats. These results suggest that COS may possess a potential for alleviating abnormal glucose metabolism in diabetic rats through the inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis and lipid peroxidation and renal SGLT2 expression.     

Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Effects of Polyphenols in Brown Alga <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ecklonia stolonifera</Emphasis> in Genetically Diabetic KK-A<Superscript>y</Superscript> Mice

The dietary intake and control of blood glucose levels are very important in hyperglycemic patients and α-glucosidase inhibitors are a cost-effective means to preventing the progression of diabetes. In search of a natural inhibitor from food materials, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and the anti-hyperglycemic effects of a brown alga, Ecklonia stolonifera, were investigated using non-insulin dependent diabetic mice. Methanolic extract of E. stolonifera (MEE), which contains a high content of polyphenols, showed strong inhibition of α-glucosidase in vitro. Male KK-A^y mice, a genetically non-insulin dependent diabetic model, showed hyperglycemia with aging, but the ingestion of MEE suppressed the increase in plasma glucose and lipid peroxidation levels in unfasted KK-A^y mice dose dependently. In KK-A^y mice, which were fed the MEE diet for 4 weeks, MEE moderated the elevation of plasma glucose levels after the oral administration of maltose. The polyphenols in MEE were estimated to be phlorotannins by HPLC-PDA and LC/MS analyses. These results demonstrate that E. stolonifera, seaweed typically used as a health food, has strong antidiabetic and antioxidant effects in vivo, thus, it may have beneficial properties in the prevention of diabetes and could be useful in the development of an antidiabetic pharmaceutical and functional food.     

普洱茶提取物与绿茶提取物降糖功效的研究

通过整体动物模型研究比较普洱茶提取物与绿茶提取物的降糖功效。以C57BL/6J小鼠作为对照组,将遗传性糖尿病（KKAy）小鼠随机分组,分别灌胃给予普洱茶提取物与绿茶提取物4周,以空腹血糖、血糖曲线下面积作为观察指标,比较二者的药效作用;以SD雄性大鼠一次性腹腔注射链脲佐菌素（STZ）造模糖尿病大鼠,根据初始空腹血糖值随机进行分组,连续灌胃给予普洱茶提取物与绿茶提取物4周,以空腹血糖、血糖曲线下面积和空腹血清胰岛素作为观察指标。结果显示普洱茶提取物和绿茶提取物对KKAy小鼠和STZ糖尿病模型大鼠空腹血糖均有降低作用,同时均能降低血糖曲线下面积,但是不同的是普洱茶提取物在降低动物空腹血糖和血糖曲线下面积方面要优于绿茶提取物,同时普洱茶提取物能够较模型组显著降低大鼠空腹血清胰岛素,而绿茶提取物在降低大鼠空腹血清胰岛素与模型组相比无明显差异。比较了两种茶提取物对糖尿病的体外靶酶糖醛还原酶和PTP1B的抑制作用,发现普洱茶提取物对PTP1B活性有较强的抑制作用,抑制率88.0%,绿茶提取物对该酶无抑制作用。综合实验结果表明,普洱茶提取物的降糖功效优于绿茶提取物。     

Efficacy of turmeric on blood sugar and polyol pathway in diabetic albino rats

In the traditional system ofmedicine, Ayurveda, several spices and herbsare thought to possess medicinal properties. Amongthe spices, turmeric rhizomes (Curcumalonga. Linn.) are used as flavoring and coloringagents in the Indian diet everyday. In this research,we studied the effect of turmeric and itsactive principle, curcumin, on diabetes mellitus in arat model. Alloxan was used to induce diabetes.Administration of turmeric or curcumin to diabeticrats reduced the blood sugar, Hb and glycosylatedhemoglobin levels significantly. Turmeric andcurcumin supplementation also reduced the oxidativestress encountered by the diabetic rats. This wasdemonstrated by the lower levels of TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances), which mayhave been due to the decreased influx of glucose intothe polyol pathway leading to an increased NADPH/NADPratio and elevated activity of the potent antioxdiantenzyme GPx. Moreover, the activity of SDH (soorbitol dehydrogenase), whichcatalyzes the conversion of sorbitol to fructose, waslowered significantly on treatment with turmeric orcurcumin. These results also appeared to reveal thatcurcumin was more effective in attenuating diabetesmellitus related changes than turmeric.     

安吉白茶多糖对实验性糖尿病小鼠的降血糖作用研究

通过制备去甲肾上腺素致糖尿病小鼠模型及四氧嘧啶致高血糖小鼠模型,给正常小鼠、去甲肾上腺素致高血糖小鼠及四氧嘧啶致糖尿病小鼠连续灌胃安吉白茶多糖14 d后,取血测定血糖水平,以探讨安吉白茶多糖对正常小鼠、去甲肾上腺素致高血糖小鼠及四氧嘧啶致高血糖小鼠血糖水平及糖耐量（GT）的影响。结果显示,灌胃2周后,安吉白茶多糖对正常小鼠血糖水平影响较小,低、中、高剂量组与正常对照组相比均无显著意义(P>0.05);安吉白茶多糖能明显降低去甲肾上腺素所致糖尿病小鼠的血糖水平,低、中、高剂量组的血糖值与肾上腺素模型组比较,差异极显著(P<0.01)。且高剂量组降血糖效果优于低剂量组;安吉白茶多糖明显降低四氧嘧啶所致高血糖小鼠的血糖水平,三剂量组的血糖值与四氧嘧啶模型组比较,差异极显著(P<0.01)。三剂量均能降低实验性高血糖小鼠血糖,且随剂量增大,降血糖作用增强,以高剂量降糖作用最强。安吉白茶多糖在缓解糖尿病小鼠糖耐量降低方面作用显著,达到了药物组的治疗水平,但并不影响正常小鼠的血糖和糖耐量。     

Cooked Common Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) Protect Against β-cell Damage in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Diabetes is a disease characterized by a hyperglycemic stage that leads to a chronic inflammatory state. We evaluated the in vivo effect of a diet supplemented with 25 % cooked black bean cultivar Negro 8025 (N8025) flour in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The effect was assessed before (preventive-treatment) and after (treatment) the onset of diabetes. There is a significant decrease of total phenolic, tannins and anthocyanins content after cooking, and the concentration of most of the single phenols analyzed are only slightly decreased. The treatment group showed a significant reduction of glucose (22.8 %), triglycerides (21.9 %), total cholesterol (29.9 %) and LDL (56.1 %) that correlates with a protection of pancreatic ß-cells. The diet with N8025 flour before the induction of diabetes did not exert a protective effect (glucose levels are similar to the diabetic control) but they have low levels of total cholesterol (47.5 %) and LDL (56.1 %). The preventive-treatment group did not inhibit the increase of TNF-α and IL-1β, whereas the treatment group did, compared to the diabetic control. Therefore, N8025 bean supplementation can be recommended to control diabetes.     

Hypoglycemic and Hypocholesterolemic Effects of Coptis chinensis Franch Inflorescence

Hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycemic activities of Coptis chinensis franch inflorescence (Coptis inflorescence) were studied using animal models. Serum total and LDL cholesterol of rats fed a diet containing 1% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid increased, as compared with those of rats fed a normal diet. The level of total and LDL cholesterol were reduced markedly in a dose dependent manner, in rats given Coptis inflorescence extract orally at doses of 0.25, 0.5 g/kg.day for 4 weeks. In diabetic rats induced by alloxan, Coptis inflorescence extract showed a significant (p < 0.05) blood sugar lowering activity at all experimented doses (0.125, 0.25 and 0.5 g/kg.day). The highest reduction of blood sugar was about 58% when the rats were given Coptis inflorescence extract orally at a dose of 0.5 g/kg.day for 3 weeks. The 100 g dried water extract of Coptis inflorescence contained 8.11 g total alkaloid, 3.34 g berberin, 1.08 g palmatine and 0.66 g jatrorrhizine, which had long been identified as active compounds in Coptis chinensis franch root (Coptis root). Thus, the results suggest that Coptis inflorescence would be effective in the prevention and management of coronary artery disease by lowering serum cholesterol and blood sugar.