疯草—内生真菌共生体的研究与展望

就近年来国外对疯草内生真菌的分离、宿主植物体内生真菌分布、疯草苦马豆素种群分布特征及其与内生真菌的相关性研究进展作一综述，以期更好地利用疯草及内生真菌造福人类。     

波状芽管蠕孢属疯草内生真菌研究进展

疯草是世界范围分布的豆科棘豆属和黄芪属有毒植物的统称,其主要毒性成分为吲哚里西啶类生物碱——苦马豆素。放牧家畜采食疯草会发生疯草中毒病,导致瘫痪、不孕、流产、生产性能下降、死亡等,造成的经济损失巨大。波状芽管蠕孢菌是疯草中普遍存在的一类内生真菌,该菌与疯草中苦马豆素的合成和疯草的毒性紧密相关。抑制或阻断波状芽管蠕孢菌在疯草中的传播和苦马豆素合成,将有望降低或消除疯草的毒性。本文将对波状芽管蠕孢属疯草内生真菌的种属分类、与疯草毒性的关系、传播机制、SW的合成机理等方面的研究进行综述,为疯草内生真菌相关研究的开展和从控制疯草内生真菌角度防控动物疯草中毒病提供思路。     

疯草内生真菌研究进展

疯草内生真菌Undifiumn oxytropis是由分布于我国西北地区的疯草中分离得到的一类内生真菌,其代谢产物苦马豆素(swainsonine,SW)具有良好的抗肿瘤活性,还能导致牛、羊疯草中毒,对我国草原畜牧业造成了严重的危害。论文对疯草内生真菌的分布、生长特性、SW抗肿瘤活性以及疯草内生真菌生物合成SW的研究进展做一综述,为有关研究提供参考     

疯草内生真菌研究进展

疯草含有疯草毒素,动物采食后能引起以慢性神经机能紊乱为特征的中毒病,是世界范围内危害草原畜牧业最严重的毒草之一.对疯草主要有毒成分苦马豆素来源问题的研究发现,疯草内生真菌与苦马豆素之间具有极为密切的关系.近年来,科研工作者对多种疯草的内生真菌进行分离,并对其与疯草的相互关系进行了深入研究.论文主要介绍了近年来国内外有关...     

疯草内生真菌研究现状与存在问题

疯草是世界范围内危害草原畜牧业可持续发展最严重的毒草。引起家畜疯草中毒的主要成分是吲哚里西啶生物碱--苦马豆素,苦马豆素除具有毒性外,还具有显著的抗菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、增强免疫等药理活性,有关苦马豆素产生机制、毒理和药理活性研究已成为人们研究的热点。为了揭示疯草毒性物质产生机制、疯草内生真菌与疯草抗逆性,特别是疯草毒性物质与疯草内生真菌互作关系等诸多问题,国内外科技工作者从20世纪末就开始致力于疯草内生真菌生物多样性、疯草内生真菌与苦马豆素产生关系以及与疯草抗逆性形成机制研究,已从多种疯草中分离到可产苦马豆素的内生真菌,并发现疯草内生真菌与疯草之间存在密切关系。本文对近年来国内外疯草内生真菌研究的主要内容及研究现状进行综述,并对该研究领域中存在的若干问题进行了探讨。     

我国主要疯草内生真菌分离鉴定及其进化分析

为探明我国西部草场危害最为严重的5种疯草中内生真菌的种类及其分布,分析疯草内生真菌的遗传规律。本研究对采自青海和内蒙古的小花棘豆、变异黄芪、黄花棘豆、急弯棘豆和甘肃棘豆等疯草样品,分不同部位对疯草内生真菌进行常规分离纯化,结合形态学和分子生物学对所得菌种进行种属鉴定。结果显示,从我国西部草场5种疯草中分离出10种内生真菌,即小双胞腔菌、层出镰刀菌、拟青霉菌、子囊菌、球状茎点霉菌、细链格孢菌、砖红镰刀菌、三线镰刀菌、焦曲霉和褶皱裸孢壳菌,其中镰刀属和青霉属内生真菌为优势菌种,分别占所有菌种分离总数的21．1％和37．3％。结果表明,我国西部疯草中存在多种内生真菌,不同生态环境中的优势菌种存在一定的专一性。     

中国主要疯草内生真菌分离鉴定及其抑菌活性研究

探明中国西部草地主要疯草内生真菌的种类及其分布,并通过内生真菌次生代谢产物抑菌活性筛选,为疯草内生真菌次生代谢产物开发利用提供参考。将采自青海和内蒙古草地的小花棘豆、黄花棘豆、甘肃棘豆、急弯棘豆、兰花棘豆和变异黄芪,运用表面消毒法进行内生真菌分离纯化;采用形态学和结合rDNA-ITS序列分析技术种属鉴定,NJ法构建系统发育树并分析其亲缘关系;以金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠埃希菌和沙门菌为测试菌株,用纸片法进行抑菌活性筛选。结果从中国6种主要疯草中分离获得265株内生真菌,合并得到38株,30株分属12科19属,8株未确定科。其中镰刀菌属、链格孢属和拟青霉属是优势种群,分别占总菌株的16.98%、11.32%和9.81%;系统发育分析显示,38株内生真菌绝大部分具有较高亲缘关系,仅少数亲缘关系偏低,其亲缘关系的远近受疯草种类、部位及生态环境等多种因素的影响;抑菌试验结果表明,38株内生真菌有29株次生代谢产物至少对1种测试病原菌有抑菌活性,占总分离菌株的76.32%,其中有2株次生代谢产物对4种测试病原菌均有较强抑菌作用。中国西部草地疯草含有丰富的内生真菌,不同生态地域的疯草内生真菌分布存在空间差异性,其次生代谢产物中存在丰富的天然抑菌活性物质,可作为筛选抑菌活性物质的新资源。     

苦马豆素与波状芽管蠕孢属内生真菌关系的研究进展

疯草是含有苦马豆素的豆科棘豆属和黄芪属有毒植物的统称,家畜过量采食会发生以神经系统机能紊乱为特征的慢性中毒病。疯草的主要毒性成分为吲哚里西啶生物碱苦马豆素,波状芽管蠕孢属内生真菌在疯草中普遍存在,该属真菌与疯草中苦马豆素产生、含量及疯草毒性关系密切。文章对疯草中的苦马豆素和波状芽管蠕孢属内生真菌之间的关系进行综述,旨在为动物疯草中毒病的防控提供参考。     

产苦马豆素真菌的筛选与鉴定

为探明青海及内蒙古多种疯草类植物及其根际土壤中是否存在产生苦马豆素的真菌,并对其种属进行鉴定,同时测定其苦马豆素产率。本试验拟对采自内蒙古和青海的疯草样品中的内生真菌及根际土壤真菌进行分离;应用薄层色谱和气相色谱法分别检测菌丝及发酵液中苦马豆素含量,筛选可产生苦马豆素的真菌;运用形态学和分子生物学方法对其属种进行鉴定。从青海采集的疯草样品中分离并筛选出2株可产苦马豆素真菌,一株为土壤真菌,一株为内生真菌,分别命名为FS-5和EFG-7;菌丝中苦马豆素含量分别为0.773和0.11 mg.g-1,结合形态学和分子生物学试验结果,确定这2株真菌分别为裂褶菌属真菌和镰孢菌(霉)属三线镰刀菌。结果显示,我国青海疯草及根际土壤中存在可产生苦马豆素的真菌。     

埃里砖格孢属真菌的研究进展及展望

埃里砖格孢属设立于1971年,由于具有重要经济价值的菌种不多,而研究较少。但随着一些重要病原菌和内生真菌在该属中的相继发现,近年来越来越多地受到重视。为便于今后开展相关研究,本研究就其形态学、生物学、生理学、生态学及经济意义等方面的研究进展进行了综述,并对将来可能进行的研究进行了展望。埃里砖格孢属真菌的形态特征与蠕形菌类(长蠕孢属、弯孢菌属、凹脐蠕孢属等)和暗色丝分砖格孢子类真菌(匍柄霉属、密格孢属、假格孢属、顶格孢属、链格孢属和单格孢属等)具有很多相似之处,但分生孢子具有宽而厚的隔膜是其最主要的鉴定依据。目前报道23个种,分布在各式各样的生境下,其中21个种分布在13个科的植物根际、根部或茎叶上,我国有5个种。本属中具有重要经济意义的种有2类,一类为植物病原菌,影响大蒜、风信子等作物产量和品质,或引起沙打旺草地早衰;另一类为疯草内生真菌,增加疯草(Astragalusspp.,Oxytropisspp.)毒性,导致家畜中毒。疯草内生真菌可产生的具有重要医用价值的苦马豆素。分子生物学技术已证明埃里砖格孢具有多态性,与匍柄霉亲缘关系比与假格孢属、链格孢和单格孢的亲缘关系远。控制疯草内生真菌的毒害是畜牧业生产中亟待解决的问题。埃里砖格孢的遗传多样性分析、新种寻找和有性态研究,以及苦马豆素的产生机制等研究将是近期主要的研究方向。     

产苦马豆素疯草内生真菌实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

根据疯草内生真菌苦马豆素合成基因簇中swn K 基因KS 区域设计引物,构建SYGR Green I实时荧光定量PCR检测方法,初步分析黄花棘豆植物样品中内生真菌生物量与苦马豆素含量的关系.结果表明,基于swnK基因KS区域构建的实时荧光定量PCR法特异性较好,灵敏性较高,当真菌起始DNA浓度在0.009?90ng/μ...     

Grazing of spotted locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus) by cattle and horses in Arizona

Spotted locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus var. diphysus) is a toxic, perennial plant that may, if sufficient precipitation occurs, dominate the herbaceous vegetation of pinyon-juniper woodlands on the Colorado Plateau. Six cow/calf pairs and four horses grazed a 20-ha pasture with dense patches of locoweed in eastern Arizona during spring 1998. Locoweed density was 0.7 plants/m2 in the pasture. Locoweed averaged 30.4% NDF and 18.4% CP. Concentrations of the locoweed toxin, swainsonine, fluctuated from 1.25 to 2 mg/g in locoweed. Horses ate more (P < 0.01) bites of locoweed than did cows (15.4 and 5.1% of bites, respectively). Horses generally increased locoweed consumption over time since they ate approximately 5% of bites in the preflower stage compared with 25% of bites in the pod stage. Cattle consumed almost no locoweed (< 1% of bites) until the pod stage, when they increased consumption to 15% of bites. Horses were very avid (approximately 65 to 95% of bites) in selecting the small quantities (approximately 40 to 150 kg/ha) of available green grass, and it appeared that their propensity to eat scarce green forage influenced their locoweed consumption as well. Horses ate relatively little dry grass, even when it was abundant, whereas cattle ate large amounts of dry grass until green grasses became more abundant. Calves began eating locoweed on the same day as their dams and ate approximately 20% of their bites as locoweed. Serum concentrations of swainsonine were higher (P < 0.05) in horses than in cattle (433 vs. 170 ng/mL, respectively). Baseline swainsonine was zero in all animals, but swainsonine was rapidly increased to above 800 ng/mL in serum of horses as they ate locoweed. Horses exhibited depression after eating locoweed for about 2 wk; after 5 wk of exposure, horses became anorectic and behaviorally unstable. Although limited in scope, this study indicates that horses should not be exposed to spotted locoweed.     

宁夏黄花棘豆中产苦马豆素内生真菌的分离及鉴定

对宁夏黄花棘豆中产苦马豆素内生真菌进行分离和鉴定,为进一步研究疯草内生真菌合成苦马豆素的分子调控机理提供菌种和奠定基础。分离并纯化黄花棘豆植物组织中的真菌,采用气相色谱质谱联用法对各菌株菌丝中的苦马豆素进行分析,筛选能产生苦马豆素的内生真菌;紫外线照射和黑暗交替培养诱导内生真菌产孢;提取真菌DNA,扩增和测定真菌甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶（glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase,GPD）、内部转录间隔区（internal transcribed space,ITS）和线粒体核糖体小亚基（mitochondrial small subunit,mt SSU）基因序列,进行同源性比对和遗传进化分析,对其进行种属分类和命名。本研究从宁夏黄花棘豆中共分离到5株真菌,其中菌株NX-FEL001菌丝中含有苦马豆素,经诱导培养,该菌株能产生分生孢子及分生孢子梗等结构;序列同源性和系统发育分析结果表明,该菌株与Undifilum真菌的亲缘关系最近,根据形态结构和分子进化分析结果将菌株NX-FEL001鉴定为Undifilum oxytropis。     

Appearance and disappearance of swainsonine in serum and milk of lactating ruminants with nursing young following a single dose exposure to swainsonine (locoweed; Oxytropis sericea)

A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the elimination of swainsonine in the milk of lactating ruminants following a single dose oral exposure to swainsonine (locoweed; Oxytropis sericea) and to assess subsequent subclinical effects on the mothers and their nursing young. In a preliminary experiment, lactating ewes were gavaged with locoweed providing 0.8 mg swainsonine/kg BW (n = 4; BW = 75.8 +/- 3.6 kg; lactation = d 45) and lactating cows were offered up to 2.0 mg swainsonine/kg BW free choice (n = 16; BW = 389.6 +/- 20.9 kg; lactation = d 90). Serum and milk were collected at h 0 (before treatment), 3, 6, 12, and 24 for ewes, and h 0 (before treatment), 6, 12, 18, and 24 for cows. Swainsonine was highest (P < 0.05) by h 6 in the serum and milk of ewes. Consumption of at least 0.61 mg swainsonine/kg BW induced consistent (> 0.025 microg/mL) appearance of swainsonine in cow serum and milk. In response to the results obtained in the preliminary experiment, a subsequent experiment utilizing lactating ewes (n = 13; BW = 74.8 +/- 6.4 kg; lactation = d 30) and cows (n = 13; BW = 460.8 +/- 51.9 kg; lactation = d 90) was conducted. Each lactating ruminant was gavaged with a locoweed extract to provide 0 (control), 0.2, or 0.8 mg swainsonine/kg BW and individually penned with her nursing young. Serum and milk from the mothers and serum from the nursing young were collected at h 0 (before treatment), 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 and 48 (an additional sample was obtained at h 72 for ewes and lambs). Serum and milk swainsonine was higher (P < 0.05) in the 0.8 mg treated groups and maximal (P < 0.05) concentrations occurred from h 3 to 6 for ewes and h 6 to 12 h for cows (P < 0.05). Rises in alkaline phosphatase activity indicated subclinical toxicity in the treated ewes (P < 0.05). Following a single dose oral exposure to 0.2 and 0.8 mg swainsonine/kg BW provided by a locoweed extract, swainsonine was detected in the serum and milk of lactating ewes and cows, and rises in serum alkaline phosphatase activity were observed in the ewes. Neither swainsonine nor changes in alkaline phosphatase activity was detected in the serum of the lambs and calves nursing the ewes and cows dosed with swainsonine.     

苦马豆素的来源及分离方法进展

苦马豆素(SW)是疯草的主要毒性成分,研究表明它具有明显的抗肿瘤活性。目前,SW作为一种崭新的抗癌药物倍受关注其实验室分离技术已取得很大进展,并已通过索氏抽提、柱层析、离子交换层析、高效液相色谱、萃取等方法分别从苦马豆属、棘豆属、黄芪属的多种植物及豆类丝核菌中分离出了SW。文章对SW来源和的分离进行了综述。     

Effects of locoweed on serum swainsonine and selected serum constituents in sheep during acute and subacute oral/intraruminal exposure

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of acute and subacute locoweed exposure on serum swainsonine concentrations and selected serum constituents in sheep. Thirteen mixed-breed wethers (BW = 47.5 +/- 9.3 kg) were assigned randomly to 0.2, 0.4, or 0.8 mg of swainsonine x kg BW(-1) x d(-1) treatments. During acute (24 h) and subacute (19 d) exposure, serum swainsonine was detected in all treatments and was greatest (P < 0.03) in the 0.8 mg treatment. Serum alkaline phosphate (ALK-P) activity was increased (P < 0.01) for the 0.8 mg treatment compared with baseline (0 h) by 7 h and continued to increase throughout the initial 22 h following acute exposure to locoweed. A linear increase (P < 0.01) in serum ALK-P activity was noted, with the rate being 3.00 +/- 0.56 U x L(-1) x h(-1). Serum ALK-P activity was increased (P < 0.05) across treatments on d 7 over d -19, -12, 0, 1, 21, and 26; on d 14 over d -19, -12, 0, and 26; and on d 19 over d -19, -12, 0, 1, 21, and 26. By d 20, approximately 48 h after last exposure to swainsonine, serum ALK-P activities were no longer different (P = 0.13) than baseline (d -19, -12, and 0), and by d 26 values had generally returned to baseline. No linear (P = 0.98), quadratic (P = 0.63), or cubic effects of swainsonine with time from exposure were noted for serum aspartate aminotransferase. Similar to serum ALK-P activities, serum aspartate aminotransferase activities were increased (P < 0.05) across treatment levels on d 7, 14, 19, 20, 21, and 26 over those on d -19, -12, 0, and 1. Total serum Fe was decreased (P < 0.05) within the initial 22 h following the swainsonine exposure. On d 21 (48 h after swainsonine feeding ended), serum Fe increased to 472 mg/L. Concentrations of ceruloplasmin were lower (P < 0.10) on d 14 and 19 following exposure to locoweed. Recovery of ceruloplasmin levels coincided with similar changes in serum Fe. There was a linear (slope = 0.33 mg x dL(-1) x d(-1); P < 0.01) effect with time of exposure to locoweed (i.e., swainsonine) on serum triglyceride concentrations. Rapid changes in serum ALK-P and Fe concentrations without parallel changes in other damage markers indicate that acute exposure to swainsonine induces metabolic changes that may impair animal production and health before events of cytotoxicity thought to induce clinical manifestation of locoism.