渭河流域陕西段典型水库鱼产力及鲢、鳙放养量估算

于2014年6-8月对渭河流域陕西段4座水库的浮游生物和初级生产力进行了调查,根据调查结果测算了各个水库的鱼产力和鲢鳙放养量。结果显示,4座水库浮游植物种类共鉴定出8门40种属,密度为12.00×10~4~132.50×10~4个/L,生物量为0.394 4~2.767 0mg/L;浮游动物的密度为50~2 180个/L,生物量为0.205 7~1.852 0mg/L;初级生产力(水柱平均日毛生产量)为0.405 3~2.206 5mg(O_2)/(m~2·d)。基于浮游生物的鱼产力为鲢鱼32.55~230.70kg/hm~2,鳙鱼46.28~231.60kg/hm~2;基于初级生产力计算的鲢鱼产力为26.23~142.28kg/hm~2,鳙鱼为14.75~80.31kg/hm~2。各个水库鲢鳙的合理放养量分别为98.13~621.63kg/hm~2、48.83~249.54kg/hm~2。     

关门山水库鱼产力及合理利用途径的研究

1994年5月到10月和1996年5月到10月对关门山水库进行了鱼产力的调查。水库的饵料生物量分别是：浮游植物3．23mg/L;浮游动物0．95mg/L;水生高等植物450g/m2水生底栖动物40,3g/m2。水库的鱼产力为217．29kg/hm2,其中浮游植物鱼产力129kg/hm;浮游动物鱼产力58．2kg/hm2;水生植物鱼产力18kg/hm2;底栖动物鱼产力12．09kg／hm2。毛初级生产量48．01卡／m2·日;净初级生产量11．79卡／m2·日。合理利用途径是：充分利用水域自然饵料和优越的水质条件,突出本地区冷水鱼类的优势,以养为主,增殖、养殖捕捞相结合,提高鱼产量,增加经济效益,以达到合理利用水域资源形成高产、高效的良性循环。     

星海湖水生生物群落结构及鱼产力评估

为探明星海湖水生生物种群结构和水体鱼产力,于2016年4月—2017年1月调查分析星海湖水生生物密度、生物量季节变化,并依此估算水体鱼产力。结果显示:星海湖浮游植物73种,隶属于7门58属,秋季种类数最多,冬季最少,夏季浮游植物密度最高,蓝藻占绝对优势,冬季密度最低,绿藻占优势;浮游动物31种,其中轮虫18种,枝角类10种,桡足类3种,春季出现的种类最多,冬季最少,夏季密度和生物量最高,冬季较低;底栖动物共25种,隶属3门4纲16科,昆虫纲种类最多共9种,夏季密度最高,冬季最低,生物量秋季最高,冬季最低;水生维管束植物33种,分别隶属于23科,夏季密度最高,冬季最低,生物量夏季最高,冬季最低。研究表明:星海湖每年浮游生物及外源性食物可提供的理论鲢、鳙鱼产力为194.48 kg/hm~2,底栖及甲壳动物可提供的杂食性鱼产力为32.29 kg/hm~2,水生植物提供草食性鱼产力为291.5 g/hm~2;星海湖鲢、鳙、杂食性鱼类和草食性鱼类的合理放养量分别为149、131、32.2和0.8 kg/hm~2。     

孟家段水库饵料植物与鲢、草鱼鱼产力

报道子孟家段水库铒料植资源状况，并据此推算了植食性鱼鲢、草鱼的鱼产力。该水库鲢平均鱼产力为85kg/hm^2，草鱼仅在下库形成产量，鱼产力为57kg/hm^2。     

6个不同特点水库鲢鳙鱼产力的估算

调查了解6个不同特点水库鲢鳙鱼产力,为鲢鳙养殖规划提供理论依据.通过对南湖水库、马岗水库、蒙山水库、燕窝水库、乌泥塘水库、钟陵水库浮游生物现存量的检测,应用公式计算每个水库鲢鳙鱼产力.南湖水库、马岗水库、蒙山水库、燕窝水库、乌泥塘水库、钟陵水库鲢鳙鱼产力分别为:鲢39.69 kg/hm2、64.64 kg/hm2、87...     

官厅水库渔业水质的水化学评价及鱼产力的研究

通过对官厅水库渔业水质的水化学调查和浮游植物初级生产力的测定,表明该库为富营养型水库,水质呈弱碱性中等软水,氮的含量丰富,磷元素相对不足,为初级生产限制因子,鲢、鳙鱼产力在303 kg/公顷以上。水库中丰富的饵料资源没有得到充分利用,对今后水库的鱼产力及合理放养进行了初探并提出了积极建议。     

杂交鳢池塘生态混养技术

为提高杂交鳢的养殖产量和效益。在杂交鳢养殖塘中混养了规格50g的鲫鱼6 000尾/hm~2和规格70g的鳙鱼600尾/hm~2,水面种植少量水葫芦,经过8个多月的养殖,4口鱼塘杂交鳢成活率均在76%以上,平均单产61 140kg/hm~2最高64 695kg/hm~2。结果表明,杂交鳢池塘生态混养技术可以获得理想的产量。     

西泉眼水库浮游生物群落及鲢鳙鱼产力的估算

哈尔滨市西泉眼水库为新建水库,1997年5～9月对其浮游生物状况进行了初步调查。调查结果表明:西泉眼水库浮游植物和浮游动物的平均生物量分别为21.38mg/l和4.95mg/l,属超富营养型水体。据初步估计,浮游生物及细菌、腐屑等可提供的鲢、鳙鱼产力的为1358.62kg/hm~2。此外,本文还讨论了该水库的渔业利用问题。     

桃林口水库鱼产力评价

根据桃林口水库浮游植物、浮游动物、底栖动物、着生藻类、水生维管束植物等鱼类基础饵料生物平均生物量和有机碎屑有机碳平均含量计算得出桃林口水库鱼产力为1 377.82t,单位鱼产力为55.11t/km2。桃林口水库鱼产力高有水库新建、鱼种无法自然繁殖、渔业管理无序和鱼种投放不足四方面原因。     

坤龙水库浮游生物调查及鱼产力分析

共检出浮游植物8门43属,生物量为20.57 mg/L。浮游动物生物总量为19.48 mg/L,大型浮游动物中晶囊轮虫和剑水溞为优势种类。水库总鱼产力1 098.73 kg/hm2。属富营养型水库,库水营养盐丰富,有利于浮游生物的生长繁殖。提出了持续发展水库渔业的对策。     

基因重组草鱼生长激素(r-gGH)对草鱼鱼种生长的促进作用

家蚕多角体病毒表达系统在家蚕体内表达基因重组的草鱼生长激素(r-gGH)，具有与天然草鱼生长激素(GH)相似的免疫原性和生物活性。为了节省基因工程研究中的下游工作 (基因产物的分离和提纯)，本研究将含有r-gGH的家蚕直接作为饵料源，冻干并磨碎后拌在饵料中投喂草鱼鱼种，通过养殖实验及生化测定分析对比r-gGH促进草鱼鱼种生长的剂量依存关系，筛选活性强的处理剂量和处理时间，期望为鱼类养殖生产提供一种较为经济、来源容易、方法简易而又切实可行的促进鱼种生长并且可以大规模应用的方式。实验结果表明，投喂含有r-gGH的家蚕，有相当一部分被鱼体消化道吸收，进入血液循环。投喂2 h和6 h 后，草鱼鱼种的血清GH水平均显著高于对照组(投喂基本饲料)和投喂正常家蚕组；每天投喂和隔2天投喂，均使草鱼鱼种的血清GH水平显著升高，并对草鱼鱼种生长都有明显的促进作用。短期(3 d)和长期(42 d)投喂含有r-gGH 的家蚕，无论是低剂量(10 mg·g^-1饲料)还是高剂量(20 mg·g^-1饲料)，均极其显著地提高草鱼鱼种的血清GH水平；长期(42 d)投喂亦对草鱼鱼种的生长有显著的促进作用，鱼体的相对体重增长率、相对体长增长率、食物转化率和肥满度显著增加。     

草鱼、银鲫和青鱼捕捞后的应激反应

分别评价了捕捞对草食性(草鱼)、杂食性(银鲫)和肉食性(青鱼)鲤科鱼类血液指标(血浆史质醇、葡萄糖和乳酸浓度)、肝糖原含量和两种肝脏糖酵解酶(己糖激酶和丙酮酸激酶)活性的影响。结果显示:草鱼、银鲫和青鱼捕捞后血浆史质醇、葡萄糖和乳酸浓度均显著升高;草鱼和青鱼捕捞后2 h时肝糖原含量呈下降趋势,但银鲫捕捞前、后肝糖原含量未出现显著变化;捕捞前、后青鱼血糖浓度显著高于草鱼和银鲫。银鲫肝糖原含量显著高于草鱼和青鱼,其捕捞后血浆葡萄糖和乳酸浓度增加幅度较小,这意味着捕捞后银鲫应激反应强度相对较低。草鱼和银鲫捕捞后肝脏己糖激酶和丙酮酸激酶活性未发生显著变化,青鱼捕捞后2 h己糖激酶活性显著下降,这意味着捕捞应激后血糖升高未导致草鱼、银鲫和青鱼的肝脏糖酵解酶活性增强。     

鲢微卫星标记研制及其在鲢和鳙遗传多样性研究中的应用

鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)和鳙(Aristichys nobilis)是中国特有的四大家鱼中2个重要成员,主要分布于黑龙江、长江和珠江水系.传统人工养殖依靠天然鱼苗.但是,人口增长和人类经济活动加剧使其天然产卵和孵化场消失或遭到破坏.人工育苗技术虽然解决了鱼苗供应问题,但由于遗传资源管理和使用方法的不完善,使两种鱼的生长表现、抗病抗逆性和遗传多样性等都有明显的降低.另外,因洪水导致的养殖个体逃逸也使天然群体的遗传多样性受到干扰.近年来,比较大规模的人工鱼苗放流实践也加剧了对天然群体遗传多样性的扰动.对这些问题的深入研究迫切需要一套适用的分子标记.为评价鲢和鳙的遗传多样性、确定它们的遗传分化和地理分化、科学合理地管理和开发利用遗传资源,本研究构建了富集GT微卫星序列的基因组短片段文库.随机选择并测序的97个克隆中有87个含有微卫星序列.根据其中的21条序列,设计了22对微卫星标记引物并用来分析了在长江荆州段捕获的32尾野生鲢和7尾野生鳙的遗传多样性.所有标记引物在两种鱼中通用.在全部样品中共发现129个等位基因.每位点等位基因数在3～10个,平均5.9个.不同标记揭示的遗传多样性指数在0.33～2.00,平均1.22.由于使用的鱼个体数少,如鳙,只有7个个体,样品也只来源于长江荆州江段.本研究无法基于两种鱼的天然分布,对两种鱼的遗传分化、地理种群多样性比较、养殖群体和天然群体差异等问题进行深入分析.但是,这组标记的研制将有助于这2个中国特有经济鱼种的遗传多样性分析、遗传资源的管理及开发利用等相关研究.本研究中,微卫星DNA标记的研制使用了固定有微卫星核心序列的磁珠.这样的磁珠与两端接有已知序列的DNA片段杂交能富集出含有微卫星核心序列的片段.通过扩增和连接转化,可方便地获得大量含微卫星核心序列的片段.与已有的方法不同的是,本研究用AFLP方法的某些步骤使片段两端加上已知引物序列,方便易行.迄今,这两种鱼还没有微卫星标记连锁图谱.构建这样的图谱是本项目研究的长远目标.     

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) grazing on duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza)

The aims of this experiment were (1) toquantify the ability of grass carp to processduckweed and (2) to assess indirect changes inwater chemistry and phytoplankton community,caused by grass carp feeding. Yearling grass carp sized 126 ± 7.7 mm (TL) and19.6 g in weight were kept in 9 laminate tanksof 1 m³ for 14 days. Two stockingdensities (2 and 6 fish per m³) anda control without fish were used. Standard growthrate (SGR) of grass carp fed exclusively onduckweed was 0.70% body weight (BW) d^–1and food conversion ratio (FCR) reached 2.0(average water temperature =21.1 ± 3.8 °C). Daily food intakewas 0.2 g of duckweed dry weight (DW), i.e.,1% of average BW of grass carp. SGR ofduckweed growing in 20 × 20 cm floatingenclosures, differed significantly[F(6,2) = 417.9; p = 0.002] between the twostocking densities of grass carp and thecontrol tanks (without fish). Mean SGR ofduckweed was 0.02 g g^–1 day^–1 and thehighest SGR was recorded in the control tanks.Both decrease in NH₄-N and increase inNO₂-N concentrations differedsignificantly between the treatments[F(2,2) = 45.3; p = 0.02 and F(2,2) = 19.2; p = 0.04 respectively]. Changes in other nitrogenand phosphorus components (NO₃-N, TN, TPand PO₄-P) caused by stocking of grasscarp were not significant. Biomass ofphytoplankton, dominated by filamentous algaeand blue-greens, increased proportionately tostocking density of grass carp. Althoughduckweed has a large potential for nutrientremoval, the most common pathway for thenutrients released through grass carp grazingif duckweed cover is loose is theirincorporation into phytoplankton biomass.     

RAPD and microsatellite analysis of diploid gynogens from allotetraploid hybrids of red crucian carp (Carassius auratus)×common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Genetic variation was comparatively analyzed between the artificially induced diploid gynogen population from F₁₀ allotetraploid hybrids of red crucian carp (♀) (Carassius auratus red var., 2n=100)×common carp (♂) (Cyprinus carpio L., 2n=100) and the normal F₁₀ allotetraploid hybrid population used as the control, using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay and microsatellite analysis. The specific 600-bp fragment for diploid gynogen population was detected by S45 and the specific 900-bp fragment for allotetraploid F₁₀ hybrid population was detected by S134. The results from RAPD assay and microsatellite analysis were in agreement with each other, that is to say, the diploid gynogens presented lower level of polymorphism than allotetraploid F₁₀ hybrids. Furthermore, as expected, microsatellite analysis revealed more detailed information on genetic diversity than RAPD assay. The mean percentage of polymorphic loci (12.71%) and Shannon's index of phenotypic diversity (0.25) from RAPD data for diploid gynogen population were significantly lower than those (30.69% and 0.63, respectively) for F₁₀ allotetraploid hybrid population. The mean number of alleles per microsatellite locus (1.73) in diploid gynogen population was considerably lower than that (2.55) in F₁₀ allotetraploid hybrid population. The average observed (0.36) and expected heterozygosity (0.26) in diploid gynogen population were lower than those (0.58 and 0.40, respectively) in F₁₀ allotetraploid hybrid population, indicating that the diploid gynogens presented lower genetic diversity than the allotetraploids. In addition, the mean effective number of alleles at 11 microsatellite loci (1.60) in diploid gynogen population was lower than that (1.88) in F₁₀ allotetraploid hybrid population. The significant differences between two populations in the average observed and expected heterozygosity, mean number of alleles and effective number of alleles, suggested that the effect of gynogenesis resulted in rather higher genetic homogeneity in diploid gynogens. The comparative RAPD analysis of diploid gynogens and their parents was performed with 34 primers. The identical RAPD pattern was detected between diploid gynogens and their female parent, however, some clear specific RAPD bands were detected between diploid gynogens and their male parents, but not detected in their female parent. The result indicated that heterologous genetic material had incorporated into diploid gynogenetic fish (G₁).     

黄金鲫血液生化指标的初探

实验测定了黄金鲫血清中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、碱性磷酸酶（AKP）、酸性磷酸酶（ACP）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、总胆红素（T －Bil）、直接胆红素（D－Bil）。结果显示：黄金鲫血清中丙二醛含量为（4．68±1．20）nmol／mL ,血清碱性磷酸酶（24．54±0．485）nmol／L ,血清酸性磷酸酶（1．40±0．138）U／L ,血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶（4．36±1．51）U／L ,血清天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（45．39±29．29）U／L ,血清总胆红素（7．19±3．54）nmol／L ,血清直接胆红素（3．23±1．90） nmol／L ,血清超氧化物歧化酶（82．57±1．69）U／L ,血清过氧化氢酶（10．28±3．62）U／mL。     

Constitutive nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activities in big-head carp (Aristichthys nobilis)

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of nitric oxide (NO), an important biological messenger from L-arginine. There are considerable evidence showing the expression of NOS in mammalian tissues. Information on distribution of NOS activities in various organs and tissues of fish is rare. Non-functional NOS activities were documented in fish semi-quantitatively either by an indirect nicotine-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) activity histochemical staining method or by an immunohistochemical method using a cross-reacting antibody to brain NOS. Report on the functional levels of NOS activities in fish is lacking. This report represent the first attempt to document the functional NOS levels in various fish organs and tissues. Constitutive NOS (cNOS) activities in various organs of big-head carp (Aristichthys nobilis) was measured by a chemiluminescence method with a detection limit as low as 10 mol of NO produced. It was found that constitutive NOS activity was highest in the brain, followed by the intestine, stomach, retina, olfactory lobe, swim bladder, skeletal muscle, heart, kidney, ovary and liver. NOS activity could not be detected in the gill filaments. Omission of NADPH in the reaction mixture caused a 57–100% decrease in cNOS activities. However, omission of arginine in the mixture only caused a 56–87% drop in cNOS activities. When compared with cNOS activities documented from other species, a similar pattern of cNOS activities in the various organs and tissues of big-head carp could be seen.     

二、三倍体乌克兰鳞鲤染色体核型分析

以二、三倍体乌克兰鳞鲤为材料,采用植物血球凝集素(PHA)体内注射,肾组织细胞短期培养,常规空气干燥法制备染色体.其核型分析结果:二倍体乌克兰鳞鲤染色体2n=100核型公式为:26m+30sm+30st+14t,染色体臂数NF=156;三倍体乌克兰鳞鲤染色体的核型公式为3n=150=39m+45sm+45st+21t,染色体臂数NF=234,二、三倍体染色体数之比为1:1.5.二倍体核型与已报道的鲤鱼染色体核型相似.未发现性染色体.