云南省农民农药使用行为及安全用药措施调查与分析

通过一对一的问卷调查方式,对云南各地区农民用药行为及用药安全、用药措施等情况进行了调查,对比了云南省不同地区农民农药使用行为及安全用药现状。调查结果表明,培训前农民选购农药信息来源不规范、不采取施药防护措施、农药不单独存放等12项不符合安全用药行为或意识的人数占被调查人数的比率分别为临沧地区(68.3%)大理地区(68.2%)楚雄地区(67.1%)文山地区(55.5%)昆明地区(51.2%);培训后各地区不符合12项安全用药行为或意识有改善,结果为:昆明地区(48.8%)文山地区(44.5%)楚雄地区(32.9%)大理地区(31.8%)临沧地区(31.6%)。文化程度差异是导致各地区农民频频出现不符合安全用药行为和养成这些行为意识的重要原因;加强安全用药培训和规范用药的宣传力度,有助于农民的安全用药行为趋于规范,安全用药意识的提高和保护农民的人身安全。     

农民使用农药调查与分析

故城县耕地5.6万hm2,常年粮食种植面积5.3万hm2(含复种)左右,粮食主要品种是小麦、玉米等.每年防治病虫害用药产品200余种,农药使用量300余吨.为摸清新时期农民防治粮食作物农药使用现状,促进农民用药水平提高,2007年对农民用药情况进行了调查,为指导农民科学用药创造条件.     

我国农药减量控害技术的现状及展望

利用病虫草害专业化统防统治的组织形式,将农药减施增效的科学使用及绿色防控技术集成融合,形成技术模式进行示范推广,是目前农药减量控害行动所取得的阶段性成果。加强精准施药技术的研究,加强对农民的科学用药意识的培训,强化对安全用药行为的监管,是实现农药使用量零增长的有效举措。     

推进我国安全科学合理用药的工作实践

我国是农作物病虫发生较为严重的国家,也是农药生产与使用大国。针对生产上一家一户施药,农民缺乏培训,存在盲目用药、不当用药等问题,提出了推进安全科学用药,必须抓好培训这个基础和关键。2001年以来,全国农技中心与先正达公司合作,在全国持续开展大规模安全科学用药培训,增强了农民安全科学用药意识,改变了不合理用药习惯,降低了生产成本,减少了中毒事故,促进了无公害农产品生产的发展。通过总结抓好安全科学用药培训的经验,提出了打造安全科学用药升级版的建议。     

徐州地区水稻施药误区及应对策略

将农民在生产中存在草率用药、喷药粗放等弊端进行了系统总结,并提出了适期用药、对症下药等应对策略,为指导生产服务。     

当前农村农药使用现状调查——以河北省灵寿县为例

对农民用药、购药、施药操作、安全使用农药常识情况等方面的调查显示,当前农村农药使用中存在诸多问题.在防治病虫草害中,应当慎用化学药剂,提高用药水平;加强新技术、新产品的宣传和对农民的培训;正确选药,科学安全用药;加强农药管理,落实专项资金.控制农药污染.     

县域农药管理存在的问题和对策

农药管理是依据《农药管理条例》及其相关法律法规对农药的生产、销售、使用进行规范,对其质量进行有效的监管,对科学用药进行引导,对不法生产、经营、使用行为进行打击,确保农业生产安全,保护生态环境,使农民增收,农业增效,促进农业生产可持续发展。1我区农药管理现状我区农药     

组合用药防治水稻大田主要病虫试验研究

近年来随着农业种植结构、耕作制度、气候等因素的变化,水稻病虫害在荆州市为害程度显著加重,呈逐年上升趋势.长期以来,农民在防治病虫害上普遍存在选择农药品种不科学、用药时间不合理、用药剂量不准确,导致了稻飞虱、稻纵卷叶螟、二化螟、纹枯病等病虫害抗性不断增加,使得农民收益下降.     

农村农药使用现状的调查

农药是一种特殊的抗灾商品,也是重要的农业生产资料。对农民用药购药基本情况、施药操作情况、安全使用农药常识情况等方面的调查显示,当前农村的农药使用中存在着诸多问题。因此,应当综合防治病虫草害,科学用药,提高用药水平;要加强新技术、新产品的宣传和对农民的培训;要正确选药,科学安全用药;要加强农药管理,落实专项资金,控制农药污染。     

水稻病虫害综合示范试验

该示范试验旨在探讨先正达喷施方案用药与农民常规用药对水稻不同时期病虫害防治效果,得出先正达喷施方案用药的合理性,从中找出最佳施药时期、施药次数和施药效果,达到减少用药次数、降低防治成本、提高防治效果的目的。     

Economic Conflicts in Plant Protection: Individual Versus Social Decisions1

We are becoming increasingly aware of the unintended harm caused by the use of chemical pesticides to man, crops, livestock, and the environment. The major side-effects of pesticides are ecosystem disruption, increasing pest resistance and environmental pollution. Market structure (prices) does not include these effects and, for this reason, the individual farmer has no incentive to consider them in his pest control decisions. This leads to conflicting economic interests between the individual farmer who uses excessive pesticides to maximize profits, and society, which considers environmental quality and other external effects as part of the costs of pesticides, and thus desires lower levels of pesticides. A case study of resistance to pesticides by the Egyptian alfalfa weevil shows that the farmers' pest control decisions lead to faster development of resistance than would be deemed desirable by the society. Economic analysis of the costs of resistance serves as the basis for estimating needed investment in new pest control means, of which the most desirable ones are environmentally neutral: some form of biological control and/or host-plant resistance.     

农药在植物中的内吸和传导行为与施药技术研究进展

农药的施用方式和施用效果与其在植物中的内吸和传导行为密切相关。农药在植物表面和内部的内吸和传导行为,不仅与其自身理化性质有关,还受植物种类、生长期、生长条件及施药方式等因素的影响。研究农药在植物体内的内吸和传导行为及其影响因素,对于选择合适的施药技术及提高农药利用率具有重要的指导意义。本文综述了农药在植物体内的内吸和传导行为、传导方式与施药技术的关系以及影响农药内吸和传导行为的因素,并提出改善农药内吸和传导行为的措施,以期为农药的安全合理施用提供一定的理论支撑。     

Responding to Economic Crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa: New Farmer-Developed Pest Management Strategies in Cocoa-Based Plantations in Southern Cameroon

Cocoa is a key or source of income and poverty reduction in the humid forest of Southern Cameroon. Cameroon like other African countries went through a major economic crisis in the early 1980s with a decline in international commodity prices and significant changes in macroeconomic policies. Structural adjustment reforms following the economic crisis led to removal of fertilizers and pesticides subsidies, cocoa price liberalization and the overall withdraw of Government interventions from the cocoa sub-sector. Cocoa input price increases have been compounded by the devaluation of the CFA Franc, which doubled the prices of the imported pesticides which were considered key to the control of cocoa pests. This overall economic shock led to changes in cocoa producer's production decisions as a response to minimize cost. Among the changes the use of alternatives to imported chemicals for cocoa pest control. Farmers responded to the high prices of pesticides by developing, from local botanical knowledge and pest management strategies, which include plant extracts and plant extracts mixed with pesticides at different proportions. This is a major decision given the importance of imported chemical in the cost of production of cocoa. Valuable indigenous knowledge from farmers could be used also as an effective support system for communicating and diffusing modern knowledge and technologies to farmers. The paper describes the farmer knowledge-based alternatives to chemical pesticides for pest control in cocoa fields as a response to high pest control costs. Pest management specialists are urged to take advantage of this shift in practice and assess their effectiveness for further use. Two sets of questions are posed: (1) were the conventional insecticides, with all their problems, really necessary? and (2) are the materials derived from locally grown plants effective pest management agents or are they, in some way, placebos?     

Fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)] damage in maize: management options for flood-recession cropping smallholder farmers

Abstract

We determined fall armyworm abundance, infestation and damage on maize in smallholder farmers’ fields in the Zambezi Valley in northern Zimbabwe. Data were collected through field measurements at four sites and interviews with 101 farmers. Fall armyworm abundance ranged from 13.7 to 33.3 larvae per 30 plants, with infestation exceeding 94% and leaf, silk and tassel damage levels ranging between 25 and 50%. Most larvae on maize plants (P?<?0.05) were at instar stages 2 to 3. Estimated grain yield decrease was 58%. Echinochloa colona and Amaranthus spp. were also damaged by fall armyworm. Farmers experimented with 28 combinations of pesticides, ash, and washing powders. Sixty five percent of the farmers used restricted to highly restricted pesticides. High fall armyworm abundance, infestation and maize damage levels suggest that the Zambezi Valley could become a fall armyworm hotspot. Sequential damage of plant parts signified the persistence of this pest in the study area. We recommend large-scale interventions that include chemical and biological control methods as well as destroying ratoon hosts, publishing information about locally available pesticides for the control of fall armyworm, and farmer training on fall armyworm biology and correct use of pesticides.     

以农药减量控害助力农业绿色发展

本文从历史、农民和市场等三个维度分析了我国农药过量使用产生的原因,指出农药减量控害的必要性和重要意义,分析了农药减量控害的可行性,提出了"底线思维、系统思维、创新思维"工作思路以及通过替代化学防控、调整优化农药产品结构、集成绿色防控技术、转变防控方式、构建农产品优质优价机制等路径实施农药减量控害的建议。     

Use of models to assess the reduction in contamination of water bodies by agricultural pesticides through the implementation of policy instruments: A case study of the Voluntary Initiative in the UK

Through normal agricultural use, pesticides may reach environmental water bodies via several routes of entry. Various policies and initiatives exist to reduce the effects of pesticides in the environment. One such initiative in place in the UK is the Voluntary Initiative (VI). The VI is a voluntary scheme put forward by the Crop Protection Association with other crop protection and farming organisations to reduce the environmental impacts of pesticides. Mathematical models of pesticide fate can usefully be applied to examine the impact of factors influencing the contamination of water bodies by pesticides. The work reported here used water quality models to examine how changes in farmer behaviour could potentially impact pesticide contamination of environmental water bodies. As far as possible, uncalibrated, standard regulatory models were used. Where suitable models were not available, simple models were defined for the purposes of the study and calibrated using literature data. Scenarios were developed to represent different standards of practice with respect to pesticide user behaviour. The development of these scenarios was guided by the Crop Protection Management Plan (CPMP) aspect of the VI. A framework for the use of modelling in the evaluation of the VI is proposed. The results of the modelling study suggest that, in several areas, widespread adoption of the measures proposed in the VI could lead to reductions in pesticide contamination of environmental water bodies. These areas include pesticide contamination from farmyards, spray drift and field runoff. In other areas (including pesticide leaching to groundwater and contamination of surface water from field drains) the benefits that may potentially be gained from the VI are less clear. A framework to evaluate the VI should take into consideration the following aspects: (1) groundwater is more at risk when there is a combination of leachable compounds, vulnerable soils, shallow groundwater and high product usage; (2) surface water contamination from drains is most likely when heavy rain falls soon after application, the soils are vulnerable and product usage is high; (3) surface water contamination from drift is most likely when the distance between the spray boom and water body is small and product usage is high; (4) surface water contamination from farmyards is dependent on the nature of the farmyard surface, the competence of the spray operator and the level of product usage. Any policy or initiative to reduce pesticide contamination should be measured against farmer behaviour in these areas.     

Jointness in farmers' decision to apply pesticides in multiple crops and its determinants at the farm level in Bangladesh

Decision about pesticide application for pest control is an issue of major concern, but research on factors affecting decision-making is limited. This study investigates jointness in farmers' decision to apply pesticides in multiple crops and socio-economic determinants of pesticide use across crops using a survey of 2083 farms from 17 districts in Bangladesh applying a multivariate Tobit model. Overall, 75.4% and 12.7% of the farmers applied pesticides in one and two crops, respectively. The decision to apply pesticides in multiple crops was found to be negatively correlated, providing evidence of jointness. Also, individual socio-economic factors exerted variable influences on pesticide use in different crops. Output price significantly increases pesticide use whereas the influence of fertilizer price and labour wage is varied. Educated farmers use significantly more pesticides in rice and oilseed. Marginal and small farmers use significantly less pesticides in wheat/maize and pulse. Policy implications include price policies to reduce fertilizer prices and engaging agricultural extension agencies and non-governmental organizations to disseminate information on specific crop combinations which will synergistically reduce pesticide use.     

水稻大螟施药技术的探讨

水稻大螟药剂防治协作研究的结果表明,杀虫双防治二代枯心,适宜在卵孵高峰后5d施药,防治三代白穗应在水稻破口5%～10%时施药。施药方法,以手动喷雾和泼浇的效果最好,施药时要适当加大用水量,田间应保持水层。     

三种有机磷农药在双孢蘑菇及其栽培基质中的残留动态

为明确二嗪磷、毒死蜱和辛硫磷3种有机磷农药在双孢蘑菇栽培过程中的残留动态规律，采用在工厂化双孢蘑菇栽培基质 (覆土和培养料) 中拌料施药的方式，开展了田间试验，运用QuEChERS净化前处理技术结合UPLC-MS/MS分析，检测了3种农药在双孢蘑菇子实体和栽培基质中的残留动态。结果表明:建立的双孢蘑菇子实体、覆土和培养料3种基质中3种有机磷农药的液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法，经验证，在二嗪磷分别以0.000 3、0.003、0.1 mg/kg为添加水平，毒死蜱和辛硫磷分别以0.000 6、0.006、0.1 mg/kg为添加水平下，3种有机磷农药在双孢蘑菇、覆土和培养料3种基质中的平均回收率为76%~108%，相对标准偏差为2.2%~13%。检出限分别为:二嗪磷0.000 1 mg/kg、毒死蜱和辛硫磷均为0.000 2 mg/kg，定量限分别为:二嗪磷0.000 3 mg/kg、毒死蜱0.0006 mg/kg和辛硫磷0.000 6 mg/kg。在2 和10 mg/kg两个施药水平下，二嗪磷、毒死蜱和辛硫磷在双孢蘑菇栽培基质中的消解规律均符合一级反应动力学方程，在培养料中的消解半衰期分别为5.2、10.6、13.6 d和5.6、11.4、12.3 d；在覆土中的消解半衰期分别为25.9、41.7、27.2 d和41.7、48.1、36.8 d，且在培养料中的消解快于在覆土中的。在施药剂量不超过10 mg/kg的条件下，在双孢蘑菇子实体中毒死蜱残留量最高，为0.014 mg/kg，超过了欧盟规定的最大残留限量(MRL)标准，其余均低于现行日本、欧盟和美国规定的MRL值。     

克百威、乐果在陆生微宇宙土芯中的降解和淋溶研究

通过陆生微宇宙土芯淋溶试验研究克百威、乐果在常州水稻土和海安高砂土2种土壤中的降解和淋溶特性。结果表明:在整个实验周期,克百威、乐果在高砂土、水稻土不同土层中的含量依次为0~1010~3030~60cm;施药后2h淋溶,2种农药在水样中的检出浓度均较高;就2种农药对比而言,乐果在淋溶水样中浓度降低较为迅速,14d时淋溶水样中就未检出,而克百威在14d时仍有检出。受试农药的理化性质、降解特性及受试土壤的理化性等因素能很好地诠释试验结果。研究一方面可为这2种农药的科学使用提供参考,另一方面,为陆生微宇宙系统的开发、应用提供借鉴。