乌鸡小脑的解剖学及神经肽Y神经元分布的研究

为了探明乌鸡小脑的形态结构及其细胞构筑和神经肽Y免疫反应神经元在小脑内的分布情况 ,采用石蜡切片HE染色和免疫组化SABC染色技术 ,对 1 0只泰和乌鸡的小脑进行了研究 ,并与北京鸭、肉鸽、本地鸡及非洲鸵鸟等禽类的相关结构进行了比较。结果表明 :①泰和乌鸡小脑皮质分 3层 ,由外至内依次为分子层、蒲肯野氏细胞层和颗粒层 ;②小脑分 1 0叶 ,Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅹ为单叶 ,其余都有2个～ 3个小叶 ;③小脑中央核的神经元数量稀少 ;④神经肽Y免疫阳性神经元主要存在小脑皮质的蒲肯野氏细胞层 ,分子层、颗粒层 ,在小脑中央核未见阳性反应细胞 ;⑤泰和乌鸡小脑的形态结构及其细胞构筑与其它家禽相似 ;⑥小脑内NPY阳性神经元在蒲肯野氏细胞层的分布与鸡、肉鸽、大鼠的大体相似 ,在小脑白质内与肉鸽的有一定差异     

神经肽Y免疫阳性神经元在江汉鸡延髓内的分布

为了探明江汉鸡延髓内神经肽Y（neuropeptide Y，NPY）免疫反应神经元的分布状况，采用石蜡切片和免疫组织化学链霉亲合素-生物素-过氧化物酶复合法（SABC法），对10羽江汉鸡的延髓进行了研究，并与北京鸭、乌鸡、肉鸡及大鼠的相关研究结果进行了比较。在光镜下观察分析了阳性神经元的分布状况，并用图像分析系统进行半定量分析。免疫组织化学染色结果显示，NPY阳性神经元主要存在于延髓下橄榄核中，孤束核及中缝核也有少量表达。表明，江汉鸡延髓NPY阳性神经元的分布与肉鸡、乌鸡、大鼠的大体相似；下橄榄核可能是NPY在延髓-小脑传递通路中的一个重要枢纽。     

Ghrelin在成年皖西白鹅大、小脑内的免疫组化定位

采用免疫组化技术链酶亲和素-生物素-过氧化物酶复合物(StreptAvidin-Biotin-Complex,SABC)法,对成年皖西白鹅大脑和小脑中ghrelin神经元的定位和分布进行了研究。结果显示,大脑分泌ghrelin的神经元和神经纤维主要分布在大脑皮质内,其中锥体层阳性神经元数量最多,多为锥体细胞;小脑分泌ghrelin的神经元主要分布在小脑皮质内,其中蒲肯野细胞层和分子层免疫阳性神经元数量最多,颗粒层阳性神经元数量较少;而大脑和小脑白质内均未见分布。这表明ghrelin在成年皖西白鹅大脑和小脑皮质中分布广泛,可能以自分泌/旁分泌的形式调节中枢神经系统。     

雏鸡脑雌激素受体的表达及分布

采用免疫组化SP法研究了雌激素受体在lO日龄雏鸡脑组织内的表达，着重观察了雌激素受体在小脑、中脑、下丘脑及端脑的分布。研究表明，雌激素受体主要存在于细胞核中，少数区域仅存于胞浆或胞膜。雌激素受体在脑内分布广泛。在小脑中部皮质的颗粒层、蒲肯野氏层，中脑的中央白质、外侧丘系腹侧核、视束、后连合等区域，雌激素受体免疫反应产物为高密度；在小脑前部皮质的颗粒层，中脑中央灰质、尾侧线形核，端脑副高纹状体等区域，雌激素受体免疫反应产物为中等密度；小脑前部皮质的蒲肯野氏细胞，下丘脑视上核，端脑原始旧纹状体等区域，雌激素受体免疫反应产物为低密度。结果揭示，在鸡脑早期发育过程中，雌激素起著广泛而重要的作用。     

鸡小脑突触素的表达与发育研究

应用免疫组织化学SP法，研究了突触素在15、20胚龄、10日龄鸡小脑中的表达。结果表明：突触素免疫反应产物以颗粒、小点、阳性神经元和阳性纤维形式出现；突触素免疫反应产物密度在15、20胚龄、10日龄有3种变化趋势：①分子层、颗粒层、中间核、外侧上核、外侧下核中随胚(日)龄增加保持不变；②蒲肯野氏层随胚(日)龄增加先升高后降低；③小脑内侧核则随胚(日)龄增加逐渐升高。结果揭示：突触素最终合成部位可能在高尔基复合体；20胚龄左右是蒲肯野氏层突触形成的高峰期；小脑各部突触在出壳前后发育具有不均衡性。     

雌激素对去卵巢大鼠小脑ER、ChAT、NGF表达的影响

本研究旨在探讨雌激素对大鼠小脑内雌激素受体（ER）、神经生长因子（NGF）和胆碱乙酰转移酶（ChAT）表达的影响。建立去卵巢SD大鼠模型,以小脑为研究对象,运用免疫组织化学SP法,通过补充17β-雌二醇对ER、NGF和ChAT在小脑中的表达和分布变化进行研究。结果表明：ER、NGF和ChAT免疫阳性反应物在小脑皮质主要分布于蒲肯野氏细胞,而在小脑核中主要定位于小脑顶核、间位核和齿状核;ER阳性产物主要定位于细胞质和突起中,也存在于胞膜和胞核中。去卵巢大鼠小脑中3种阳性物质的表达强度及阳性细胞数量总体呈显著降低趋势,在补充17β-雌二醇后,3种阳性物质的表达强度和阳性细胞数目显著回升。本试验证实雌激素可促进小脑中NGF和ChAT的表达;另外ER、NGF和ChAT表达变化的相似性提示三者在雌激素对小脑的作用中是相互调节和影响的,同时表明雌激素可能既通过基因组机制,也通过非基因组机制途径在小脑发挥作用。     

nNOS阳性神经元在兔大脑皮质和小脑皮质的分布

利用SABC免疫组织化学方法，对各年龄段家兔大、小脑皮质nNOS阳性神经元的分布和形态结构进行了研究。结果显示：nNOS阳性神经元主要分布在大脑皮质的Ⅱ～Ⅳ层，小脑皮质的颗粒层；nNOS阳性神经元呈深棕色，细胞质明显，细胞核着色较淡，胞体形态多样，有三角形、圆形、椭圆形、梭形等，突起有一个或者数个；阳性神经纤维大多呈棕色串珠样，有些区域的阳性纤维交错分布，相互交织成网状；在大、小脑皮质，阳性神经元密度随年龄增长而逐渐减小，分布变得稀疏，而胞体直径却逐渐增大。由此得出：家兔大脑皮质和小脑皮质内有丰富的nNOS阳性神经元分布，神经元密度随年龄增长逐渐减小，胞体直径逐渐增大；nNOS阳性神经元及其催化产生的NO在家兔中枢神经系统发育和神经调控中起重要作用。     

脾虚证模型大鼠血浆中β-EP、CGRP、NPY含量的变化

为了阐明脾虚证模型大鼠血浆中β-endorphin，β-EP）、降钙素基因相关肽（calctonin gene related peptide，CGRP）和神经肽Y（neuropeptide Y，NPY）变化规律和健脾益气方剂四君子汤对其的调节作用以及对脾虚证病理过程的保护机制，应用利血平复制出脾虚证大鼠模型，以特异性放射免疫分析法捡测了血浆β-EP、CGRP和NPY的含量变化。结果显示．脾虚证模型大鼠血浆β-EP、CGRP比对照组显著升高（P〈0．01）．NPY比对照组显著降低（P〈0．01）．接近对照组水平。提示脾虚证的病理变化过程与β-EP、CGRP、NPY等神经肽类的失衡有一定的相关性，健脾益气方剂四君子汤对脾虚证模型大鼠血浆内β-EP、CGRP和NPY含量变化有较好的调节作用，推测这也许是四君子汤健脾益气能够治疗脾虚证的作用机制之一。     

神经肽Y阳性神经元在皖西白鹅小肠的分布

用免疫组化SABC法,观察神经肽Y(NPY)免疫反应阳性物质在成年皖西白鹅小肠的分布。结果表明神经肽Y阳性神经元主要分布于皖西白鹅的十二指肠、空肠和回肠的黏膜、黏膜下组织。细胞体形态多样,数量从十二指肠向空肠和回肠逐渐减少,密度分别为(62.10±4.25)/mm2、(51.14±2.12)/mm2、和(41.21±3.15)/mm2。神经纤维主要分布于小肠肌层。本文还讨论了神经肽Y的起源及对小肠黏膜功能的调节作用。     

Ghrelin免疫反应阳性神经元在鸡脑中的定位分布、发育性变化及禁食对其影响

本试验应用免疫组织化学方法和显微图像分析技术,研究了鸡脑Ghrelin免疫反应阳性神经元的定位分布,分析了2、16、30、44、58日龄鸡下丘脑Ghrelin免疫反应阳性神经元的发育性变化规律,并探讨了30日龄鸡分别禁食12、24、48h及重新采食4h对下丘脑Ghrelin免疫反应阳性神经元的影响。结果表明,在下丘脑弓状核、室旁核、内侧核、室周区、内侧区、外侧区,丘脑卵圆核、圆核,中脑丘中央灰质层、红核,脑桥前庭腹外侧核,小脑内侧核、小脑皮质颗粒层,大脑皮质多形细胞层等,均可观察到Ghrelin免疫反应阳性神经元;随着日龄的增长,下丘脑主要核团中的Ghrelin免疫反应阳性神经元的数量增多,免疫反应强度增强,但细胞密度下降;在禁食条件下,下丘脑Ghrelin免疫反应阳性神经元的免疫反应强度减弱,细胞密度下降。     

Parvalbumin‐immunoreactive cells in the olfactory bulb of the pigeon: Comparison with the rat

The olfactory bulb (OB) shows special characteristics in its phylogenetic cortical structure and synaptic pattern. In the OB, gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, is secreted from GABAergic neurons which contain parvalbumin (a calcium‐binding protein). Many studies on the distribution of parvalbumin‐immunoreactive neurons in the rodent OB have been published but poorly reported in the avian OB. Therefore, in this study, we compared the structure of the OB and distribution of parvalbumin‐immunoreactive neurons in the OB between the rat and pigeon using cresyl violet staining and immunohistochemistry for parvalbumin, respectively. Fundamentally, the pigeon OB showed layers like those of the rat OB; however, some layers were not clear like in the rat OB. Parvalbumin‐immunoreactive neurons in the pigeon OB were predominantly distributed in the external plexiform layer like that in the rat OB; however, the neurons did not have long processes like those in the rat. Furthermore, parvalbumin‐immunoreactive fibres were abundant in some layers; this finding was not shown in the rat OB. In brief, parvalbumin‐immunoreactive neurons were found like those in the rat OB; however, parvalbumin‐immunoreactive fibres were significantly abundant in the pigeon OB compared to those in the rat OB.     

Spongy Degeneration with Cerebellar Ataxia in Malinois Puppies: A Hereditary Autosomal Recessive Disorder?

Background: There is a high incidence of hereditary degenerative diseases of the central nervous system in purebred dogs. Hypothesis: Cerebellar ataxia in Malinois puppies, caused by degenerative changes that predominate in cerebellar nuclei and the granular cell layer, is a hereditary disorder that is distinct from cerebellar cortical abiotrophies. Animals: Thirteen Malinois puppies with cerebellar ataxia. Methods: Retrospective study. Records of Malinois puppies with spongy degeneration of the cerebellar nuclei were analyzed including clinical signs, histopathological changes, and pedigree data. Results: Signs of cerebellar dysfunction were observed in puppies of both sexes from 5 different litters (1995–2009) of phenotypically normal parents. Clinical signs started before the age of 2 months and resulted in euthanasia of all puppies by the age of 13 weeks. Histopathology disclosed marked bilateral spongy degeneration of the cerebellar nuclei and vacuoles in the granular cell layer and foliate white matter of the cerebellum. In some puppies, discrete vacuoles in gray and white matter were present in other parts of the brain. Furthermore, spheroids and dilated myelin sheaths were observed. Pedigree data and segregation frequency support an autosomal recessive hereditary disorder. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Malinois suffer from a hereditary spongiform degeneration that predominates in the cerebellum and causes an early onset of clinical signs with unfavorable prognosis. Future efforts should increase awareness among veterinarians and breeders and aim to identify underlying metabolic mechanisms and the affected genes.     

Neuronal apoptosis in the developing cerebellum

The following study analysed apoptosis in proliferative cells and migrating neurons of the developing cerebellum. The external granular layer, Purkinje cell layer and internal granular layer in the developing mouse cerebellar cortex were analysed by active caspase-3 immunohistochemistry, Hoechst 33258 staining and Western blot analysis. Immunocytochemistry results indicated that the peak of apoptosis appeared at postnatal days P8, P5 and P9 in the external granular layer, Purkinje cell layer and internal granular layer, respectively. Subsequently, in each region, the rate of apoptosis decreased with increasing age. In contrast, Western blot results demonstrated the highest expression of activated caspase-3 in the cerebellum at P5, followed by a subsequent decline and disappearance of expression by P14. Activated caspase-8 was expressed maximally at P10, and subsequently disappeared by P30. The results of this study suggest that the key period of neuronal apoptosis in the cerebellar cortex is between P0 and P14, indicating that this developmental period could be susceptible to treatment for congenital neurodegenerative diseases.     

泰和乌鸡脑桥9个神经核团的细胞构筑

为了探明乌鸡中枢神经系统内神经核团的细胞构筑,本试验以8羽泰和乌鸡为研究对象,采用石蜡切片和HE染色技术,在光镜下观察分析乌鸡脑桥内耳蜗神经核、外展神经核及其副核、面神经核、三叉神经感觉主核、三叉神经运动核、蓝斑、蓝斑下核和脑桥中缝核的形态特征。结果表明:乌鸡脑桥的耳蜗神经核也分为耳蜗神经大细胞核、板核、角核3个亚核,核团内神经元以中型为主,耳蜗神经大细胞核相对比较发达,角核核周界不明显;外展神经核吻极与面神经核吻极几乎平行,外展神经副核与外展神经核非常接近,不易分开;面神经中间核不发达;三叉神经运动核没有明显的内、外、腹侧亚核之分;蓝斑细胞排列较密集,细胞多为圆形、椭圆形,以中型细胞为主;蓝斑下核细胞排列松散,核团界限不明显,绝大多数细胞为椭圆形、纺锤形,中型细胞占多数。中缝脑桥核位于脑桥后段中部以下的中缝区,神经元多为三角形、星形和椭圆形,突起很发达,多为巨型细胞。各核团的分布与北京鸭和鸡的大体相似。     

Immunohistochemical demonstration of cytochrome oxidase in different parts of the central nervous system: a comparative experimental study

Cytochrome oxidase, the terminal enzyme of the electron transport chain, is a marker of the functional activity of the cell. In this study; localization of cytochrome oxidase in cerebrum, cerebellum, hippocampus, substantia nigra and choroid plexus of adult rats was investigated using immunohistochemical methods. Neural bodies were immunoreactive while neuroglial cells and axonal areas did not show significant immunostaining. The cerebral cortical substantia grisea region was stained almost homogeneously with cytochrome oxidase. In the cerebellar cortex, immunolabelling was more intense in the granular layer than the molecular layer. There was significant immunostaining in Purkinje cells. White matter, both in cerebrum and cerebellum, did not show immunoreactivity for cytochrome oxidase. Neurones in the hippocampus showed variable immunostaining; some of them were negative while others revealed high immunoreactivity. The neurones in substantia nigra were heavily labelled. Immunostaining for cytochrome oxidase in plexus choroideus epithelial cells was also remarkable. The morphological findings demonstrate the regions which most require and produce energy and reflect the differences in cellular activity in these parts of the central nervous system.     

乌骨鸡日粮氨基酸消化率的研究

选用96只150日龄体重1．4kg的成年乌骨公鸡，进行代谢试验，测定了玉米、麸皮、豆粕、肉骨粉、菌糖蛋白等饲料氨基酸的表观消化率和真消化率，为乌骨鸡日粮的合理配制提供了科学依据。     

商品代白羽乌骨鸡早期肉用性能的观测

对商品代白羽乌骨鸡早期肉用性能进行了观测，并以泰和鸡、黄羽乌骨鸡为对照组。结果表明：１０周龄体重，白羽乌骨鸡为１０３１．５ｇ、黄羽乌骨鸡为８５４．６ｇ、泰和鸡为５０３．０ｇ，三个鸡种间差异极显著。三个鸡种饲料转化比、屠宰率差异不显著。     

替来他明诱导大鼠中枢JUN核蛋白表达的研究

通过检测替来他明诱导大鼠中枢神经系统JUN核蛋白的表达,了解替来他明在中枢神经系统的作用部位,探讨替来他明对中枢神经系统的作用机制。72只SD大鼠,随机分为生理盐水组、给药后10、30、60、90、100、120、180min组,每组9只。腹腔注射替来他明50mg／kg后,分别于给药前（生理盐水组）和给药后10、30、60、90、100、120、180min经4％多聚甲醛（0．1mol／L,PB,pH7．4）灌注后,取脑,将脑分为大脑皮层、海马、丘脑、小脑、脑干等5个脑区置于20％蔗糖溶液中24h（4℃）脱水。冰冻切片,片厚10μm。免疫组织化学法（Elivision法）检测JUN核蛋白,统计各组大鼠脑片的JUN免疫反应阳性神经元的分布。对照组中仅发现少量JUN核蛋白,试验组中JUN核蛋白在大脑皮层、海马、丘脑、小脑、脑干内都有表达。替来他明腹腔注射10min后JUN核蛋白表达开始增加,60min表达至高峰,90min表达下降,180min下降至基线水平,与给药前相比无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。替来他明能诱导大鼠大脑皮层、海马、丘脑、小脑、脑干c-iun基因的表达,大脑皮层、海马、丘脑、小脑和脑干是替来他明的作用位点。     

The distribution of calbindinD‐28k and parvalbumin immunoreactive neurons in the somatosensory area of the pigeon pallium

GABAergic interneurons regulate the degree of glutamatergic excitation and output of projection neurons. In this study, we investigated the distribution of calbindinD‐28k (CB) and parvalbumin (PV) in the somatosensory area of the pigeon pallium using immunohistochemical method. Our results show that anatomical structures of the somatosensory area of the pigeon pallium consisted of several subdivisions including the hyperpallium, intercalated hyperpallium, mesopallium, nidopallium and basorostralis. Neuronal density was significantly higher in the intercalated hyperpallium and basorostralis than that in the other subdivisions. The density of the CB immunoreactive neurons was generally similar in all the subdivisions; however, the density of PV immunoreactive neurons was particularly prominent in the basorostralis compared with that in the other subdivisions. In addition, the mean proportion of PV immunoreactive neurons to total neurons was higher than that in the CB immunoreactive neurons in all the subdivisions. In brief, our present study shows that PV immunoreactive neurons in the somatosensory area of the pigeon pallium were significantly abundant compared with CB immunoreactive neurons. This finding needs more studies regarding CB‐ and PV‐related functions in the somatosensory area of the avian pallium.