极大螺旋藻培养液中5种微量元素最佳浓度的研究

通过正交试验,研究了极大螺旋藻培养过程中5种微量元素的最佳浓度。结果表明:铜、锌、锰、钼、钻的最佳浓度依次为2.0×10-7mol/L、4.3×10-6mol/L、1.0×10-5mol/L、1.3×10-6mol/L、1.1×10-5mol/L。与原始Zarrouk培养基相比,铜、锰的浓度与Zarrouk培养基基本相同,锌、钼高1个数量级。     

海水单胞藻培养液中微量元素的最佳浓度↑（*）

本文通过正交试验,研究确定了铜、锌、锰、钼、钴、镍为牟氏角毛藻（Ｃｈａｅｔｏｃｅｒｏｓｍｕｌｅｒｉ）和金藻（Ｉｓｏｃｈｒｙｓｉｓｇａｌｈａｎａ）培养的必需元素,并确定了最佳浓度,依次为（１～５）×１０－８、１０－９、（５～１０）×１０－８、（１～５）×１０－８、１０－７～１０－９、１０－９ｍｏｌ／Ｌ。它们应用于牟氏角毛藻和金藻的培养,可使细胞浓度和叶绿素浓度分别提高２０４％～４３２％和１９７％～２５６％。本文的研究结果较著名的Ｍ－ｆ／２配方增加了镍,并对其他的五种元素的浓度进行了修订。铜、钼、钴的浓度和Ｍ－ｆ／２配方基本相同;锰的浓度低约１个数量级;锌的浓度低约２个数量级。     

“克虫王”对大口鲶鱼苗的急性毒性试验

为了验证新药“克虫王”在水产养殖中对鱼类的毒性,选用“克虫王”两种剂型渔用杀虫剂对大口鲶鱼苗进行了急性毒性试验。试验结果表明:B_2型“克虫王”对全长4.9cm大口鲶鱼苗的24h、48h、72h半致死浓度(TLm)分别为1.20×10~(-6)、0.88×10~(-6)、048×10~(-6),安全浓度为0.14×10~(-6)。C型“克虫王”对大日鲶鱼苗的24h、48h、72h半致死浓度(TLm)分别为4.65×10~(-6)、3.60×10~(-6)、1.15×10~(-6),安全浓度为0.64×10~(-6)。     

两种药物对脊尾白虾各期(氵蚤）状幼体的毒性试验

采用静水实验法进行甲醛和孔雀石绿对脊尾白虾 (Exopalaemoncarinicauda)各期状幼体 (Z1～Z6)的急性毒性研究。结果表明 :在pH值为 7 9± 0 5、水温 (2 6 0± 0 5 )℃的条件下 ,甲醛对脊尾白虾Z1～Z6的半致死浓度 (48hLC50 )分别为 176× 10 -6,16 7× 10 -6,15 0× 10 -6,16 7× 10 -6,113× 10 -6,5 5× 10 -6,安全浓度 (Cs)分别为 30× 10 -6,17× 10 -6,32× 10 -6,11× 10 -6,4× 10 -6,9× 10 -6;孔雀石绿对脊尾白虾Z1～Z6的 4 8hLC50 分别为 0 4 5 1× 10 -6,0 4 4 8× 10 -6,0 5 91× 10 -6,0 4 4 0× 10 -6,0 380× 10 -6,0 15 8× 10 -6,Cs分别为 0 0 6 9× 10 -6,0 0 5 8× 10 -6,0 10 2× 10 -6,0 0 90× 10 -6,0 0 71× 10 -6,0 0 34× 10 -6。其中Z5和Z6对以上药物的敏感性较高     

甲鱼几种常见病的防治

一、腐皮病。甲鱼受损伤后,四肢、颈部、尾部及周边皮肤糜烂、组织变白、发黄、坏死,严重时骨骼外露,爪脱落。 防治:①控制甲鱼饲养密度,及时分养,经常更换池水。②每周用1×10~(-6)～2×10~(-6)漂白粉全池泼洒消毒。③及时隔离病甲鱼,用2×10~(-6)～3×10~(-6)生石灰或漂白粉反复药浴5～6天,确认痊愈后,放回原池饲养。④用鳖速康20×10~(-6)～40×10~(-6)全池泼洒,每     

渔业生态环境

众所皆知,铜在活化鱼类呼吸酶中起着重要作用,但是大剂量铜可能对鱼健康有负影响。为了阐明不同铜剂量对大西洋鲱鱼卵的影响,因此进行一系列试验研究,即在孵化期间将大西洋鲱鱼卵暴露在0.01×10~(-6),0.03×10~(-6)和0.05x10~(-6)铜溶液中,然后调查孵化仔鱼症状,结果发现大西洋鲱鱼卵暴露上述各种不同浓度铜后,导致了孵化仔鱼的畸变,其中包括头部、听囊、上下颚和脊椎骨均发生异常变化,而且鱼体长也因铜暴露受到影响。从以上结果说明鱼体畸变与铜暴     

极大螺旋藻培养液中微量元素的最佳浓度

通过正交实验法 ,研究确定了极大螺旋藻培养液中 5种微量元素Cu、Zn、Mn、Mo、Co的最佳浓度 ,分别为 2× 10 -7、4 3× 10 -6、1× 10 -5、1 3× 10 -6、1 1× 10 -5mol/L。Cu、Zn、Mn、Mo、Co为极大螺旋藻必需营养元素。     

中华鳖（Trionyx sinonsis Wiegmann）十种常见病的防治

1、腐皮病 中华鳖俗称甲鱼,甲鱼受损伤后,四肢、颈部、尾部及周边皮肤组织变白、糜烂、坏死,严重时骨骼外露,爪脱落。 防治:①控制甲鱼饲养密度,及时分养,经常更换池水;②每周用1×10~(-6)～1×10~(-6)漂白粉全池泼洒消毒;③及时隔离病甲鱼,用2×10~(-6)～3×10~(-6)生石灰或漂白粉反复药浴5～6d,确认痊愈后,放回原池饲养;④用鳖速康20×10~(-6)～40×10~(-6)全池泼洒,每天一次,并常换水,病甲鱼2～3d后即可停止死亡。     

西施舌Coelomactra antiquata（Spengler）诱导产卵的初步研究

本文报道用物理和化学的方法,人工诱导西施舌产卵的研究结果。实验表明:氨海水浸泡西施舌Coelomactra antiquata(Spengler),对诱导排放精卵具有明显的作用。NH_4OH的有效当量浓度为1.5×10~(-3)——3×10~(-2)N,其中以7.5×10~(-3)——1.5×10~(-2)N氨海水诱导排放率最高。采用阴干加流水刺激和阴干加升降温刺激,都能促使性成熟的西施舌排放精卵。     

渔业生态环境

将158日龄、体长11.04毫米的金眼狼鲈分别放养在盐度为0、4×10~(_3)、8×10~(-3)、12×10~(-3)、16×10~(-3)、20×10~(-3)的水中,每个水族箱(64升)放养10尾,每种盐设四个重复。投喂配合饲料,半月取样一次,养殖70天。结果表明:养殖在盐度为12×10~(-3)以下水中的鱼个体显著较大(体长146.8～155.7毫米)     

几种金属离子对沼泽红假单胞菌2-8生长和亚硝酸盐消除的影响

在培养基中添加一定浓度金属离子,研究了不同浓度铜离子（Cu2＋）、镁离子（Mg2＋）、锌离子（Zn2＋）、铁离子（Fe3＋）和锰离子（Mn2＋）对沼泽红假单胞菌（Rhodopseudom onas palustris）2-8株生长和亚硝酸盐消除能力的影响。结果发现,1×10-7mol.L-1Cu2＋刺激菌株生长和亚硝酸盐消除,1×10-4mol.L-1Cu2＋抑制生长和亚硝酸盐消除,1×10-6mol.L-1和1×10-5mol.L-1的Cu2＋抑制生长,但刺激亚硝酸盐消除;1×10-4mol.L-1Mg2＋刺激菌株生长和亚硝酸盐消除;不同浓度Zn2＋对菌体生长影响不显著,但浓度为1×10-6mol.L-1和1×10-7mol.L-1时刺激亚硝酸盐消除,浓度大于1×10-6mol.L-1时抑制亚硝酸盐消除;Fe3＋促进生长,浓度越高生长越好,对菌株亚硝酸盐消除的影响则刚好相反;不同浓度Mn2＋均抑制菌株生长,1×10-6～1×10-3mol.L-1Mn2＋抑制亚硝酸盐消除。受测定的5个金属离子中除1×10-4mol.L-1Cu2＋对菌株亚硝酸盐消除能力的抑制较强外,其他离子的抑制会随时间推移逐渐消失。     

Accumulation of Heavy Metals in the Nauplii of Artemia salina

Artemia salina cysts (San Francisco Bay Brand) were exposed in seawater containing multiple concentrations of either a single heavy metal (Hg, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Co, Ni, Cr, Mn and Fe) or combination of heavy metals. The heavy metal accumulation in Artemia nauplii increased linearly with an increase in the heavy metal concentration in water. The metals could be detected in nauplii exposed to a single heavy metal at dosages of 5 μg/L for Hg, Zn, Mn, Fe and Cu; 25 μg/L for Cd and Cr; 50 μg/L for Co; 100 mUg/L for Ni; and 250 μg/L for Pb. Cysts exposed to several heavy metal combinations had minimum effective dosages equal to or lower than the single heavy metals- 5 μg/L for Cu, Cr, Zn, Mn and Fe; 25 μg/L for Cd and Ni; 50 μg/L for Co; and 250 μg/L for Pb. The accumulation of Cu, Ni and Co by Artemiu nauplii did not differ for animals exposed to single or combined heavy metal solutions. Cr, Zn and Pb had a synergistic effect of heavy metal uptake in combined heavy metal element solutions, however, Fe, Cd and Mn had an antagonistic effect.     

微塑料对稻田土壤―水界面重金属分布及迁移的影响

研究微塑料（microplastics,MPs）对稻田土壤―水界面中重金属空间分布特征和迁移规律的影响机制,可为微界面环境中MPs和重金属交互作用及生态风险评估提供理论支撑和科学依据。2021年7月对采自东北地区稻田的土壤添加不同浓度不同粒径的MPs,借助薄膜梯度扩散技术（DGT）在毫米尺度上获取稻田土壤―水微界面生物有效态重金属元素的原位高分辨信息,并根据Fick第一扩散定律评估不同MPs添加处理下重金属元素的迁移特征和释放通量。结果表明：（1）稻田土壤―水微界面生物有效态Mn、Co、Fe、Ni、Zn、Pb、Cu和Cd浓度在剖面上具有显著的空间分布差异;（2）MPs的添加显著降低了有效态Cu（-50.7%~8%,P<0.001）、Zn（-17.1%~-4.1%,P<0.001）和Cd（-16.7%~-2.2%,P<0.001）的浓度;（3）土壤MPs添加改变了有效态Cu的迁移方向,使土壤由Cu源转化成Cu汇,说明MPs对Cu存在明显的吸附效应;（4）不同粒径MPs的添加对生物有效态Ni的影响差异较大,大粒径（80 μm）MPs增加了其浓度,小粒径（10 μm）则相反。     

Trace element status of juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. fed a fish-meal based diet with or without supplementation of zinc, iron, manganese and copper from first feeding

Growth, haemoglobin and element status were compared in Atlantic salmon fed a practical fish-meal based diet, unsupplemented or supplemented with a mixture of the elements zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) from first feeding (weight 0.20 g). The diets were fed to triplicate groups of fish from weeks 1–20 and to duplicates from weeks 21–34. The basal diet (Diet 1) was not supplemented and contained 67 mg Zn, 106 mg Fe, 4.7 mg Mn and 3.7 mg Cu kg^–1. Diet 2 was supplemented with 68 mg Zn, 34 mg Fe, 13 mg Mn and 3.5 mg Cu kg^–1. Iron was not added to Diet 3.
Mean weight and mortality did not differ among the groups at any sampling point. Whole-body Zn and Mn responded to dietary concentration at all sampling points. Plasma and vertebrae Zn concentrations responded significantly to dietary Zn concentration. There were no effects with Fe. The Fe status of the fish, assessed by whole-body and liver Fe concentrations, was low in all groups. No effect of supplementation was found for Cu and no accurate judgement either of status or requirement could be made from the present results.
It is concluded that supplementing fish-meal based start feeds for Atlantic salmon with Zn, Mn and Fe is appropriate, while further studies are needed for the evaluation of Cu supplementation. The supplementation levels used in the present experiment appeared to meet the requirements for Zn and Mn, while the supplemented level of Fe appeared to be too low. Deleting Fe from the element mixture did not significantly affect Fe status or that of Zn, Mn and Cu.
There was an accumulation of Zn and Fe with growth. Cu remained constant and there was a trend towards reduced Mn in the fish given the unsupplemented diet.     

Evaluating dietary supply of microminerals as a premix in a complete plant ingredient‐based diet to juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Two basal diets M0 and V0 were formulated with marine and plant based ingredient composition. Seven experimental diets were prepared from the two basal diets namely M0, M100, V0, V30, V60, V100 and V150 by incorporating different levels of a micromineral premix (Cu, Fe, Mn, Se and Zn). Triplicate groups of rainbow trout (initial weight: 20 g) reared at 17°C were fed one of each diet to apparent visual satiation over 12 weeks. Among the V diet fed fish, growth and feed intake exhibited maximal response at V60 level of premix inclusion; Apparent availability coefficient of Fe, Cu and Zn decreased linearly with increasing level of premix whereas apparent availability coefficient of Mn and Se was unaffected. The available dietary concentration in basal V0 diet was for Fe, 20.6; Cu, 2.8; Mn, 6.5; Zn, 17.3 and Se, 0.195 (in mg/kg DM) and in the M0 diet for Fe, 63.3; Cu, 5.2; Mn, 2.9; Zn, 35.2 and Se, 0.87 (in mg/kg DM). In reference to NRC (Nutrient requirements of fish and shrimp. Washington, DC: National Research Council, The National Academies Press, 2011) recommendations, the V0 basal diet accounted for 34.3%, 92.9%, 53.9%, 115% and 130.2% and the contribution from M0 diet for 105.5%, 173.3%, 24.2%, 234.7% and 580% of the minimal dietary inclusion levels of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and Se to rainbow trout, respectively. However, data on whole body mineral contents showed that normal levels were maintained only for Cu and Mn through supply from basal V0 diet. For Zn and Se, available supply even from the highest supplemented diet (V150) was not sufficient to maintain normal body mineral levels of rainbow trout in the present study. On the whole, optimal dietary inclusion levels of microminerals are altered while using fishmeal‐free diets for rainbow trout.     

Interactions of Dietary Microbial Phytase, Citric Acid and Crude Protein Level on Mineral Utilization by Rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton), Juveniles

A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment was designed to study the effect of microbial phytase (MP), citric acid (CA), and crude protein (CP) and their interactions on mineral utilization by rohu, Labeo rohita, juveniles. Two basal diets containing 25% (subnormal) or 35% (normal) CP were supplemented with MP (units, U/kg) and CA (%) at 0, 0; 500, 0; 0, 3; and 500, 3, respectively and fed to 125 juveniles (average initial weight: 13.16 g/fish). MP did not affect fecal ash content but CA (3%) addition activated MP. Apparent absorption of Zn, its content in whole body and plasma, was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in CA‐ and MP‐fed groups. Interaction between CA and MP was found for increased absorption of Na, P, K, Mn, Mg, Fe, and N, their concentrations in whole body and plasma. Cu and Ca absorption, and their concentration in body and plasma were increased as a result of addition of CA, MP, or their interaction. Thus, bioavailability of major minerals was highest in groups fed diets containing 500‐U MP and 3% CA. This improvement was more prominent in subnormal CP diet. Growth performance was also highest in this group. Thus, CA and MP at 25% CP diet had synergistic effect on mineral bioavailability in L. rohita.     

Accumulation of heavy metals and total phosphorus in intensive aquatic farm sediments: comparison of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus×Oreochromis aureu,Asian seabass Lates calcarifer and white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei farms

This paper compares and discusses the accumulation of eight heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Pb, Fe, Mn and Zn) and total phosphorus (TP) in surface sediments from five intensive farms of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus×Oreochromis aureu, Asian seabass Lates calcarifer and white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (n=75). Results indicate that the sediments were significantly contaminated by Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Pb, Fe, Mn and Zn as well as P. The mean concentrations of Cd (0.47 mg kg^?1), Co (2.25 mg kg^?1), Cu (31.56 mg kg^?1), Pb (23.45 mg kg^?1), Fe (1.15%), Mn (145.5 mg kg^?1), Zn (41.5 mg kg^?1) and TP (750.69 mg kg^?1) in tilapia farm surface sediments were significantly lower than the levels observed in Asian seabass and white shrimp farm surface sediments, where the concentrations were, respectively, Cd – 2.69 and 2.35 mg kg^?1, Co – 17.66 and 15.22 mg kg^?1, Cu – 116.84 and 110.03 mg kg^?1, Pb – 38.5 and 33.26 mg kg^?1, Fe – 3.4% and 3.31%, Mn – 853.61 and 728.5 mg kg^?1, Zn – 105.21 and 83.92 mg kg^?1 and TP – 1445.63 and 1069.8 mg kg^?1. The heavy metal content of the sediments follow the order: Asian sea bass>white shrimp>tilapia. Cadmium and Cu in Asian seabass and white shrimp farm sediments would pose a major potential risk. Further, the sediment is highly enriched by Fe, P, Mn and Co.     

阳宗海湖滨湿地沉积物中重金属空间分布特征

以阳宗海不同湖岸湖滨湿地沉积物为研究对象,分析测定沉积物中7种重金属含量,评价不同湖岸重金属的污染程度,探讨在不同干扰方式下湖滨湿地沉积物中重金属的主要污染特征,为阳宗海重金属污染防治提供理论依据。结果表明：（1）阳宗海湖滨湿地不同湖岸7种重金属元素污染程度存在差异,表现为：东岸>北岸>南岸>西岸。As、Cd、Cr、Zn、Mn的最高值出现在东岸,Co、Cu、Ni的最高值出现在北岸,Pb的最高值出现在南岸。（2）不同区域湿地沉积物中,东岸（Cu、Ni、As、Cd）、南岸（Cu、Cd）、西岸（Cd）、北岸（Cu、Ni、Cd）的重金属含量明显高于土壤环境质量2级标准,是主要的重金属污染因子,Cu、Ni、As、Cd的含量分别为43.41~111.15、41.64~57.23、10.28~65.31、1.02~1.99 mg/kg;（3）阳宗海流域上游的铝厂、电厂等高污染企业产生的工业“三废”未经有效净化直接排放,流域周围生活污水、化肥和农药等农业面源污染是导致湖泊重金属污染严重的主要原因;（4）湖滨湿地沉积物中重金属与有机质、全磷之间相互影响,Cu、Ni、As和Cd与全磷呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.674、0.790、0.357和0.626（P<0.01）,增加磷的含量,会增加沉积物对重金属的吸附量;Cu、Ni、As和Cd与有机质呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.393、0.451、0.406和0.497（P<0.01）。有机质的降解促进金属离子的释放,使沉积物中重金属含量增高。     

三峡水库小江消落区土壤重金属时空分布与来源初步分析

2010年3-9月对小江流域消落区的5个断面的土壤重金属含量进行监测。结果表明,2010年小江流域消落区土壤Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Fe、Mn均值分别为28.90、72.73、23.58、20.70、35.58*103、517.14 mg/kg。土壤综合污染指数为0.73,污染等级处于警戒级。小江消落区土壤重金属含量沿程分布以高阳站点较低,黄石站点较高,且大部分重金属含量随高程升高总体呈现升高的趋势。时间分布上以3、7月各重金属均值含量较高。与2009年相比,2010年消落区土壤重金属Fe、Mn 、Zn含量有所降低,Cu、Pb含量有所增高。利用相关性分析和因子分析对5种重金属的相关性和来源进行解析的结果表明,Fe、Mn与其他重金属相关性显著（P<0.05或P<0.01）,而Cu、Pb之间也显著相关（P<0.01）,Cr与Fe、Mn之外的重金属的相关性都较弱,初步推断Fe, Mn, Zn属于“自然因子”类别元素,Cu、Pb属于“污染因子”类别元素。     

Effect of dietary microminerals in early weaning diets on growth,survival, mineral contents and gene expression in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata,L) larvae

In previous studies, combined inclusion of Zn, Mn and Se in early weaning diets improved larval growth, but suggested a potential toxicity by one of these elements. The present study aimed to determine the effect of the single inclusion of Zn, Mn, Se or Cu, their combination (Control+) or their absence (Control?) on larval diets. At the end of the trial, survival was significantly (p < .05) lowest in fish fed C+ diet (17.16 ± 7% mean ± SD), followed by that of larvae fed Mn diet (21.91 ± 7%). The highest survival was obtained by Cu diet (35.27 ± 15%), followed by C? diet (34.58 ± 9%). Cu and Se supplementation significantly improved total length and body weight, in comparison with the C? fish. On the contrary, fish fed Mn and C+ showed the lowest growth. Supplementation with Zn or Cu significantly increased CuZnsod, whereas gpx was significantly upregulated in fish fed Se and C+ diets. ARA/EPA level was significantly highest and DHA/EPA lowest in larvae fed the Cu diet in fish fed C+ diet. The results pointed out the importance of supplementation with Cu, as well as Se and Zn, on early weaning diets for gilthead sea bream, and the potential toxic effect of Mn.