白藜芦醇对生长肥育期宁乡猪肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加白藜芦醇对生长肥育期宁乡猪肉品质的影响。选用体重(43±1) kg的宁乡猪24头,随机分为2个组,每组6个重复,每个重复2头(公母各占1/2)。对照(CON)组饲喂基础饲粮,白藜芦醇(RES)组饲喂在基础饲粮中添加300 mg/kg白藜芦醇的试验饲粮。试验期80 d。饲养结束后,每栏取1头体重接近平均体重的猪进行屠宰,并采集背最长肌、股二头肌及腰大肌样品,用于肉品质指标检测。结果表明:1)饲粮中添加白藜芦醇对宁乡猪的生长性能和肌肉主要营养成分含量均无显著影响(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,白藜芦醇组宁乡猪宰后24 h背最长肌的红度(a~*)显著提高(P0.05),宰后24 h背最长肌和股二头肌的黄度(b~*)有降低趋势(0.05≤P0.10)。3)与对照组相比,白藜芦醇组宁乡猪背最长肌的磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)活性极显著降低(P0.01),股二头肌的丙酮酸激酶(PK)活性和乳酸(LA)含量显著降低(P0.05);肌肉pH无显著变化(P0.05)。4)与对照组相比,白藜芦醇组宁乡猪背最长肌的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)及股二头肌的GSH-Px活性均极显著提高(P0.01),股二头肌的丙二醛(MDA)含量极显著降低(P0.01)。由此可见,饲粮中添加白藜芦醇可以提高宁乡猪肌肉的抗氧化能力,降低宰后肌肉的糖酵解速率,对肉品质具有一定的改善作用。     

能量与吡啶羧酸铬的互作效应对肥育猪肉质性状的影响

试验旨在研究能量与吡啶羧酸铬的互作效应对肥育猪肉质性状的影响。选择体重60 kg左右,杜×长×大三元杂交肥育猪36头,分为4组,分别饲喂低能日粮、低能+吡啶羧酸铬日粮、高能日粮、高能+吡啶羧酸铬日粮进行试验,对肥育猪背最长肌的肉色、pH值(屠宰后24 h)、大理石花纹、肌内脂肪(intramuscular fatI,MF)含量、剪切力、滴水损失、熟肉率、肌肉糖原含量指标进行测定。结果表明:①能量水平对肉色评分、滴水损失有极显著的影响(P<0.01);②能量水平对肌内脂肪(IMF)有显著影响(P<0.05);③能量水平对pH值、大理石花纹、剪切力、熟肉率、肌糖原含量均无显著影响(P>0.05);④添加吡啶羧酸铬对肉色评分、pH值I、MF、大理石花纹、滴水损失有极显著的影响(P<0.01);⑤添加吡啶羧酸铬对熟肉率、肌糖原含量有显著影响(P<0.05);⑥添加吡啶羧酸铬对剪切力无显著影响(P>0.05);⑦能量与吡啶羧酸铬互作对大理石花纹、熟肉率有显著影响(P<0.05);对其他肉质性状均无显著影响(P>0.05);⑧在低能日粮中添加200μg/kg吡啶羧酸铬,提高了肉色评分p、H值I、MF含量、大理石花纹和熟肉率;并降低了肌糖原含量。综上所述,在育肥后期采用低日粮能量水平并添加200μg/kg吡啶羧酸铬可改善肉质。     

日粮中添加不同形式三价铬对肥育猪组织铬沉积的影响

本项目旨在研究不同形式三价铬对肥育猪组织铬沉积的影响.选用96头体重约65 kg的杜长大三元杂交猪,按体重相近、公母各1/2的原则随机分成4组,每组3个重复,每个重复8头猪.试验猪第Ⅰ组设为对照,饲喂基础饲粮,其余3组为试验组,分别于基础日粮中添加含200 ug/kg铬的氯化铬、吡啶羧酸铬、纳米铬.试验猪随意采食,自由饮水,试验为期40 d.饲养试验结束后,从每组中选择体重相近的8头猪进行屠宰和样品采集分析.结果表明,饲粮中添加200 ug/kg三价纳米铬显著提高了肥育猪日增重和饲料转化率(P<0.05),全血、背最长肌、心脏、肝脏、肾脏、空肠和回肠中铬沉积量显著提高(P<0.05).饲粮中添加铬显著增加了粪便中铬的排泄量(P<0.05),纳米铬和吡啶羧酸铬组尿铬含量显著上升(P<0.05).由研究结果得出,纳米粒径化可以显著提高铬在肥育猪组织器官中的沉积,纳米铬相比常规氯化铬和吡啶羧酸铬具有更高的吸收率.     

三价铬对肥育猪生长激素分泌及垂体mRNA表达的影响

将96头体质量约65 kg的杜长大三元杂交猪,按体质量相近、公母各半的原则随机分成4组,每组3个重复.试验猪1组设为对照,饲喂基础饲粮,其余3组为试验组,分别饲喂在基础饲粮基础上添加来源于氯化铬、吡啶羧酸铬,纳米铬的含200 μg/kg铬试验饲粮.试验猪充分饲喂,自由饮水,试验为期40 d.饲养试验结束前1 d,从每组中选择6头猪,间隔15 min颈静脉采血1次,连续3 h,制备血清用于生长激素动态分泌模式研究.饲养试验结束后,按体质量相近原则从每组中选择8头猪进行屠宰,测定背膘厚和背最长肌面积;并各采取3头猪的脑垂体,RT-PCR法测定生长激素mRNA水平.结果表明,饲粮中添加200μg/kg三价纳米铬使肥育猪日增重提高了6.31%(P<0.05),料重比降低了4.61%(P<0.05),背膘厚降低了24.32%(P<0.05),背最长肌面积提高了20.22%(P<0.05).生长激素动态模式分析结果显示,纳米铬组试验猪生长激素总体水平、最低值、峰值和峰持续时间分别提高了42.62%(P<0.05)、87.94%(P<0.05)、26.60%(P<0.05)和17.19%(P<0.05),吡啶羧酸铬组试验猪生长激素总体水平、峰值分别提高了36.58%(P<0.05)和27.18%(P<0.05).垂体生长激素基因RT-PCR分析结果显示,纳米铬组试验猪垂体生长激素mRNA水平提高了27.63%(P<0.05).研究结果提示,三价纳米铬可提高肥育猪垂体生长激素mRNA水平,促进机体生长激素分泌,从而促进生长和改善胴体特性.     

饲粮添加亮氨酸和谷氨酸对肥育猪生长性能、胴体性状和肉品质的影响

本试验旨在探讨饲粮添加亮氨酸和谷氨酸对肥育猪生长性能、胴体性状和肉品质的影响。试验选取体重为77 kg左右的"杜×长×大"肥育猪60头,随机分为5个组,每组12头猪,公母各占1/2。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加2.05%L-丙氨酸(等氮对照组)、1.00%亮氨酸+1.37%L-丙氨酸(亮氨酸组)、1.00%谷氨酸+1.44%L-丙氨酸(谷氨酸组)、1.00%亮氨酸+1.00%谷氨酸(亮氨酸+谷氨酸组)。试验期为60 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,谷氨酸组1~30 d的平均日采食量、末重和背膘厚均显著降低(P0.05),31~60 d的平均日增重降低了22.50%(P0.05);亮氨酸组、亮氨酸+谷氨酸组背最长肌和股二头肌中的肌内脂肪含量显著增加(P0.05),且亮氨酸+谷氨酸组1~30 d的平均日增重增加了8.04%(P0.05),31~60 d的平均日增重则降低23.70%(P0.05)。与等氮对照组相比,亮氨酸组和谷氨酸组的熟肉率、滴水损失和肉色均无显著差异(P0.05),亮氨酸+谷氨酸组肌肉黄度值显著降低(P0.05);各试验组背最长肌和股二头肌中风味氨基酸含量均无显著差异(P0.05)。上述结果提示,饲粮添加1.00%亮氨酸可降低1~30 d肥育猪的料重比,增加背最长肌肌内脂肪含量;饲粮添加1.00%谷氨酸或1.00%亮氨酸+1.00%谷氨酸可增加1~30 d的平均日增重,降低31~60 d的平均日增重;饲粮添加1.00%亮氨酸+1.00%谷氨酸可降低肉色黄度值,增加肌内脂肪含量,从而改善猪肉品质。     

低聚木糖对生长肥育猪血浆生化参数和肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响

本试验旨在研究低聚木糖(XOS)对生长肥育猪血浆生化参数和肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响。选取70日龄、平均体重约为30kg的杜×长×大三元杂交猪110头,随机分为11组,每组10头(公母各占1/2),单栏饲养。试验设对照组(饲喂基础饲粮),抗生素组(饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0.04kg/t速大肥、0.2kg/t抗敌素的饲粮),30~65kg阶段100、250和500g/t XOS添加组(在30~65kg阶段分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加100、250和500g/t XOS的饲粮,在66~100kg阶段均饲喂基础饲粮),66~100kg阶段100、250和500g/t XOS添加组(在30~65kg阶段均饲喂基础饲粮,在66~100kg阶段分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加100、250和500g/t XOS的饲粮)以及30~100kg阶段100、250和500g/t XOS添加组(分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加100、250和500g/t XOS的饲粮)。于试猪平均体重达100kg(约170日龄)时,前腔静脉采血,离心分离血浆,测定生化参数;屠宰后取背最长肌和股二头肌样品,测定其脂肪酸组成。结果表明:与对照组相比,30~65kg阶段,饲粮添加100或500g/t XOS可显著降低股二头肌中十七烷酸(C17∶0)含量(P0.05);66~100kg阶段,饲粮添加250g/t XOS可显著增加股二头肌中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)+单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量(P0.05),添加100或500g/t XOS可显著增加股二头肌中花生烯酸(C20∶1)含量(P0.05);30~100kg阶段,饲粮添加100g/t XOS可显著增加背最长肌中油酸/亚油酸以及股二头肌中C20∶1、MUFA和SFA+MUFA含量(P0.05),添加100或250g/t XOS可显著降低血浆总胆固醇浓度(P0.05),添加500g/t XOS可显著增加血浆高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇浓度(P0.05)。综上所述,饲粮添加一定剂量的XOS可通过调控与脂代谢相关的血浆生化参数、增加肌肉中MUFA和SFA+MUFA含量而改善猪肉的风味和营养价值,且以30~100kg阶段添加100g/t XOS为最佳。     

不同来源有机铬对断奶仔猪生产性能影响的研究

试验采用单因子完全随机设计,选取28日龄断奶纯种大白仔猪128头,按体重接近随机分为4个处理组,每组4个重复,每个重复8头仔猪,公母各半。处理1为基础日粮(对照组),处理2为基础日粮+酵母铬200μg/kg(以Cr元素计),处理3为基础日粮+吡啶羧酸铬200μg/kg(以Cr元素计),处理4为基础日粮+甲基吡啶铬200μg/kg(以Cr元素计),试验期5周。试验结果表明:日粮中添加有机铬能提高仔猪的采食量、日增重,降低料肉比、腹泻率,各处理组均好于对照组,仅对照组与处理组2在采食量方面差异显著(P0.05),其它处理组差异均不显著(P0.05)。酵母铬在提高采食量和生长速度方面优于吡啶羧酸铬、甲基吡啶铬;但吡啶羧酸铬在降低料肉比方面较酵母铬和甲基吡啶铬好。日粮中添加有机铬能降低血清中尿素氮和葡萄糖水平,能促进仔猪体蛋白质的合成和采食。     

不同饲养方式对肉仔鸡健康状况和行为的影响

选择96头体质量约65千克的杜长大三元杂交猪,研究不同三价铬源对肥育猪胴体组成和脂肪代谢的影响。试验猪分成4组,每组3个重复。1组为对照组,饲喂基础饲粮,其余3组为试验组,分别饲喂基础饲粮添加来源于氯化铬、吡啶羧酸铬、纳米铬的含200微克／千克叫铬试验饲粮,试验期40天。结果表明,与对照组相比,纳米铬提高了猪日增质量和饲料转化效率（P〈0．05）;增加了胴体瘦肉率和眼肌面积（P〈0．05）,降低了脂肪率和背膘厚（P〈0．05）。吡啶羧酸铬对胴体脂肪率和眼肌面积也有显著影响（P〈0．05）。     

饲粮添加亮氨酸和谷氨酸对肥育猪肌肉脂肪酸组成和脂质代谢相关基因表达的影响

本试验旨在探讨饲粮添加亮氨酸和谷氨酸对肥育猪肌肉脂肪酸组成和脂质代谢相关基因表达的影响。选取平均体重为77 kg左右的三元杂交肥育猪60头,随机分为5个组,每组12头,公、母各占1/2。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加2.05%L-丙氨酸(等氮对照组)、1.00%亮氨酸+1.37%L-丙氨酸(亮氨酸组)、1.00%谷氨酸+1.44%L-丙氨酸(谷氨酸组)、1.00%亮氨酸+1.00%谷氨酸(亮氨酸+谷氨酸组)。饲喂60 d后屠宰采集肌肉样品,检测其中脂肪酸含量以及脂质代谢相关基因mRNA的相对表达量。结果表明:与对照组相比,在背最长肌中,亮氨酸组C18∶2n-6和C20∶1含量显著增加(P0.05),C18∶0含量显著降低(P0.05),谷氨酸组C14∶0和C16∶0含量显著降低(P0.05),C17∶0和C18∶2n-6含量显著增加(P0.05);在股二头肌中,亮氨酸组C16∶0含量显著降低(P0.05),谷氨酸组C18∶2n-6含量显著增加(P0.05)。与对照组相比,亮氨酸组背最长肌中脂肪酸转运蛋白1 mRNA的相对表达量显著上调(P0.05),亮氨酸+谷氨酸组背最长肌和股二头肌中脂肪酸转运蛋白4 mRNA的相对表达量显著下调(P0.05)。与等氮对照组相比,谷氨酸组和亮氨酸+谷氨酸组背最长肌中脂蛋白脂酶mRNA的相对表达量显著上调(P0.05)。上述结果提示,饲粮添加1.00%亮氨酸或1.00%谷氨酸可调控肥育猪肌肉中脂肪酸组成及脂质代谢相关基因的表达。     

不同形式三价铬对肥育猪胴体组成和脂肪代谢的影响

选择96头体质量约65kg的杜长大三元杂交猪，研究不同三价铬源对肥育猪胴体组成和脂肪代谢的影响。试验猪分成4组，每组3个重复。1组为对照组，饲喂基础饲粮，其余3组为试验组，分别饲喂基础饲粮添加来源于氯化铬、吡啶羧酸铬、纳米铬的含200μg&#183;kg^-1铬试验饲粮，试验期40d。结果表明，与对照组相比，纳米铬提高了猪日增质量和饲料转化效率（P〈0．05）；增加了胴体瘦肉率和眼肌面积（P〈0．05），降低了脂肪率和背膘厚（P〈0．05）。吡啶羧酸铬对胴体脂肪率和眼肌面积也有显著影响（P〈0．05）。纳米铬和吡啶羧酸铬提高了皮下脂肪组织激素敏感脂酶话性、血清总蛋白和游离脂肪酸水平（P〈0．05），降低了血清葡萄糖和胰岛素水平（P〈0．05）。纳米铬还降低了尿素氮、甘油三酯和胆固醇含量（P〈0．05），提高了血清高密度脂蛋白、胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ水平及脂肪酶活性（P〈0．05）。结果提示，三价纳米铬对猪生长和胴体组成的效果优于常规铬源，对机体脂肪代谢有明品的调榨作用。     

宰前短期添加天冬氨酸镁和维生素D_3对育肥猪肉品质及μ-Calpain与Calpastatin基因表达的影响

试验考察宰前添加天冬氨酸镁(MgAsp)与维生素D3(VD3)对试猪血液理化指标、猪肉品质以及μ-Calpain和Calpastatin基因mRNA含量的影响。选体重约90 kg DLY杂交猪48头,随机分到4个处理:对照、加MgAsp、加VD3和加MgAsp与VD3。试验期为9 d,试验结束后选取24头进行屠宰。结果表明:宰前短期添加MgAsp和VD3对育肥猪胴体品质无影响;与对照相比,添加MgAsp提高血清镁含量(P<0.05),添加VD3提高血清磷(P<0.05)和钙的含量,MgAsp和VD3联合添加可进一步提高血清镁含量(P<0.01);添加MgAsp降低臀肌L值(P<0.01),并有提高肌肉pH值和降低滴水损失的趋势,提高了μ-Calpain与Calpastatin mRNA的比值,改善了嫩度;添加VD3降低了臀肌的L24h值(P<0.05),有提高pH和嫩度的趋势;MgAsp和VD3联合添加除对剪切力略有改善而外,对其他肉质指标并没有进一步改善。     

Effects of dietary soy isoflavones on growth, carcass traits, and meat quality in growing-finishing pigs

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of soy isoflavones on growth, meat quality, and carcass traits of growing-finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, 36 barrows (initial and final BW, 26 and 113 kg, respectively) were used and each treatment was replicated four times with three pigs each. The dietary treatments were 1) corn-soybean meal (C-SBM), 2) corn-soy protein concentrate (low isoflavones, C-SPC), or 3) C-SPC + isoflavones (isoflavone levels equal to those in C-SBM). Daily gain and ADFI were increased (P < 0.10) in pigs fed the C-SPC relative to pigs fed the C-SPC + isoflavone diet in the late finishing period; otherwise, growth performance was not affected (P > 0.10) by diet. Longissimus muscle area, 10th-rib fat depth, percentage muscling (National Pork Producers Council), 24-h pH and temperature, color, firmness-wetness, marbling, drip loss, and CIE L*, a*, and b* color values were not affected (P > 0.10) by diet. Dressing percentage, carcass length, weight and percentage of fat-free lean in ham and carcass, lean gain per day, lean:fat, and ham weight were increased (P < 0.10), and ham fat and percentage fat in ham and carcass were decreased (P < 0.10) in pigs fed the C-SPC + isoflavone diet compared with pigs fed the C-SPC diet. Pigs fed the C-SPC + isoflavone diet had similar (P > 0.10) carcass traits as pigs fed the C-SBM diet, except carcass length, percentage ham lean and thaw loss were greater (P < 0.10), and total ham fat was less (P < 0.10) in pigs fed the C-SPC + isoflavone diet. In Exp. 2, 60 gilts (initial and final BW, 31 and 116 kg, respectively) were used, and each treatment was replicated five times with four pigs per replicate. The treatments were 1) C-SBM, 2) C-SBM + isoflavone levels two times those in C-SBM, and 3) C-SBM + isoflavone levels five times those in C-SBM. Daily feed intake was linearly decreased (P < 0.10) in the growing phase and increased (P < 0.10) in the late finishing phases as isoflavone levels increased; otherwise, growth performance was not affected (P > 0.10) by diet. Diet did not affect (P > 0.10) carcass traits; however, CIE a* and b* color scores and drip loss were decreased (P < 0.06) as isoflavone levels increased. Soy isoflavones decreased fat and increased lean in barrows when fed within the dietary concentrations found in typical C-SBM diets but not when fed to gilts at concentrations above those present in C-SBM diets.     

Effect of chromium propionate on growth, carcass traits, pork quality, and plasma metabolites in growing-finishing pigs

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of dietary Cr, as Cr propionate, on growth, carcass traits, pork quality, and plasma metabolites in growing-finishing swine. Ninety-six crossbred gilts (Exp. 1; initial and final BW of 28 [SEM = 0.41] and 109 [SEM = 2.11] kg) or 144 PIC Cambrough 22 barrows (Exp. 2; initial and final BW of 26 [SEM = 0.39] and 111 [SEM = 2.52] kg) were allotted to six or four dietary treatments, respectively, with six replications and four (Exp. 1) or six (Exp. 2) pigs in each replicate pen blocked by weight in randomized complete block designs. The six dietary treatments for Exp. 1 were 1) corn-soybean meal (C-SBM), 2) C-SBM + 50 ppb Cr, 3) C-SBM + 100 ppb Cr, 4) C-SBM + 200 ppb Cr, 5) C-SBM low NE diet, and 6) C-SBM low NE diet + 200 ppb Cr. The four dietary treatments for Exp. 2 were C-SBM with 0, 100, 200, or 300 ppb Cr. Growth, carcass traits, and plasma metabolite (collected on d 29 and at each phase change) data were taken at the end of both experiments and pork quality data were taken at the end of Exp. 1. There was no effect (P > 0.10) on overall growth performance when pigs were fed graded levels of Cr (Exp. 1 and 2) or Cr in the positive control or low NE diets (Exp. 1). Longissimus muscle area, ham weight, ham fat-free lean, and total carcass lean were increased in pigs fed 200 ppb in the positive control diets but decreased in pigs fed 200 ppb Cr in the low NE diets (Cr x NE, P < 0.08). There was no effect of Cr concentration (P > 0.10) on carcass traits in Exp. 2. In Exp. 1, cook loss of a fresh or a frozen chop was decreased (P < 0.10) by 200 ppb Cr. In Exp. 1, NEFA concentration was decreased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed Cr in the positive control or low NE diets during the early-finishing period. In Exp. 2, the addition of Cr decreased NEFA (quadratic, P < 0.09) and plasma urea N (linear, P < 0.02) concentrations and tended to increase total cholesterol and high density lipoproteins (quadratic, P < 0.09). In these experiments, Cr propionate had no effect on overall growth performance, variable effects on carcass traits and plasma metabolites, and some positive effects on pork quality, especially water holding capacity of a fresh or frozen chop.     

甲基吡啶铬对生长肥育猪生产性能及胴体品质的影响

通过饲养试验和屠宰试验研究了甲基吡啶铬对生长肥育猪生产性能及胴体品质的影响。选择 4 8头平均体重为 3 0 .7± 3 .1kg的长白×大白×北京黑三元杂交健康生长猪 ,按单因子随机区组设计分为对照组和试验组 ,分别饲喂未加甲基吡啶铬的日粮和添加 0 .0 5 %甲基吡啶铬 (折算成铬的添加水平为2 0 0 μg/kg)的日粮。试验结果显示 :试验组平均日增重和平均日采食量与对照组无显著差异 ,但饲料转化率显著改善 1 0 .2 % (P <0 .0 5 ) ,屠宰率和瘦肉率分别提高了 2 .9%和 2 .0 % (P >0 .0 5 ) ,第 1 0肋和最后肋背膘厚度分别下降 1 .6%和 1 3 .0 % (P >0 .0 5 ) ,眼肌面积显著增加 1 3 .8% (P <0 .0 5 )     

Growth performance of 20- to 50-kilogram pigs fed low-crude-protein diets supplemented with histidine, cystine, glycine, glutamic acid, or arginine

The purpose of this investigation was to compare the growth performance of grower pigs fed low-CP, corn-soybean meal (C-SBM) AA-supplemented diets with that of pigs fed a positive control (PC) C-SBM diet with no supplemental Lys. Five experiments were conducted with Yorkshire crossbred pigs, blocked by BW (average initial and final BW were 21 and 41 kg, respectively) and assigned within block to treatment. Each treatment was replicated 4 to 6 times with 4 or 5 pigs per replicate pen. Each experiment lasted 28 d and plasma urea N was determined at the start and end of each experiment. All diets were formulated to contain 0.83% standardized ileal digestible Lys. All the experiments contained PC and negative control (NC) diets. The PC diet contained 18% CP and was supplemented with only DL-Met. The NC diet contained 13% CP and was supplemented with L-Lys, DL-Met, L-Thr, and L-Trp. The NC + Ile + Val diet was supplemented with 0.10% Val + 0.06% Ile. The NC + Ile + Val diet was supplemented with either His (Exp. 1), Cys (Exp. 2), Gly (Exp. 2, 3, and 4), Glu (Exp. 3), Arg (Exp. 4), or combinations of Gly + Arg (Exp. 4 and 5) or Gly + Glu (Exp. 5). Treatment differences were considered significant at P < 0.10. In 3 of the 4 experiments that had PC and NC diets, pigs fed the NC diet had decreased ADG and G:F compared with pigs fed the PC diet. The supplementation of Ile + Val to the NC diet restored ADG in 4 out of 5 experiments. However, G:F was less than in pigs fed the PC diet in 1 experiment and was intermediate between the NC and PC diets in 3 experiments. Pigs fed supplemental Ile + Val + His had decreased G:F compared with pigs fed the PC. Pigs fed supplemental Cys to achieve 50:50 Met:Cys had decreased G:F compared with pigs fed the PC. Pigs fed Ile + Val + 0.224% supplemental Gly had similar ADG, greater ADFI, and decreased G:F compared with pigs fed the PC. Pigs fed Ile + Val + 0.52% supplemental Gly had ADG and G:F similar to that of pigs fed the PC. Pigs fed supplemental Glu had decreased G:F compared with pigs fed the PC. Pigs fed Ile + Val + 0.48% supplemental Arg had decreased G:F compared with pigs fed the PC. Pigs fed the diet supplemented with Gly + Arg had ADG and G:F similar to pigs fed the PC. Pigs fed the low-CP diets had reduced plasma urea N compared with pigs fed PC. The results of these experiments indicate that supplementing Gly or Gly + Arg to a low-CP C-SBM diet with 0.34% Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, Ile, and Val restores growth performance to be similar to that of pigs fed a PC diet with no Lys supplementation.     

Supplemental Chromium Picolinate Promotes Growth of Broiler Chickens by Enhancing Insulin Receptor Gene Expression

Chromium has been recognized for decades as a nutritional factor that promotes the growth of broiler chickens,but the molecular mechanism is still not clearly understood.The present study was designed to investigate the physiological and molecular mechanisms of the effects of supplemental chromium picolinate on the growth of broiler chickens.A total of 144 21-day-old Arbor Acres male broiler chicks were randomly divided into a control and an experimental group.The control group was fed a basal diet,and the experimental group was fed the same basal diet supplemented with 200 μg/kg chromium picolinate.The experiment lasted for three weeks from day 28 to 42 of the birds..Supplementation with 200 μg/kg chromium picolinate significantly increased body weight (P 0.05).Serum insulin levels in chickens of the experimental group were increased significantly (P 0.05),whereas serum glucose concentrations were decreased (P 0.05).No significant changes were observed in serum lipid profiles in chickens fed the diet supplemented with chromium picolinate.Gene expression levels of the insulin receptor (IR) and insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1),two pivotal components of the insulin signaling pathway,were also investigated using Real-time quantitative PCR.IR expression was significantly (P 0.05) increased following chromium supplementation.Therefore,supplemental chromium picolinate had a beneficial effect on the growth of broilers.In agreement with observations in mammals,chromium might exert its effect via potentiating insulin action,and ultimately by stimulating anabolism without altering body composition in chickens.     

饲粮类型和肥育后期不添加维生素和微量矿物元素对猪生长性能、胴体和肌肉品质、粪中矿物元素排泄的影响

本研究共开展两个试验,探讨饲粮类型和不添加维生素和微量矿物元素对猪肥育后期生长性能、胴体和肌肉品质、粪中微量矿物元素排泄的影响。在试验1中,选用128头平均体重(78.5±4.6)kg的肥育猪,根据体重和性别分成4组,每组4圈(重复),每个重复8头猪。四组试验猪的试验处理为2×2因子设计,即两种类型(玉米-豆粕型和玉米-杂粕型)饲粮和添加或不添加维生素/微量矿物元素预混料。在试验2中,选用112头平均体重(90.3±6.3)kg的肥育猪,根据体重和性别分成4组,每组4圈(重复),每个重复7头猪。试验处理同试验1。结果显示,在79~110kg肥育期中(试验1),采食玉米-豆粕型饲粮的猪的增重速度和采食量显著高于采食玉米-杂粕型饲粮的猪(P<0.01或0.05)。在90~105kg肥育期中(试验2),采食玉米-豆粕型饲粮的猪的增重速度仍然高于采食玉米-杂粕型饲粮的猪(P<0.05)。但是,维生素和微量矿物元素添加与否对生长性能无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮类型和不添加维生素和微量矿物元素对胴体和肌肉品质均无显著影响(P>0.05)。粪中微量矿物元素含量不受饲粮类型的影响(P>0.05),但不添加维生素和微量矿物元素时,粪中铜、铁、锰的含量显著降低(P<0.01),粪中锌含量也有降低的趋势(P>0.05)。对于生长性能、胴体和肌肉品质以及微量矿物元素排泄量,饲粮类型×维生素/微量矿物元素预混料的交互作用不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明,在猪的肥育后期(最后约25~40d),在玉米-豆粕型和玉米-杂粕型饲粮中可不添加维生素和微量矿物元素,从而可降低饲料成本和减少微量矿物元素的排泄。     

饲粮中添加绿狐尾藻对肥育猪生长性能、血清生化指标和胴体品质的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加绿狐尾藻对肥育猪生长性能、血清生化指标和胴体品质的影响。采用单因素完全随机试验设计,选用40头初始体重为(55.20±2.18)kg的健康"杜×长×大"三元杂交猪,随机分为4个组,每组10个重复,每个重复1头猪。Ⅰ组(对照组)饲喂基础饲粮,Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组饲粮在基础饲粮中分别添加5%、10%和15%绿狐尾藻,试验期60 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,Ⅱ和Ⅲ组肥育猪的终末体重、平均日增重和料重比均无显著差异(P0.05);Ⅳ组的终末体重和平均日增重显著降低(P0.05),料重比显著增加(P0.05)。2)各组肥育猪的血清总蛋白、尿素氮、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白、高密度脂蛋白含量和谷草转氨酶活性均无显著差异(P0.05);与对照组相比,Ⅲ组的血清谷丙转氨酶活性和Ⅳ组的血清白蛋白含量显著降低(P0.05)。3)各组肥育猪的胴体率、瘦肉率、屠宰率、胴体斜长、肉色、剪切力和大理石纹评分均无显著差异(P0.05);与对照组相比,Ⅲ和Ⅳ组的平均背膘厚和Ⅳ组的眼肌面积显著降低(P0.05),Ⅲ组的滴水损失有降低趋势(P0.05),Ⅱ和Ⅲ组的p H45 m in、p H24 h有增加趋势(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加10%绿狐尾藻对肥育猪的生长性能无显著影响,可改善血清生化指标,降低平均背膘厚,减缓肌肉p H下降速度,降低滴水损失,改善猪肉品质。     

Effect of chromium propionate and metabolizable energy on growth,carcass traits,and pork quality of growing-finishing pigs

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the dietary effects of Cr propionate (CrProp) and metabolizable energy (ME) on growth, carcass traits, and pork quality of growing-finishing pigs. One hundred forty-four Cambrough-22 barrows were allotted to four dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design (six replicates of six pigs per replicate; average initial and final body weight were 27 and 113 kg, respectively). The dietary treatments were: 1) corn-soybean meal basal (B; low ME), 2) B + 200 ppb of Cr (as CrProp), 3) B + 200 kcal ME/kg (4.5% added fat; high ME), or 4) B + 200 kcal ME/kg + 200 ppb of Cr. At trial termination, three pigs per replicate were killed to determine dietary effects on carcass traits and pork quality. Overall average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain:feed ratio were not affected (P > 0.10) by diet. During the early growing period, average daily gain was increased in pigs fed the CrProp-low-ME diets, but decreased in pigs fed the CrProp-high ME diets (Cr x ME, P < 0.04). Feed intake was increased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the high-ME diets during the early growing period. Forty-five min and 24 h pH were not affected (P > 0.10) by diet. The CIE L* tended (P = 0.07) to be increased and shear force tended (P = 0.06) to be decreased in pigs fed high-ME diets. Subjective marbling was increased (P < 0.03) and longissimus muscle percentage moisture and thaw loss were decreased (P < 0.04) in pigs fed CrProp. Chromium propionate had no consistent effect on growth and carcass traits in this experiment; however, CrProp did affect some aspects of pork quality.