小桐子繁育系统与传粉生态学研究

在野外定位观测小桐子花朵的功能形态特征、开花动态、传粉方式,用杂交指数(OCI)、花粉/胚珠比(P/O)、去雄、套袋、人工授粉等方法分别测定小桐子的繁育系统.结果显示:(1)小桐子是单性花,雌雄同株同序.雄花单花期2 d,雌花单花期5～8 d,雌花直径略大于雄花.(2)雄花开花后9 h内花粉活力较高,24 h后花粉活力明显降低,48 h后花粉基本散失活力;雌花柱头可授性在开花后4 d内最强,5～8 d可授性开始降低,第9天基本失去可授性.(3)传粉方式以虫媒传粉为主,为虫媒植物.(4)繁育系统检测结果为部分自交亲和异交,需要传粉者活动才能完成授粉过程.     

濒危植物扇脉杓兰的花部特征与繁育系统

通过野外观测,运用杂交指数(OCI),花粉萌发试验,去雄、套袋、人工授粉等方法对扇脉杓兰开花特性、花粉活力、柱头可授性、繁育系统进行研究,并对其柱头表面和花粉进行扫描电镜观察.结果表明:扇脉杓兰4-6月份开花,群体花期23天,单花花期12 ～ 16天.开花当天柱头即具有可授性,柱头可授性持续期为14天左右.花粉活力在花朵刚开放时最高(95％),至花朵凋谢之前仍保持较高的活力(70％).雌雄生殖单位在持续时间上有较长的相遇期.开花时柱头略高出花药,在花朵开放的整个过程中雌、雄蕊的相对位置始终不变.扇脉杓兰杂交指数OCI =4.自然条件下,扇脉杓兰的结实率仅为5％.人工自花授粉、异花授粉的结实率分别为90％和95％,表明扇脉杓兰是高度自交亲和的.而套袋后不采取措施和去雄的花均小结实,表明扇脉杓兰不存在自动的自花授粉、无融合生殖,因而扇脉杓兰必须通过一定的媒介传粉才能繁衍后代.     

锈叶杜鹃的开花特性及繁育系统研究

2012年对锈叶杜鹃自然居群进行了开花物候及访花昆虫的调查,分析了其开花特性;并运用杂交指数、花粉-胚珠比和人工控制授粉方法,对其繁育系统进行了研究。结果表明,锈叶杜鹃开花时间为2月初至7月,其单花花期、单花序花期及单株花期分别为7.06±2.74 d,12.33±2.37 d和16.17±4.24 d。锈叶杜鹃的雌、雄性器官具有同熟性,但两者的最佳活性时间不同,花粉活力在开花第1天的活力最高,而柱头可授性在开花第4～6天最好。锈叶杜鹃的繁育系统为异交型,自交亲和,需要传粉者;同株异花授粉是其主要的授粉方式。锈叶杜鹃的有效传粉昆虫主要为蜂类,而象甲类、蚁类、叶蜂类昆虫是侵害性昆虫,严重影响其传粉;传粉昆虫访花频率低,可能是导致锈叶杜鹃自然杂交结实率低的主要原因。     

花色多态植物紫薇花部综合特征与繁育系统

[目的]紫薇具有红色、紫色和白色等显著不同的花色以及形态、大小和颜色明显不同的2种雄蕊,使其成为花色多态型和异型雄蕊研究的良好材料.对紫薇花部综合特征和繁育系统进行系统研究,探究紫薇不同花色植株的繁殖策略以及2种雄蕊在传粉过程中的功能作用.[方法]通过野外定点观测,采用传粉昆虫调查、人工授粉以及人工控制套袋试验等方法对紫薇3种花色植株的花部形态特征、开花进程、传粉式样以及花朵的功能形态特征进行检测.[结果]1)3种花色植株的花期和单花开放进程基本相同(单花花期为4～5天).2)3种花色植株的花在形态特征上存在差异.3)3种花色植株的短雄蕊数表现为白色花植株＞紫色花植株＞红色花植株,花色间存在显著差异(P＜0.05);红色花植株的单花花粉量和P/O值显著低于其他2种花色植株(P＜0.05).4)3种花色植株的花粉活性和柱头可授性动态变化趋势相似;花粉寿命与柱头可授期有部分重叠,长雄蕊花粉活性最高时期早于柱头最佳可授期,短雄蕊的与柱头最佳可授期同步;白色和紫色花植株的柱头最佳可授期比红色花植株的长(约2h).5)2种雄蕊在形态、颜色、花粉量、人工控制试验条件下的结实率和结籽数以及传粉昆虫访花行为等方面都存在显著差异,说明2种雄蕊在传粉过程中存在功能分化,即黄色短雄蕊主要起招引昆虫作用,暗黄色长雄蕊主要起传粉作用;但2种雄蕊在花粉活性、花粉组织化学成分以及人工控制授粉后的结实率等方面均无显著差异,表明二者在生理上尚未分化;去除雄蕊试验表明,雄蕊的排列方式是影响2种雄蕊功能分化程度的重要因素.6)P/O值、套袋试验以及传粉昆虫观察结果表明,紫薇不存在无融合生殖、主动自交和自交不亲和现象,其交配方式是以异交为主、自交亲和的兼性异交繁育系统.7)传粉昆虫对红色花植株有明显偏好,访问该花色植株的频率显著高于其他2种花色植株(P＜0.01);人工授粉后,白色和紫色花植株的结实率显著提高.[结论]在自然条件下,紫薇的白色和紫色花植株存在一定的花粉限制.此时,增加对雄性功能的投入、延长柱头最佳可授期是其维持繁殖成效的适应策略;在传粉过程中,2种雄蕊既有分工,又有协作.2种雄蕊花药开裂时间不同步,花粉活力维持时间也不同,花粉的这种装配机制是紫薇提高花粉输出效率的繁殖策略.     

紫玉兰(Magnolia liliflora)的繁育系统研究

从花部形态、花粉活力、柱头可授性、花粉-胚珠比(P/O)、杂交系数(OCI)、套袋实验、传粉观察等方面,对紫玉兰的繁育系统进行了研究.结果表明:(1)紫玉兰是两性花,花期为15 d左右.(2)紫玉兰散粉后9h内花粉活力达到最高,24h后花粉活力明显下降,56 h后花粉基本丧失活力;拄头可授性在开花后3d内最强,4d～6d可授性开始降低,第7d基本失去可授性.(3)传粉方式以虫媒传粉为主,是虫媒植物.(4)繁育系统检测结果为部分自交亲和、异交,需要传粉者的活动才能完成授粉过程.     

白花野牡丹的繁育系统研究

白花野牡丹兼具观赏性和药用价值,极具开发潜力。为更好地保护和利用该物种,对白花野牡丹的开花进程、花部形态特征及访花昆虫进行观察,运用花粉萌发、杂交指数、花粉-胚珠比及人工授粉试验等方法测定其繁育系统。结果显示:白花野牡丹的单花花期约为12 h;白花野牡丹为雌雄异熟,柱头先花药成熟;雄蕊异型,2类雄蕊产生的花粉粒极轴长有差别,萌发率也不同;领木蜂、东亚无垫蜂、蓝彩带蜂、彩带蜂是白花野牡丹的主要传粉者;杂交指数(OCI)为4,花粉-胚珠比(P/O)约为417.6~1035.2;在自然条件下白花野牡丹不能自花授粉,繁殖需要传粉者参与,没有无融合生殖,自交亲和与异交亲和;白花野牡丹的繁育系统为自交亲和的异花授粉植物,需要传粉者。繁育系统为兼性异交。     

常绿杜鹃品种‘XXL’的花粉活力及柱头可授性观察

以常绿杜鹃品种‘XXL’为研究材料,采用花粉离体培养法和联苯胺-过氧化氢法测定其开花过程中的花粉活力及柱头可授性,并对其柱头表面分泌粘液情况与其柱头可授性之间的关系进行研究。结果表明,在开花当天,常绿杜鹃品种‘XXL’的花粉活力较低(68.42±7.06%),柱头无粘液,柱头无可授性;在开花后2天,花粉活力达到最高值(80.75±9.44%);在开花后3-4天,花粉活力开始减弱,柱头仍无粘液,但柱头开始有可授性;在开花后5-7天,柱头开始分泌粘液,柱头可授性逐渐增强;在开花后8-11天,柱头分泌粘液量增多,期间的柱头可授性最强;在开花后12天,花瓣萎蔫,花粉活力降至最低(48.72±14.53%),可授性仍然很强。实验结果表明,常绿杜鹃品种‘XXL’适宜作为父本、母本开展杂交育种工作,其开花后2-6天为最佳采粉期,开花后8-12天为最佳授粉期。     

腾冲红花油茶种内杂交花前授粉试验

为完善腾冲红花油茶杂交技术,选择不同种群类型的5个典型林分50株样株2 898朵样花,采用胶布隔离柱头授粉技术,在样花开花前1~3、7~10、15~20 d用相同的异源花粉对其人工授粉,在坐果稳定后的6月上旬统计坐果率,研究腾冲红花油茶在花蕾露红期人工授粉的可行性及最佳授粉时期。结果显示:不同时期授粉的坐果率差异极显著(P0.01),以开花前1~3 d授粉效果最佳,单株最高坐果率达100%,平均坐果率达(58.35±3.64)%;腾冲红花油茶种内杂交可以选择在开花前1~3 d进行。     

山杏优良无性系开花及授粉生物学特性研究

笔者对北票市山杏种质资源圃中的8年生46个山杏优良无性系开花及授粉生物学特性进行观测,结果表明:普通山杏在4月17日进入始花期,94号无性系4月25日进入始花期,开花最晚;参试的山杏无性系花期6～9d,其中1个无性系花期9d,9个无性系花期8d;山杏无性系自然授粉坐果率较高,参试无性系中自然授粉坐果率＜5.0％的占17.4％,坐果率5％ ～ 9.9％的占15.2％,坐果率≥10％的占67.4％;17个无性系自交授粉的坐果率≥0,但仅1个达到自交亲和标准.风媒传粉坐果率较低,坐果率＜5.0％的无性系占参试无性系总数的58.7％,可见山杏主要靠虫媒传粉,风是其授粉传播媒介之一.     

灰木莲的开花特性及繁育系统的研究

通过野外观察和实验室检测,研究了广西南宁市的灰木莲的花部结构、开花物候、花粉活力、访花者行为,用杂交指数(OCI)、花粉/胚珠比(P/O)及去瓣、去雄、套袋、人工授粉等方法测定了其繁育系统。结果表明,灰木莲群体在3月下旬-5月下旬开花,个体开花持续时间约28天,相对开花强度主要分布范围是30%~60%,开花的同步性指数达0.735,属于集中开花模式;灰木莲两性花为雌雄蕊异熟类型,同花雌蕊先成熟,失去授粉机能后雄蕊花药才裂开散粉;灰木莲花粉粒的生活力超过60%;花粉/胚珠比为953.2,杂交指数为4,表明灰木莲繁育系统属于异交为主,部分自交,需要传粉昆虫才能完成其繁殖;自然状态下灰木莲无结实,人工授粉后结实率为20%~30%;在灰木莲中未发现有访花昆虫,只有花蓟马在花中活动,而且未能形成有效的传粉。传粉者的缺乏可能是导致灰木莲在南宁市不能自然结实的主要原因。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。