不同技术措施对设施油桃果实品质的影响

以早红珠、曙光油桃为试材,在设施栽培条件下,分别采取果实套袋、喷施多效唑、CO2施肥3种技术措施研究其对果实品质的影响.结果表明:套袋使果实着色指数和果面光洁度系数比对照明显提高,但维生素C、可溶性蛋白含量和可溶性糖含量显著下降;花后20 d和花后38 d喷施多效唑处理的效果较好,果实可溶性糖、可滴定酸含量、糖酸比及着色指数均有明显提高,处理时期越早,效果越好;CO2施肥使油桃果实的平均单果重、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖的含量、干物质含量均比对照水平有显著的提高.     

局部施肥对桃树生长、果实品质及产量的影响

以中桃8号为试材,设全面积施肥、1/2面积施肥、1/3面积施肥和1/4面积施肥4个处理,比较局部施肥对桃树生长、果实品质及产量的影响。结果表明,与全面积施肥处理相比,局部施肥处理叶片氮、磷含量降低,但1/2面积施肥处理能够显著提高叶片钾含量,1/3面积施肥处理可提高果实钾含量。1/4面积施肥处理能够提高叶片干重、叶绿素含量,抑制新梢生长,1/4、1/3面积施肥处理均能够明显提高单株产量和单果重。1/3面积施肥处理能够提高果实可溶性固形物、可溶性糖含量,显著提高果实维生素C含量。局部施肥处理均能够提高桃果实色泽饱和度、促进果实转色。施肥面积与叶片氮、磷含量分别呈极显著、显著正相关关系,与单株产量呈极显著负相关关系;新梢生长量和单株产量、单果重均呈显著负相关关系。三因素主成分分析显示,1/3面积施肥处理得分最高。不同范围局部施肥处理对桃树生长影响不一致,其中1/3面积施肥处理在提高果实产量和品质上综合效果最佳。     

CO2施肥残渣对辣椒产量和品质的影响

为探讨 CO2施肥残渣资源化利用的途径,研究了商品有机肥、CO2施肥残渣和不施肥3种处理对辣椒产量和品质的影响。试验结果表明,施用 CO2施肥残渣能明显提高辣椒的产量,其中 CO2施肥残渣处理下的辣椒单果质量与商品有机肥处理相当;另外,施用 CO2施肥残渣能极显著提高辣椒果实的可溶性糖含量,而对辣椒果实 VC 含量的提高作用有限。     

不同肥料对东魁杨梅果实的影响研究

以东魁杨梅为试材,开展不同肥料时杨梅果实品质的影响试验.结果表明:喷施康壮素叶面肥可以提高果实品质,浓度为45 mg/L时效果最好,还原糖、总糖和可溶性固形物分别比对照(清水)高0.91、0.70和1.8个百分点;有机无机杨梅专用肥(有机质≥20%,N+P2O5+K2O≥15%)可显著提高果实品质,分春肥和采后肥两次各株施4 kg,果实总糖、还原糖和可溶性固形物分别比传统施肥(采后株施K2SO4 0.75 kg)提高1.15、0.67和1.0个百分点;施用有机肥可以改善果实品质,增加叶片叶绿素含量和百叶重,提高土壤有机质含量.     

CO_2施肥对桃树暗呼吸和光呼吸的影响

以3年生油桃为试材在水暖玻璃温室中进行CO2施肥研究,结果表明:在温室普通空气条件下,CO2施肥对桃树暗呼吸与光呼吸的影响不大;在相应处理CO2浓度条件下暗呼吸速率变化不明显,而光呼吸速率明显下降。在温室普通空气条件与相应处理CO2浓度条件下,桃树暗呼吸速率/光合速率(Re/Pn)值与光呼吸速率/光合速率(Phr/Pn)值均明显下降,这在一定程度上解释了表观光合速率的相对上升,CO2施肥对桃树的生长发育有着明显的正效应。     

蔓越橘果实营养成分分析

以蔓越橘的2个栽培种“博格曼”、“贝恩11号”的鲜果为试材,对其可溶性糖、有机酸、出汁率和可溶性蛋白等成分的含量进行测定.结果表明:蔓越橘2个品种的可溶性糖含量相对较低,且在果实发育过程中变化不明显.有机酸含量在果实的发育过程中呈上升趋势,且在果实成熟期的含量也相对较高.果实的糖酸比在成熟时也未达到鲜食水平.出汁率变化不明显.可溶性蛋白含量在果实的发育过程中呈下降趋势.     

输液滴灌施肥对龙眼产量及品质的影响试验

以桂香龙眼品种为试材,开展输液滴灌施肥对龙眼产量及品质的影响试验。结果表明：输液滴灌施肥显著提高了果实品质,单果重、单株产量、可溶性固形物含量和可溶性糖含量等指标均优于常规土施。输营养液和输复合肥处理的比常规土施处理的单果重分另q提高了20．62％、25．53％;单株产量分别提高了17．90％、29．44％;可溶性固形物含量分别提高了18．15％、11．40％;可溶性糖含量分别提高了19．43％、7．24‰     

水肥耦合对梨园土壤养分和果实品质的影响

以5年生黄冠梨为试材,研究了水肥耦合条件下梨园土壤养分含量的变化及其对梨果实品质的影响.结果表明,水肥耦合全量肥处理较其他处理明显提高了成熟期0～20、20～50 cm土层有效磷含量,全钾含量明显降低,而速效钾含量明显增加,加速了全钾向速效钾的转化.水肥耦合半量肥处理较其他处理明显提高了花期0～ 20、20 ～ 50 cm土层的全氮含量,也提高了成熟期0～20、20～50 cm土层的碱解氮含量和花期的全磷含量.水肥耦合半量肥处理的可溶性糖含量和可滴定酸含量均显著高于其他处理,单果重、可溶性固形物含量与其他施肥处理差异不显著.     

矫正施肥技术在上海桃树养分管理中的应用

为提高上海郊区桃树养分管理技术水平,以上海浦东新区果园村为例,在实地调查的基础上,对全村果园土壤进行取样和检测,分析和评价土壤养分综合状况;针对该村桃树生产管理中存在的问题,根据桃树的养分需求和平衡施肥技术原理,制定以减量、深施、调比例为关键措施的桃树矫正施肥方案;试验示范结果显示,矫正施肥技术降低纯N用量50%,降低纯P用量40%,其产量、单果重及可溶性固形物和习惯施肥相比无明显的差异,取得显著的效果。     

不同施肥梯度对桃树果实品质的影响

为明确不同施肥梯度对桃树果实品质的影响，试验通过有机、无机相结合方式进行梯度试验，旨在确定有机肥对桃树的最佳用量。结果表明，与不施用有机肥比较，增施有机肥能有效提高‘小红桃’‘锦绣黄桃’果实品质。其中株施有机肥34.1 kg+复合肥1.0 kg+花后肥处理的，‘小红桃’果实可溶性固形物含量比对照提高0.67%，总酸含量比对照低0.07%，维生素C含量比对照提高60.8%；株施有机肥34.1kg处理的，‘锦绣黄桃’可溶性固形物含量比对照提高1.20%，总酸含量比对照低0.05%，维生素C含量比对照提高35.59%。2个品种的适宜有机肥用量为34.1 kg；化肥宜与有机肥同时施用，以提高其肥效。     

AF试剂在桃树上的应用研究

不同浓度的ＡＦ试剂在桃树上的应用研究表明，以１００×１０￣（－６）（１００ｐｐｍ）效果最佳。果实生长期处理３次，能获得增产、优质的效果。此与ＡＦ试剂能提高叶绿素含量、光合速率、促进希尔反应，抑制过氧化氢酶活性，增加单果重等多重效应密切相关。     

The consequences of cultural practices on growth and cropping of peach trees subjected to localized irrigation: Effects of soil management,nitrogen fertilization and tree density

SUMMARY

Cultural practices were studied in peach tree orchards irrigated with microsprinklers, herbicide strips being maintained along the tree rows. Differences in fruit cropping between treatments varied in the same way as tree vigour, the most vigorous trees having the highest production capacities. Concerning soil management, ground cover vegetation (permanent or temporary) improved fruit production compared with soil cultivation. According to leaf analysis, ground cover vegetation appeared to ameliorate the conditions of trees nutrition. This effect was probably mainly due to increasing soil resistance to compaction; applying organic matter was not effective in improving the performance of trees grown with soil cultivation compared with those grown with ground cover vegetation. Increasing fruit tree density also contributed to increased fruit production. Nevertheless, more than 600 trees per hectare did not allow further increase in fruit yield for the experimental cultivar. Lastly, nitrogen fertilization seemed particularly important for improving the fruiting of peach trees.     

果树渗灌试验

１９８９～１９９１年对１０年生国光和金冠苹果品种用多孔陶土管进行渗灌试验。结果表明：能节水和防涝，可增加土壤孔隙度和提高土壤养分含量，增加吸收根数量并促进树体的生长发育；座果率和单株（或单位面积）产量均比漫灌（对照）区高，果品质量有了明显的改善。     

Effect of crop load,fruit position and shoot vigour on yield and quality of Annona atemoya × Annona squamosa in India

The effect of crop load, position of the fruit on the shoots and vigour of the shoots on yield and quality of Annona atemoya × A. squamosa hybrid ‘Arka Sahan’ was investigated in India over two years. The trees were hand-pollinated and thinned to 20, 40, 60, 80 or 100 fruit after fruit set. Information was collected on total and marketable yield, yield efficiency, average fruit fresh weight, peel weight, the number of seeds per 100 g of pulp, pulp content in the fruit, total soluble solids (TSS) and total titratable acidity. In other experiments, fruit were harvested from weak, medium or vigrous shoots, or from basal, middle or apical nodes. Total yield increased up to 60 or 80 fruit per tree and marketable yield increased up to 60 fruit per tree. Average fruit weight and peel weight increased as cropping increased. These results suggest that optimum productivity and quality is associated with 60 fruit per tree or 0.17 to 0.19 kg cm² trunk-cross sectional area. The quality of the fruit in different positions on the shoots or on the different types of shoots was highly variable and generally not affected by the various treatments.     

核果类果树ITS 序列分子进化及系统发育关系研究

 为研究核果类果树的进化和系统发育,选择桃、李、梅、杏、樱桃各2 ~ 4 个主要种或变种共16 个基因型测定其ITS 序列,与从GenBank 下载的6 个核果类果树ITS 序列形成了较为全面的数据矩阵。采用二次置根法用樱桃置根,用PAUP 软件计算数据集在56 个进化模型的得分,Modeltest 筛选最佳模型和参数,计算遗传距离、变异,用最大简约法构建了桃、李、梅、杏、樱桃的系统发育树。结果表明：1. 核果类果树各组ITS1 和ITS2 的分子进化速率不同,信息量也不同;2. 核果类果树演化顺序为：共同的原始材料分化成樱桃、李、杏,再由李进化产生桃,杏进化产生梅;3. 辽杏较普通杏和西伯利亚杏原始,桃演化顺序是：巴旦杏—山桃—普通桃、新疆桃;4. 本结果支持将核果类果树分成4 个亚属。     

生草覆盖条件下不同施肥模式对红富士苹果生长发育、产量及品质的影响

通过随机区组试验,研究了果园生草覆盖条件下不同施肥模式对红富士苹果生长、产量及品质的影响。结果表明:苹果园在生草覆盖条件下不同施肥模式处理均能提高叶片质量,促进新梢生长,其中以有机无机配施(NPKM)处理效果最为显著;同时各个施肥处理也能提高叶片矿质元素的含量,以NPKM处理最高;施肥能增加单株产量和单果重,改善果实品质,与CK对照比较,传统施肥(NP)、单施有机肥(M)、单施化肥(NPK)和有机无机配施(NPKM)处理分别增产15.40%、19.27%、30.15%和54.49%,在一定程度上降低了可滴定酸含量,果形指数、可溶性固形物、维生素C、可溶性糖含量和糖酸比也有不同程度的提高。综合分析,从土壤可持续效用的角度,M处理和NPKM处理的效果最为明显,既能增强树势,又能提高产量和改善果实品质。     

Long-term effects of managed grass competition and two pruning methods on growth and yield of peach trees

Ground cover competition and tree training strongly affect development of newly planted peach trees and eventual productivity of peach orchards. This experiment characterized the long-term interactive effects of three levels of competition and two pruning criteria on yield, fruit size, and marketable yield efficiency. Trees of two cultivars (’Jersey Dawn’, JD, and ‘Redskin’, RS, on Lovell) of peach (Prunuspersica (L.) Batsch) were planted in an orchard in 1993 and grown for 14 years in a vegetation free area (VFA) width of 0.6 or 2.4 m. A separate group of trees that were in the 2.4 m VFA had grass seeded beneath them in 1998 to obtain 0 m VFA. All trees were pruned to maintain canopy size with wide-angled scaffold limbs and intense pruning (IP) or upright branch form with reduced pruning (RP). In general, RS had greater yield than JD and yield was greatest in the 2.4 m VFA with RP and least in the 0.6 m VFA with IP. Cumulative marketable (≥6.35 cm) and average annual total yield of both cultivars was similar for RP trees in 0 m VFA and IP trees in 2.4 m VFA's although more of the fruit were in the largest size class (>6.98 cm) in the IP trees. Reduced pruning increased crop load. Fruit weight decreased with increased crop load more in RS than JD and this response was similar for all VFA's within each cultivar. Grass competition tended to reduce both the number and weight of fruit per tree but the average weight of individual marketable fruit was reduced only in the 0.6 m VFA of RS. Tree size was reduced by grass competition and pruning times measured from 1995 to 2000 were less in RP than IP. Consequently, marketable yield efficiency of marketable fruit (grams fruit ≥6.35 cm/cm² trunk cross-sectional area, TCSA) measured from 2004 to 2007 was generally greater in trees with RP than IP and in the 0.6 than the 0 and 2.4 m VFA. The results indicate that persistent competition will reduce total annual yield per tree but with reduced pruning the concomitant increased crop load can help maintain marketable yield.     

密植桃园的主干形修剪栽培试验

连续五年密植桃园的主干形修剪试验表明：主干形修剪技术用于密植栽培桃树早结果早丰产效果显著。‘春花’成苗定植后第二年产量达1300kg·666．7m-2,第三年为1500kg·666．7m-2,第四年为2250kg·666,7m-2,第五年为1750kg·666．7m-2;‘湖景蜜露’定植后第二年和第三年产量为1021kg·666．7m-2和1019kg·666．7m-2;‘锦绣’定植后第二年产量为120km·666．7m-2,第三年为1204km·666．7m-2,第四年为1876km·666．7m-2;‘沪463’定植后第三年产量为47．5kg·666．7m-2,第四年为2125kg·666．7m-2。主干形修剪夏季摘心可促进早期副梢的萌发,利用副梢坐果,均衡树势。主干形修剪对桃果实的品质有一定的影响,使果实相对变小,单果重减轻,要注意疏花疏果,加强肥水管理。     

SH系矮化中间砧对‘富士’苹果树体生长、产量和果实品质的影响

2009年春季定植不同类型SH系矮化中间砧(SH1、SH3、SH6、SH9和SH40)苹果苗(宫藤富士/SH系砧木/平邑甜茶),株行距为1.5 m×5.0 m,纺锤形整形修剪,常规管理。2016年调查树体生长、冠层光照分布和果实产量品质的差异,为苹果矮化砧木的筛选利用提供参考。研究结果表明,栽植第8年(2016年),各中间砧嫁接树体的砧穗干周比无显著差异;SH1和SH6中间砧嫁接的树体最矮,SH40最高且冠幅最大;树体干周直径由高到低依次为:SH40、SH3、SH9、SH6和SH1;各中间砧嫁接树体总枝量均超过140万条·hm~(-2);SH6嫁接树体短枝比例最高,树势中庸;SH3和SH9短枝比例最低。各中间砧嫁接树体冠层平均相对光照强度由高到低依次为SH3(72.88%)、SH6(70.85%)、SH9(65.51%)、SH1(62.23%)和SH40(61.82%),SH6嫁接树体相对光照强度小于30%和40%的区域最小,仅为2.08%和4.17%。比较各中间砧树体连续稳产4年的结果情况,SH6嫁接树体4年(2013—2016年)累计产量最高且稳产性最好,SH1产量较低,SH9稳产性较差。各中间砧嫁接树平均单果质量由高到低依次为SH40 SH6 SH9 SH3 SH1。不同中间砧嫁接树果实不同类型糖含量和比例存在显著差异;而总酸含量、不同类型酸的含量(除草酸外)和比例差异不显著;SH6嫁接树果实糖酸比显著高于SH1、SH3和SH9。综合树体的生长和结果能力,SH6为中间砧嫁接‘富士’表现较好。