辣椒内生枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)BS-2和BS-1防治辣椒炭疽病研究

 辣椒内生枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) BS-莉和BS-1,对胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)引起的辣椒苗和果炭疽病有良好的防治效果,菌株培养液对苗炭疽病的防效分别为81.5%~93.3%和66.1%~79.2%;对果炭疽病的防效分别为80.0%~100%和60.0%~100%,喷施菌株培养液后间隔24h以上接种病原菌的防病效果比两者同时接种的高。菌株外分泌物对病菌菌丝生长、分生孢子产生和萌发及附着胞形成均有明显的抑制作用。菌株菌体及其胞外分泌物均有防病作用,菌体可能起主导作用。另外,2菌株培养液浸种,对辣椒还有明显的促生效果。BS-2菌株的防病和促生效果均比BS-1高。     

内生菌BS-2菌株的抗菌蛋白及其防病作用

 BS-2菌株为一株能在多种植物体内定殖,对多种植物炭疽病具有良好防治效果,并对植物生长具有良好促进作用的枯草芽孢杆菌,其BPY培养液经30%~70%硫酸铵盐析、高温(100℃)处理后,以SDS-PAGE、MALDI-TOF检测,该菌株分泌的抗菌蛋白为分子量 ≤ 2884.39 D的多肽;该抗菌多肽对热稳定并抗紫外线照射,对植物炭疽病菌和番茄青枯病菌等多种植物病原真菌和细菌有强烈的抑制作用,并对辣椒果炭疽病具有69.79%(9 d后)的防病效果;抑制病菌生长,引起菌丝(或芽管)细胞消融,导致菌丝畸形以及抑制病菌分生孢子的产生和萌发等可能是该抗菌多肽主要的防病机制。     

枯草芽孢杆菌BS80-6对苹果采后炭疽病的控病效果及作用机制

为提高枯草芽孢杆菌的生防效果,通过离子束诱变筛选出BS80-6菌株.利用生物测定方法研究BS80-6菌株及不同处理方法在不同贮藏温度下对采后苹果炭疽病的控制效果和作用机制.结果表明,BS80-6能显著提高对苹果炭疽菌的抑制作用.枯草芽孢杆菌BS80-6对苹果果实炭疽病的防治效果以活菌液效果最好,菌丝生长抑制率为80.14%,孢子萌发抑制率为98.65%,控病效果为60.34%;灭菌液和过滤液对苹果炭疽菌也有一定的抑制效果.贮藏温度明显影响BS80-6对苹果炭疽病的防治效果;接种方式对控病效果影响显著,先接拮抗菌再接病菌的防效好于先接病菌再接拮抗菌.     

菜心内生细菌CX-PA的鉴定及生防作用

从菜心植株内分离到一株具有生防活性的细菌CX-PA,通过对其形态特征和生理生化特性测定,16S rDNA部分序列同源性分析,鉴定为多粘类芽孢杆菌。采用浸种、喷雾接种处理,CX-PA可进入小白菜、大白菜和菜心体内定殖。培养基平板对峙测定,CX-PA对菜心炭疽病菌等7种病原菌有较强的拮抗作用。盆栽防治试验表明,CX-PA对菜心炭疽病和霜霉病的防治效果分别为70.8%和64.8%。     

枯草芽孢杆菌BS-208和BS-209菌株防治番茄灰霉病研究

为开发防治番茄灰霉病Botrytis cinerea的生防细菌,进行了枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis BS-208和BS-209菌株对番茄灰霉病的温室和田间防治试验,并测定了两菌株对番茄灰霉病菌的抑制作用。结果表明:BS-208菌株分泌物对番茄灰霉病菌菌丝生长的抑制率为44%以上;BS-208和BS-209菌株的发酵液在经稀释10倍后,对番茄灰霉病菌分生孢子萌发的抑制率可达90%以上。经温室盆栽试验测定,以BS-208和BS-209菌株发酵液和菌体处理后24和48 h接种病菌,防效均达75%以上,好于0 h接种的防效,但分泌物滤液防治效果较差。两年的田间试验结果表明,BS-208和BS-209制剂对番茄灰霉病均具有良好的防治效果,其防效随浓度加大而提高,以800倍液的防效最好,两菌株制剂800倍液连续3次施药后防效均达到74%以上,并且BS-208菌株的防效略高于BS-209菌株。     

水稻内生细菌B196的鉴定及其对水稻纹枯病的防治作用

从水稻体内分离得到的细菌菌株B196对水稻纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia solani的生长有较强抑制作用.通过形态学和生理生化鉴定及16S rDNA序列分析,将菌株B196鉴定为巨大芽孢杆菌Bacillus megaterium.采用浸种和喷雾的方法将菌株B196接种到水稻植株后,均能在稻株体内回收到该菌株,表明菌株B196能在水稻体内定殖.菌株B196对水稻纹枯病的盆栽和田间防效分别为64.29%和55.13%.     

内生芽孢杆菌TB2防治辣椒疫病效果及其机理初探

 内生芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.) TB2对辣椒疫霉(Phytophthora capsici)引起的辣椒苗和果疫病有良好的防治效果,菌液浸种处理的苗接种病菌后20 d防病效果可达70.0%;菌液浇灌后48 h的苗接种病菌后20 d防病效果可达88.1%;菌液喷雾处理的果接种病菌后14 d防病效果可达65.2%。喷雾或浇灌菌株培养液后间隔24 h以上接种病原菌的防病效果比二者同时接种时高。生防菌菌体及其胞外分泌物均有防病作用,其胞外分泌物的速效性较好,菌体的持效性较好。菌株胞外分泌物对病菌菌丝生长、孢子囊形成和游动孢子释放均有明显的抑制作用。菌液可诱导植物抗性相关酶的变化,但其与病菌共同接种于辣椒时诱导作用可相互影响。疫霉菌处理可使辣椒果的丙二醛(MDA)含量和过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性出现明显的峰值;菌液处理可诱导辣椒SOD和POD活性增强;但菌液与病菌共同处理后,辣椒果的MDA含量和SOD、POD、CAT的活性均较低,与清水对照接近,表现出一种相对稳定的状态。     

蜡质芽孢杆菌AR156对辣椒的防病促生机理研究

 蜡质芽孢杆菌AR156是南京农业大学与新沂中凯农用化工有限公司合作开发的生物农药。为了解AR156对辣椒的防病促生机制, 本文研究了AR156在温室条件下对青枯劳尔氏菌引起的辣椒青枯病的生防效果, 对辣椒的促生作用, 在辣椒根围的定殖能力, 诱导植物细胞防卫反应, 如活性氧积累和胼胝质沉积, 以及植物防御相关酶的活力。结果表明, 蜡质芽孢杆菌AR156对辣椒青枯病的温室防效高达73.31%。AR156的使用使辣椒植株干重增加 22.30%, 并能稳定的在辣椒根围定殖, 接种60 d后, 其定殖量为5×10⁵ cfu·g^-1FW。AR156预处理后挑战接种病原菌能诱导植株更迅速的产生细胞防卫反应, 并可显著提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活力。可见AR156菌株诱导的植物细胞防卫反应, 提高植物防御相关酶活和在辣椒根围稳定的定殖能力使其产生对病害的广谱抗性。研究还发现 AR156菌剂可增加辣椒叶片叶绿素的含量, 这可能是该菌剂促进辣椒生长的原因之一。     

枯草芽胞杆菌sf628对梨炭疽病的控制作用

近年来,由胶胞炭疽病菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides引起的梨炭疽病在砀山酥梨产区普遍发生。为探讨生防菌对梨炭疽病的控制作用,采用平板对峙生长法和喷雾法研究了枯草芽胞杆菌sf 628对梨炭疽病的室内外防治效果。枯草芽胞杆菌sf 628发酵菌液、100倍和500倍稀释液对胶胞炭疽病菌菌丝生长的平板抑制率分别为91.45%、88.80%和86.63%。梨果先喷施生防菌液sf628,24 h后接种炭疽病菌,对梨炭疽病的防治效果为83.74%;梨果先接种炭疽病菌,24 h后再喷施生防菌液sf 628,对梨炭疽病的防治效果为56.82%。生防菌sf 628可湿性粉剂100、1000和2000倍稀释液对梨炭疽病的田间防治效果分别为75.89%、60.78%和50.60%,常规对照药剂多菌灵的防治效果为61.10%。研究表明,枯草芽胞杆菌sf 628是一株对梨炭疽病有较好控制作用的生防菌。     

不同处理方法对草莓灰霉病的防治效果

鉴于草莓生产过程中真菌性病害发生严重的现状,进行了4种不同处理方法的草莓灰霉病防治效果比较试验。结果表明,4个处理都对草莓灰霉病有较好的防效(81.3%～94.1%),但枯草芽孢杆菌的防效明显高于未施组,常规化学农药短期防效显著,之后逐步减退,枯草芽孢杆菌完全替换常规化学农药的前期防效较差,后期防效逐步提升,3次施药后防效高于常规农药10.9%;枯草芽孢杆菌还具有明显的增产促生作用,且不影响环境,不造成残留,能提升果实品质。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.