应用AML基因进行牛性别鉴定的研究

本文以染色体牙釉蛋白基因(AML)对牛肌肉基因组进行性别鉴定，为应用此基因进行胚胎鉴定提供理论依据。本研究应用奶牛染色体牙釉蛋白基因的DNA序列，设计了牛染色体特异性引物P1和P2，并通过聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增牛肌肉组织中的X和Y染色体上的牙釉蛋白基因内第五内含子。最后依据其分子量的差异对电泳后的性染色体所呈现的不同区带进行区分，从而达到性别鉴定的目的，具有很高的应用价值。     

PCR扩增牙釉基因X和Y染色体不同序列鉴定牛早期胚胎性别

本实验利用牛牙釉基因特异性引物扩增牛血液、成纤维细胞和胚胎DNA,旨在优化牛早期胚胎性别鉴定的方法。结果表明:实验利用两温度PCR扩增母牛DNA样品获得1条来自X染色体458 bp产物,PCR扩增公牛DNA样品获得2条产物,其中395 bp扩增产物来自Y染色体,458 bp扩增产物来自X染色体,60头已知性别牛样品鉴定的准确率为100%。实验优化了一种两温度PCR快速鉴别奶牛及其早期胚胎性别的方法。     

用PCR进行绵羊早期胚胎性别鉴定技术

根据绵羊SRY(sex determining region of the Y)基因中的同源序列,设计跨度为170 bp两对半嵌套式性别特异性引物,同时根据β-珠蛋白基因序列设计240 bp常染色体引物作为内标引物,对绵羊胚胎细胞DNA样品进行PCR (polymerase chain reaction)扩增,确定了绵羊胚胎性别鉴定的反应体系.结果表明在该反应条件下,雄性胚胎具有170 bpSRY基因序列扩增带及240 bp β-珠蛋白基因序列扩增带;而雌性胚胎只有240 bp常染色体基因序列扩增带.因此这个鉴定体系是可行的.     

牛早期胚胎性别鉴定PCR反应体系的优化研究

根据牛SRY基因序列设计合成2对巢式PCR引物作为性别鉴定引物，根据牛酪蛋白基因序列设计了一对引物作为内标引物建立了牛胚胎性别鉴定的PCR反应体系。同时对常规PCR和巢式PCR在牛早期胚胎性别鉴定中的实用性进行比较。15头公牛、13头母牛的DNA样品检测结果表明：使用巢式PCR公牛可以扩增出205bp的SRY基因片段和403bp的酪蛋白基因片段，母牛只能扩增出403bp的酪蛋白基因片段；而使用常规PCR时公牛扩增出255bp的SRY基因片段和403bp的酪蛋白基因片段，母牛只能扩增出403bp的酪蛋白基因片段，其性别鉴定结果和实际完全一致。由于巢式PCR只需10个细胞就可以在紫外透射分析仪下看到扩增结果，而常规PCR则需要20～30个细胞，所以胚胎性别鉴定时使用巢式PCR效果更好。试验采用巢式PCR鉴定了10个奶牛胚胎的性别，同时还对血清是否会对试验结果产生影响进行了研究。     

牙釉质基因巢式扩增鉴定牛早期胚胎性别的研究

根据牙釉质基因在牛X染色体和Y染色体上存在的差异设计巢式引物,对牛静脉血基因组DNA样本以及10枚牛早期胚胎DNA样本进行巢式扩增和电泳分析,以鉴定性别。结果表明:利用此方法能够对牛10 pg量血液基因组DNA进行扩增鉴定性别,雌性产生1条片段长度为311 bp的源于X染色体的条带,雄性产生1条源于X染色体的条带(311 bp)和1条片段长度为251 bp的源于Y染色体的条带,对10枚胚胎进行鉴定,6枚为雄性,4枚为雌性。说明牙釉质基因巢式PCR扩增鉴定牛早期胚胎性别方法可靠,准确性和敏感性较高。     

牛早期胚胎性别鉴定PCR反应体系优化的研究

根据牛SRY基因序列设计合成2对巢式PCR引物作为性别鉴定引物,根据牛-珠蛋白基因序列设计了一对引物作为内标引物建立了牛胚胎性别鉴定的PCR反应体系。公牛可以扩增出187bp的SRY基因片段和255 bp的-珠蛋白基因片段,母牛只能扩增出255 bp的-珠蛋白基因片段。由于巢式PCR只需3～8个细胞就可以在紫外灯下看到扩增结果,而常规PCR则需要较多的细胞,所以胚胎性别鉴定时使用巢式PCR效果更好。     

牛胎儿成纤维细胞的培养及性别鉴定

为了探索和建立牛胎儿成纤维细胞体外分离培养及性别鉴定的技术方法,试验取自怀孕40 d的奶牛胎儿耳组织用组织块贴附法进行原代培养和传代培养,用倒置相差显微镜观察成纤维细胞形态;根据牛Y染色体上的性别决定区域(SRY)基因序列设计合成1对PCR引物作为性别鉴定引物, 同时根据牛403 bp的β-珠蛋白基因序列设计1对引物作为内参照引物,建立PCR 反应体系进行性别鉴定.结果表明:分离的成纤维细胞可在体外快速贴壁生长、增殖;阳性对照和第1牛胎儿成纤维细胞系PCR鉴定扩增得到255 bp的片段和403 bp的β-珠蛋白基因片段,第2,3牛胎儿成纤维细胞系和母牛血液PCR扩增只得到403 bp的β-珠蛋白基因片段,通过电泳证明PCR产物255 bp的片段为SRY基因片段,说明有255 bp扩增带的细胞系为雄性;无255 bp扩增带的细胞系为雌性.结果说明该方法所获得的牛胎儿成纤维细胞可在体外稳定培养,利用PCR鉴定牛胎儿性别具有简单、快速、准确的特点,可应用于基因克隆动物研究中体细胞系的早期性别鉴定.     

中国麦洼牦牛、美国荷斯坦奶牛的性别鉴定

根据中国黑白花奶牛的ZFX、ZFY基因序列设计引物ZFY1、ZFX2、ZFY3,对中国麦洼牦牛、美国荷斯坦奶牛ZFX、ZFY基因片段进行PCR体外扩增和性别鉴定.结果显示ZFY1、ZFX2引物对ZFX、ZFY都能扩增出一条652bp片段;ZFY基因特异性引物ZFX2、ZFY3只能对雄性扩增出一条359bp的片段;特异性引物ZFX2、ZFY3能对中国麦洼牦牛、美国荷斯坦奶牛进行性别鉴定.     

牙釉质基因鉴定山羊性别的研究

根据牙釉质(amelogenin,AMEL)同源基因在山羊X、Y染色体上存在不同程度碱基缺失的特点,设计1对引物,对山羊血液基因组DNA混合样进行PCR扩增,将PCR产物纯化、克隆并测序;然后对46个山羊血液DNA样本(♀:22个,♂:24个)进行性别鉴定。结果显示,雌性山羊样品经扩增只产生一条非特异性条带,雄性山羊样品产生一条非特异性条带和一条特异性条带;非特异性片段长度为349 bp,特异性片段为289 bp;46个山羊血液DNA样本鉴定结果与实际性别对比,雌性准确率为100%(22/22),雄性准确率为100%(24/24)。     

萨能奶山羊早期胚胎性别鉴定体系的建立

根据GenBank中山羊的SRY(sex determining region of the Y)基因序列设计跨度为437 bp和346bp的两对嵌套式雄性特异性引物,同时根据GenBank中山羊的β-珠蛋白基因序列设计跨度为304 bp和174 bp的两对嵌套式常染色体引物作为内标引物,对提纯的萨能奶山羊血液DNA样品和胚胎细胞DNA样品进行PCR(polymerase chain reaction)以准确鉴定早期胚胎性别.扩增产物用琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析表明:通过10μL、20μL体系,56℃退火条件下,雄性胚胎具有346 bp SRY基因序列扩增带及304bp和174 bp常染色基因扩增带;而雌性胚胎只有304 bp和174 bp常染色基因扩增带.     

牙釉质基因鉴定麇鹿性别

性别鉴定是调查野生种群雌雄性比的重要方法,对野生动物种群管理具有重要意义。而牙釉质(AMEL)基因在性染色体上具有较高的保守性,在鉴定动物性别方面得到了应用,本次试验采用北京麋鹿生态实验中心的15头糜鹿组织样本,其中11个来自雄性麇鹿鹿茸,4个来自雌性糜鹿静脉血液。对所取样本分别进行基因组DNA提取、AMEL基因片段PCR扩增、纯化、测序。得到了AMEL基因鉴定和实际雌雄性别个数差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明:雌性麋鹿产生1条322 bpX带和1条N带,雄性麋鹿则产生322 bpX带和277 bpY带以及1条N带,雄鹿(10/10)和雌鹿(4/4)性别鉴定结果分别都与实际性别符合,所以,使用鹿茸角和血液样本进行AMEL.基因扩增电泳分析可以对糜鹿性别鉴定。     

PCR法鉴定雏鸽性别的初步研究

雏鸽的雌雄外貌形态差别甚微,极难区别。为有效准确地鉴别雏鸽的性别,淘汰非目的性别,从而降低饲养成本,提高经济效益。本研究通过采用PCR方法,选定特殊的性别CHD1基因及鉴定引物,克隆出雏鸽特定性别基因序列鉴定雏鸽的雌雄。结果表明:在雏鸽雌性样本中扩增出1条带(777 bp),而雄性中未见扩增带,显示出CHD1基因的性别特异性,PCR扩增性别鉴定结果与样本解剖后对性腺观察的形态学鉴定结果也完全一致。在87份样品中,阳性克隆结果为25,阴性克隆结果为62,故87只雏鸽中雌鸽25只,雄鸽62只,其准确率达100%。     

奶牛性别鉴定的研究与应用

选取牛雄性性别决定基因SRY (sex region of Y chromosome),根据基因序列设计特异引物,应用PCR技术对5头荷斯坦奶牛DNA样品进行扩增,鉴定其性别;并对设计的引物灵敏度进行检测;对已有的公、母各20头荷斯坦奶牛DNA样品进行PCR盲检,获取奶牛高灵敏度特异性引物,用于奶牛性别鉴定。结果表明,4头公牛DNA样品可以扩增出目标条带(66 bp),1头母牛DNA样品无法扩增出条带,阴性对照扩增无条带;最佳引物灵敏度为1.6 pg/μL,可以很好地满足性别鉴定需要。40头个体中,20头个体DNA样品可以扩增出条带,其余20头个体DNA样品无法扩增出条带,检测结果与实际性别对比准确率为100%。试验结果表明,设计的引物灵敏度比较好,能够满足奶牛性别鉴定的需要。     

A single blastomere sexing of caprine embryos by simultaneous amplification of sex chromosome-specific sequence of SRY and amelogenin genes

The primary objective of this study was to develop a simplified, rapid and authenticated protocol for sexing of caprine embryos. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a powerful tool in preimplantation sex diagnosis, using embryo biopsy at the early developmental stage. Based on the amelogenin gene located on the conserved region of the sex chromosome, a primer pair was used and PCR was established to amplify a 262-bp fragment from the Xchromosome in female goat embryos and 262-bp fragments from the X chromosome and 202-bp fragments from the Y chromosome in male embryos. To validate the reliability of PCR, using the sex-determining region Y (SRY) gene located on the conserved region of Y chromosome, a primer pair was used and PCR was established to amplify a 122-bp fragment specific to the Y chromosome in male embryos. The in vitro-produced goat in vitro fertilisation (IVF)-embryos were made zona free by treating with pronase. The cell number in each embryo was counted before sexing. A single blastomere taken from these embryos was directly used as a template in PCR containing SRY and amelogenin gene-specific primers separately. Of 75 pronase-treated and 60 micromanipulated goat IVF embryos, 33 (44%) and 26 (43.33%) were confirmed as male and 42 (56%) and 34 (56.66%) as female, respectively. The sex-diagnosed embryos were kept in research vitro cleavage (RVCL) medium, and developed into 42.66% and 61.66% morulae and 13.33% and 23.33% blastocysts among pronase-treated and micromanipulated embryos, respectively. The AMELX gene-specific primer served as the internal control and did not interfere with amplification of the Y-specific sequence. In conclusion, a single blastomere sexing protocol based on the SRY and the amelogenin gene is simple, rapid, sensitive and efficient for sex determination in caprine early stage embryos.     

应用Sry-PCR扩增鉴定狍(Capreolus capreolus)的性别

根据人的SRY基因核心序列设计合成1对引物C1、C2，应用PCR技术对野生狍(Capreolus capreolus)Sry基因(哺乳动物Y染色体DNA雄性特异区)进行扩增．结果在野生狍雄性样本扩增出1条带(221bp)．而在雌性样本未见扩增带．显示了Sry基因的性别特异性。应用这1对引物对42个未知性别狍肌肉组织样本进行了性别鉴定．结果雄性22个，雌性20个。对Sry-PCR产物克隆测序，得到185bp的Sry基因部分核苷酸序列。本试验为狍种群性别比率及其种群动态变化机制研究提供了资料。     

利用牛Y染色体重复序列进行早期胚胎性别鉴定的研究

本试验利用Y染色体重复序列作为雄性特异性引物,以肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）为内标引物建立多重PCR体系,进行牛早期胚胎性别鉴定。共设计四对引物—Y染色体重复序列外引物和内引物,其大小分别为534bp和480bp;肿瘤坏死因子外引物和内引物大小分别为357bp和272bp。试验结果表明,优化后的多重PCR体系的灵敏度分别达到3个胚胎细胞,准确率100%,可以满足早期胚胎性别鉴定的需要。     

Development of Y‐chromosome‐Specific SCAR Markers Conserved in Taurine,Zebu and Bubaline Cattle

Sex pre‐selection of bovine offsprings has commercial relevance for cattle breeders and several methods have been used for embryo sex determination. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has proven to be a reliable procedure for accomplishing embryo sexing. To date, most of the PCR‐specific primers are derived from the few single‐copy Y‐chromosome‐specific gene sequences already identified in bovines. Their detection demands higher amounts of embryonic genomic material or a nested amplification reaction. In order to circumvent this, limitation we searched for new male‐specific sequences potentially useful in embryo sexing using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay reproducibility problems can be overcome by its conversion into Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) markers. In this work, we describe the identification of two bovine male‐specific markers (OPC16₃₂₃ and OPF10₁₁₆₈) by means of RAPD. These markers were successfully converted into SCARs (OPC16₇₂₆ and OPF10₉₈₄) using two pairs of specific primers.Furthermore, inverse PCR (iPCR) methodology was successfully applied to elongate OPC16₃₂₃ marker in 159% (from 323 to 837 bp). Both markers are shown to be highly conserved (similarity ≥95%) among bovine zebu and taurine cattle; OPC16₃₂₃ is also highly similar to a bubaline Y‐chromosome‐specific sequence. The primers derived from the two Y‐chromosome‐specific conserved sequences described in this article showed 100% accuracy when used for identifying male and female bovine genomic DNA, thereby proving their potential usefulness for bovine embryo sexing.     

多重PCR方法检测锦鲤疱疹病毒基因

根据对已报道的PCR检测方法灵敏性评价,以常用KHV病毒PCR检测的目的基因KHVSphI片段(AY568590)、KHV5/9(AF411803)和KHVTK基因(AJ535112)作为靶基因,设计并选择3对特异性引物建立的多重PCR检测体系用于KHV病毒多基因的检测。本研究建立的多重PCR体系具有较高的特异性,能够特异性扩增出KHVSphI片段290bp、KHV5/9片段484bp和KHVTK基因片段409bp,对锦鲤和鲤鱼的另外一种病毒性病原鲤春毒血症病毒检测结果为阴性。多重KHV病毒PCR体系检测KHVSphI、KHV5/9和KHVTK基因片段单一模板的检测下限分别为:10fg、100fg和100fg,在相同模板浓度的情况下,KHVSphI、KHV5/9和KHVTK基因片段同时被检出的检测下限为100fg。对KHV病毒感染组织的检测结果表明,多重KHV病毒PCR检测结果与常规PCR检测结果基本吻合,在多重PCR检测体系中KHVTK基因片段检测的灵敏度高于检验检疫行业标准方法。结果表明,多重KHV病毒PCR检测方法能够快速、准确和灵敏地检测KHV病毒基因。     

Identification of sex-specific polymorphic sequences in the goat amelogenin gene for embryo sexing

Amelogenin (AMEL) is a conserved gene located on the sex chromosomes of mammals. It is involved in the formation of enamel, which is the hard, white material that forms the protective outer layer of each tooth. In this study, we first cloned and determined the intron sequences of the goat AMELX and AMELY genes from female and male ear tissues. The polymorphic AMEL alleles were further analyzed by PCR-based RFLP and Southern blot hybridization analyses. Results showed that intron 5 nucleotide sequences of the goat AMELY gene contains multiple deletions/insertions and shares only 48.5% identity to intron 5 of the goat AMELX gene. Based on the polymorphic AMEL intron sequences, a set of sex-specific triplex primers was designed to PCR amplify a single fragment of 264 bp from the X chromosome of female goats and 2 fragments of 264 and 206 bp from the X and Y chromosomes, respectively, of male goats. An increased sensitivity for sex determination was reached with a single blastomere at the blastula stage isolated from goat embryos. A total of 43 goat embryos were used to estimate a 100% accuracy rate of this method confirmed by chromosomal karyotyping and live births. The embryo sexing technique has been successfully applied in different strains of goats including Alpine, Saanen, Nubian, and Taiwan goats.     

金黄色葡萄球菌聚集因子A（C1fa A）功能区基因的克隆及真核表达质粒构建

粘附素蛋白是金黄色葡萄球菌感染早期最重要的致病因子,研究根据金黄色葡萄球菌聚集因子A（c1fa A）基因,设计合成特异性引物,以国内奶牛乳腺炎临床分离株金黄色葡萄球菌基因组为PCR模板,进行c1fa A基因的克隆,并连接入pMD18-T载体进行测序和序列分析,然后经BamH I和Xba I双酶切后构建真核表达载体并进行鉴定。结果表明,以金黄色葡萄球菌标准株为对照,国内分离株多数在990bp处扩增到特异性条带,经测序鉴定,与Genebank发表的金黄色葡萄球菌c1fa A序列同源性为99％;构建的真核表达质粒通过PCR和双酶切鉴定证明构建成功,为研究核酸疫苗奠定基础。