利用废弃浸渍纸制造刨花板的试验研究

利用废弃浸渍纸粉末替代部分脲醛树脂胶压制刨花板,采用正交试验方案并考察刨花板的主要理化性能,探讨浸渍纸粉末部分或全部替代脲醛胶的可行性。结果表明:废弃浸渍纸粉末用量为20%、脲醛树脂用量为5%、热压温度为190℃、热压时间为0.4 min/mm时,所压制的刨花板静曲强度为17.97 MPa,内结合强度为0.76 MPa,甲醛释放量为5.69 mg/100g,废弃浸渍纸粉末可部分替代脲醛树脂压制刨花板且性能较佳。     

高醚含量三聚氰胺改性脲醛树脂胶接胶合板性能研究

采用常规和高醚两种工艺合成了脲醛树脂及三聚氰胺改性脲醛树脂,研究了合成工艺、三聚氰胺添加、固化剂种类等对低摩尔比树脂胶接胶合板胶合强度和甲醛释放量的影响。结果表明:高醚工艺合成的脲醛树脂固化时间较长,胶接胶合板甲醛释放量较高。三聚氰胺在反应初期加入合成的高醚改性树脂胶接胶合板,胶合强度高,甲醛释放量低;三聚氰胺在树脂合成反应末期加入时主要起降低板的甲醛释放量作用。复合固化剂可有效促进低游离甲醛含量树脂的固化,提高胶合强度,降低甲醛释放量。     

环保型脲醛树脂胶粘剂的研究

脲醛树脂胶具有无色、胶合强度高等特点，已广泛应用于刨花板、胶合板及家具生产。然而游离甲醛的释放，污染了环境，对人体健康造成影响，限制了它的使用范围。本阐述了一种低游离甲醛树脂，利用加入聚乙烯醇、三聚氰胺等改性剂来改善脲醛树脂的耐水性及耐老化性，同时降低游离甲醛含量。在使用时加以改性填料，可以提高脲醛胶的剪切强度，并降低胶的成本。     

山楂核粉用作脲醛胶添加剂的研究

山楂核是山楂果品加工产生的废弃物,将它碎成200目以上的粉末后可作为脲醛树脂胶粘剂的填料使用。试验研究表明:山楂核粉在脲醛胶中的分散稳定性比面粉差,单独使用时胶合板板坯的预压性能不理想,与面粉混合使用可以满足预压工艺要求;山楂核粉可以显著地提高脲醛胶的胶合强度,当添加量为胶液10%~15%时,胶合板胶合强度提高幅度最大;山楂核粉具有降低脲醛胶胶合板甲醛释放量的作用,且其作用效果优于面粉。     

脲醛树脂胶多效复合剂的初探

脲醛树脂胶多效复合剂的初探李丽霞，高秀文，刘凤武（黑龙江省林产工业研究所）（伊春市汤旺河林业局木材检验科）脲醛树脂胶是木材加工工业中用量最大的胶粘剂品种，年耗量占木工胶粘剂总量８５％以上。这类胶粘剂的使用都需加入一些填料，以改善胶合板生产过程中透胶等...     

单层浸渍纸贴面葵花秆刨花板的研究

本文论述了葵花秆刨花板的生产工艺、产品性能，分析了单层浸渍纸贴面用基材板的性能，并与国家标准进行了比较，填补了几项指标要求。研究中对国产刨花板设备及其生产工艺进行了调整，生产出了符合单层浸渍纸贴面板性能要求的基材板，同时研制了改性三聚氰胺树脂胶、改性脲醛树脂胶，制定了单层浸渍纸贴面工艺，贴面板各项性能达到国家标准。     

填加尿素对脲醛树脂胶的影响

绪言胶合板生产大量使用脲醛树脂胶。但在制备脲醛树脂胶的过程中,必须考虑制造的困难和胶液的稳定性。因而通常把尿素与甲醛的克分子比,控制在1:2.0左右。根据过去所发表的报告,若采用高克分子比反应时,树脂的游离甲醛就多。同时由于存在-CO-、-CH_2OH等亲水性基团,使胶合板的湿状胶合强度下降,这也是造成脲醛树脂老化的原因。另外,树脂的游离甲醛含量高,制成的胶合板有较大的甲醛味,     

玉米淀粉改性UF树脂胶合高含水率单板

采用半酯化的玉米淀粉与脲醛树脂(UF)共聚改性,探讨加入量、脲醛树脂的量比、混合比、热压条件等对胶液的黏度、稳定性、固化时间及胶合质量的影响.结果表明:当单板含水率提高到16%～18%时,用改性UF树脂生产的多层胶合板,其物理力学性能指标达到GB/T 9846.1～12-88中Ⅱ类胶合板的要求,并大幅度地降低了胶合板的制造成本.     

二乙二醇醚增韧改性三聚氰胺-尿素-甲醛树脂的性能

三聚氰胺改性脲醛树脂(MUF)相比脲醛树脂(UF)具有低甲醛释放和高耐水的优点,被广泛用于制造环保和防潮胶合板、刨花板和纤维板。但是,增加三聚氰胺含量会导致MUF树脂脆性变大。制备了二乙二醇醚增韧改性MUF树脂,研究了二乙二醇醚添加量对胶合板胶合强度、弹性模量、静曲强度和冲击韧性的影响。结果表明:添加MUF胶液质量2%~8%的二乙二醇醚可延长MUF树脂的固化时间,降低胶合板的胶合强度,而胶合板的抗弯破坏由脆性断裂向韧性断裂转变。与对照组对比,二乙二醇醚改性MUF树脂可明显提高所制胶合板的弹性模量、静曲强度和冲击韧性。较优的二乙二醇醚添加量为MUF胶液质量的2%,此时,胶合板弹性模量、静曲强度和冲击韧性相比对照组分别提高了66.7%,71.1%和100%。     

降低脲醛胶刨花板游离甲醛释放量的方法

胶粘剂是生产人造板的重要原材料,随着人造板产量的增长和品种结构的变化,人造板胶粘剂得到迅速发展。据联合国粮农组织统计,2000年世界人造板产量为1.54亿m3,耗用胶粘剂370万t（以固体含量100％计）。其中脲醛树脂胶为主导产品,用量超过250万t,它与酚醛树脂胶、三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂胶并称为人造板工业三大胶.国内木材用胶粘剂也以“三醛”胶为主,占整个木材及人造板工业用胶粘剂的80％以上。脲醛树脂胶由于价格低廉,室内环境使用对其耐水、耐侯性要求不高,主要用于生产刨花板、纤维板和胶合板。三聚氰胺改性的脲醛树脂胶也有用于     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。