重庆市酉阳县相关领导调研花果山苹果桃科普示范基地

正(通讯员赵子英涂银燕)近日,重庆市酉阳县副县长张平率县科协、县招商局等部门负责人,前往腴地乡花果山苹果桃科普示范基地考察调研、指导工作。张平一行实地查看了苹果桃长势,基地负责人张祥华介绍了基地基本情况,基地隶属酉阳腴地苹果桃种植专业技术协会,2015年由县科协牵头监制《腴地苹果桃产业发展规划(2015—2024年)》,一直以来,基地以《腴地苹果桃产业发展规划(2015—2024年)》为依据,以抓基地建设为核心内容,以抓     

陕西省苹果花期冻害风险评估

以Tmin≤-1℃为冻害指标,基于模糊数学和信息扩散理论,把1970～2008年38 a间日最低气温Tmin≤-1℃的低温天气事件作为风险源,计算陕西省27个苹果主要生产基地县在每年4月各时段发生花期冻害的风险水平,并确定各基地县花期冻害的重点防御时间及开始疏花的时间.结果表明,4月全省苹果基地县出现Tmin≤-1℃的风险概率均大于十年八遇,而4月10日和20日后出现Tmin≤-1℃的风险概率均小于两年一遇及十年一遇;此外,分别用50%和20%的风险概率作为指标,确定各基地县花期重点防御结束时间和安全疏花起始时间,两个时间均从东南向西北逐渐推迟.     

陕西永寿县果农用药情况调查分析

永寿县地处陕西省中部偏西,黄土高原的南缘,属高原沟壑区,是典型的旱作农业区。现辖7镇6乡,254个行政村,总人口约20万。该县拥有苹果种植面积近2万hm2,是陕西省优质苹果生产基地县。苹果是当地农民致富奔小康的主导产业,近几年来发展迅速。     

富县苹果褐斑病发生流行规律及其监测预警和综防措施

富县是陕西省确定的首批绿色食品苹果生产基地县,褐斑病是为害该县苹果的主要病害之一,有逐年加重趋势。总结阐述了该病在本县的发生流行规律及其与气候、果园果树种植密度、树龄的关系,分析了该病逐年加重发生流行的原因,提出了对该病的监测预警方法和综合防治措施。     

无公害苹果园绿色防控技术的实施与效果

栖霞市苹果生产规模巨大,栽培面积4.3万hm2,年总产12亿kg,收入16亿元。自1994年起,苹果种植面积、综合服务、果园管理、品种质量、总产单产、企业效益六个方面均居全国第一,是名符其实的"中国苹果之都"。在2001年农业部"创建无公害农产品(种植业)示范基地县"的活动中,我们积极争取了栖霞项目县,项目建设中首先成立了以市长为组长的领导组织,加强技术培训和生产管理,制定并落实了"无公害苹果标准化生产技术规程"、"栖霞市无公害标准化生产技术规程"等一系列管理保障措施,同时加大抽样检测和执法     

新疆喀什地区冰雹气候特征及大气环境背景分析

利用新疆喀什地区13个县(市)1962-2012年51 a来冰雹天气时序资料及喀什市探空站资料,采用统计、M-K检验等方法进行冰雹时空分布特征和环境条件分析.结果表明:喀什地区冰雹日数总体呈逐年增加的趋势,年内冰雹天气表现出显著的年代振荡特征;空间分布差异较大,大致为北多南少.局地性冰雹明显多于系统性冰雹.冰雹发生的季节分布呈单峰型,高发期在5-7 月.冰雹发生前垂直风切变、湿对流能量及整层水汽积分必须同时满足一定条件,缺一不可;0 ℃层高度和-20℃层高度之间的厚度越小越有利于产生大雹.主要天气型为中亚低槽(涡)、不稳定短波槽和南北槽叠加3类,中亚低槽(涡)和不稳定短波槽过境是触发系统性冰雹、局地性冰雹的重要影响系统.     

增强质量植保观念全力服务果业强县洛川县无公害苹果生产的植保治理对策

洛川是国家和省确定的甲级苹果生产基地县和产业化建设示范县。目前全县苹果种植总面积达2.7万hm2,其中挂果面积1.7万hm2,年产苹果25万t,总收入4亿元,出口苹果2300万kg。计划到2005年,苹果种植面积要发展到3.4万hm2。近两年,本站面对入世后新形势的要求,积极转变工作思路,围绕全县建设苹果专业强县的实际,努力发挥植保工作的保驾护航作用。在强力推行省确定的“大改形、强拉枝、巧施肥、无公害”4项关键技术的基础上,为了达到安全生产标准要求,从根本上解决病虫害综合治理问题,防止农药残留超标,提高果品质量,从2001年开始,在全县建立无公害…     

酉阳县农技协组织交流学习助力乡村振兴

正近日,酉阳县农技协联合会组织该县部分农技协、科普基地负责人到涂市镇、腴地乡、龙潭镇等地交流学习农技协组织建设、农村科普示范基地建设工作经验,通过交流学习的方式,整合资源,群策群力拓宽农产品销售渠道,助力乡村振兴。酉阳县科协副主席冉东风率相关负责人现场指导工作。参加活动的农技协、基地负责人认真学习了涂市镇水稻种植专业技术协会、腴地乡苹果桃种植专业技术协会、酉阳县葡萄产业协会的先进经验,并实     

运用马尔科夫链方法预测陕西苹果花期冻害年型

依据陕西29个苹果基地县1971～2007年4月极端最低气温资料,将陕西果区苹果花期冻害年型划分为严重冻害(NTd≤-2℃≥10),中等冻害(NTd≤-2℃<10 & NTd≤0℃≥15),轻度冻害(NTd≤-2℃<10 & NTd≤0℃<15 & NTd≤2℃≥19),和正常年型(NTd≤-2℃<10 & NTd≤0...     

陕西果业发展对农户粮食生产和粮食安全影响的调查

通过对陕西渭北旱塬3个代表性的苹果生产基地县(长武县、白水县和洛川县)Ⅰ 340户农户的调查发现,渭北旱塬果粮交错区果业产业的发展不仅促进了农村经济的发展,而且提高了农民的生活水平,但对粮食生产带来了限制,对区域粮食安全构成潜在的威胁;3县粮食均不能自给,粮食自给率低;粮食种植结构发生较大变化,玉米比重增大;粮食构成中...     

基于GIS的阿克苏地区冰雹灾害风险区划及评价

以阿克苏地区1984-2007年冰雹灾害、1959-2007年气象站点冰雹日数及DEM数字高程模型、土地类型等资料为基础,选取对雹灾有影响的高程、下垫面、冰雹路径、冰雹频率、雹灾次数、人口、GDP、耕地分布等作为评价因子;借助ArcGIS的空间内插、密度、叠加、缓冲区等分析功能,建立各因子图层,参与冰雹敏感性、危险性、易损性的分析运算;最终建立风险区划模型,进行叠加分析,完成阿克苏地区冰雹灾害风险区划。区划的结果体现了GIS的优势,比以前的区划更加明确,能更准确地定位各类风险区。对于不同的风险区域,采取针对性的防治措施,能最大限度地减少冰雹灾害带来的损失。     

Haplotype diversity of Tilletiopsis spp. causing white haze in apple orchards in Northern Italy

White haze (WH), a manifestation of extensive colonization of anamorphic smut fungi of the genus Tilletiopsis on the surface of apple fruit, has recently been described as a new postharvest disorder of the cultivar Elstar. This study shows that these fungi can also affect apple fruit of different cultivars prior to harvest, and therefore seriously compromise the quality of the produce in Northern Italy. In order to identify the Tilletiopsis taxa involved in the induction of WH in this region, 48 isolates, mainly derived from fruit samples, were analysed by DNA sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region. Six haplotypes were identified that could be assigned to three different phylogenetic lineages, the T. washingtonensis group, the T. pallescens group and the Entylomataceae. More than 40% of the isolates were classified as T. washingtonensis which had not previously been associated with WH. Furthermore, this is the first study that reports the occurrence of this species on field‐grown fruit samples. The extensive overgrowth of apple fruit by Tilletiopsis spp., appearing erratically in the last decade, may be a consequence of moist weather conditions and novel cultural practices, such as the use of hail nets and the intensive application of foliar nutrients.     

河西走廊东部冰雹的气候特征及天气特征

利用线性回归分析、Mann-Kendall检验和小波分析法,统计分析河西走廊东部1961-2010年近50 a来冰雹日数的变化规律。结果表明：河西走廊东部冰雹日数时空分布差异较大,从祁连山区到走廊平川区冰雹日数迅速递减;年冰雹日数变化总体呈下降趋势,其线性倾向率为-0.164 3 次•a-¹;一年中冰雹出现时段集中在6-9月,一日集中在12：00-18：00;冰雹持续时间在1～20 min。采用Mann Kendall检验法进行检验,河西走廊东部年冰雹日数从1985年开始减少,突变点出现在2006年,2006年后冰雹日数显著减少。在全球变暖的气候背景下,河西走廊东部冰雹日数呈减少趋势,但开始减少和显著减少的时间均滞后于年平均气温开始上升和显著上升时间。小波分析结果表明,河西走廊东部冰雹日数存在9 a的准周期变化。根据冰雹天气发生的物理机制和高低空环流配置,将冰雹出现的大尺度高空环流形势归纳为西北气流型、西风气流型、低压槽型3大类。对每种大尺度高空环流形势下700 hPa中尺度环流进一步细化,分析了每种冰雹类型的垂直环流特征及影响程度。     

青藏高原东北边坡冰雹天气的时空变化分析

利用1961-2010年青藏高原东北边坡地区60个台站的冰雹资料,研究青藏高原东北边坡地区冰雹的时空分布及冰雹的年代际演变规律。研究表明：① 一般情况下,冰雹出现在每年的4-11月,6月出现频率最高;日变化主要集中在12：00-20：00（北京时间,下同）,其中14：00-18：00最盛,并且不同月、不同年代际的日变化存在较明显的差异,而不同月的峰值时间可以作为冰雹预报的一个参考指标。② 冰雹的地理分布从西南向东北递减,西北和东南分布较少,中部地区较多,并且冰雹次数与海拔高度呈显著正相关。③ 从年代际距平空间分布来看,20世纪80年代高原边缘地区的冰雹次数达到峰值,但近十几年却显著减少,这一特征与气温变化趋势较为一致,表明它们之间的相关性。④ 从年际变化来看,从20世纪60年代开始持续增加,90年代开始又呈现持续减少的趋势,特别是近10 a来减少趋势明显增强。     

Extremwetterlagen und Schaderreger – extreme Wissenslücken

Here we reviewed the possible impacts of weather extremes on pests (weeds, insect pests and plant pathogens) of wine, hope, apple and asparagus by analyzing scientific literature published since 1945, concerning the knowledge about the influences of extreme weather on incidence of these pests. A weather extreme event is generally defined as the occurrence of a value of a weather variable above or below a threshold value near the upper or lower tails of the range of observed values of the variable (IPCC). Although there are still many open scientific questions, climate change will likely lead to increase the frequency, intensity, spatial extent, duration and timing of weather and climate extremes and can result in unprecedented extremes. After considering all the results of derivative analysis, we concluded that the knowledge gap is enormously. Only 13 papers were found. These few papers concerning the influence of storm, hail, flooding, dryness or heavy down pours on the pests of apple (10 papers), asparagus (2 papers) or wine (1 paper). Thus projections of future impacts of extreme weather on plant pests and yields cannot be made with a high level of confidence. More research to get more primary results and data is needed urgently.     

内蒙古雷暴、冰雹灾害的评估分析与防御对策研究

应用内蒙古雷暴、冰雹气象资料和灾情信息资料,对近年来内蒙古雷暴、冰暴灾害发生的现状和成因、孕灾环境与致灾因子等方面进行了分析评估,针对内蒙古雷暴、冰暴灾害的防御现状和存在的问题,分析了内蒙古雷暴、冰暴灾害的发展趋势、易发时段和重点防御区域,提出了未来内蒙古雷暴、冰暴灾害防御的主要任务和防御措施。     

对新疆冰雹灾害及其区划若干问题的再认识

这几年来，我们对新疆雹灾资料进行了大量的搜集，获得了一大批完整，系统的第一手资料，本文就是在此基础上，分析了新疆是我国的重雹区的原因，新疆冰雹灾害的概况与危害，时空分布，以及提出了以受灾面积为指标，对新疆冰雹灾害首次进行了区划，它为新疆的防雹减灾提供了科学依据。     

青藏高原东北部冰雹和雷雨预警的风暴单体识别特征对比分析

利用2006年6月至2011年8月青藏高原东北部CINRAD/CD雷达探测资料,对局地对流发生前的风暴单体特征进行分析和比较,在有利的探空条件下筛选出具有预警意义的较强风暴单体(降雹单体和雷雨单体)。通常雷雨单体强中心高度偏低,且低于0 ℃层高度(H0),降雹单体30～45 dBz回波高度偏高(＞H045 dBz高度(H45)大于18 dBz回波顶高度(H18)的1/2。当降雹单体出现垂直积分液态水含量(VIL)的跃增量≥ 6 kg•m^-2、VIL峰值≥15 kg•m^-2、VIL密度＞2.2 g•m^-3时,即可发布冰雹天气预警。当降雹单体H45-H0≥0.5 km、0 ℃层以上VIL≥3.8 kg•m^-2时,即可发布有降水产生的冰雹天气预警。此风暴单体预警特征指标,经2011年9月的逐日雷达体扫资料验证结果表明,应用该指标能正确识别出风暴单体类型和及时发布强对流天气预警信息。TS技术评分高于60%,对青藏高原东北部的强对流天气预警起到了重要参考作用。     

Development and use of a forecasting model for Cydia pomonella*

For more than 10 years, a forecasting model for Cydia pomonella in apple orchards, worked out by the French NPPO, has described the development of emergence cohorts in spring, and followed their development and descent, through the whole agricultural season. In homogeneous areas, this tool, still under development, can be used to define periods for effective treatment (ovicides, larvicides, mating disruption) and the tolerance for codling moth levels in various situations. Alternation of insecticides is provided for, so as to manage resistance phenomena. The reliability of the model is based on rigorous continuous biological checks on the forecasts made by the algorithm, on scientific surveillance by INRA and on regular collaboration between the advisers involved and the agrometeorological services. The model forms part of a wider decisional scheme, or expert system, in which the fruit grower and his adviser provide observations on the changes which cannot be provided by the model: installation of hail protection nets, night lights, fruit spreading. More parameters will be incorporated in future and the geographical validity of the model will be extended, particularly to more northerly areas.     

Molecular Identification of a Sexual Interloper: The Pear Pathogen, Venturia pirina, has Sex on Apple

ABSTRACT Venturia pirina (the pear scab pathogen) and V. inaequalis (the apple scab pathogen) were detected as ascospores discharged from apple leaf litter in New Zealand (spring 1998). Pseudothecia of both species were located on dead apple leaves; however, only those of V. inaequalis were associated with scab lesions. V. pirina was identified by rDNA sequence analyses, because morphological characters could not distinguish this fungus from V. asperata (a rare saprophyte on apple) and other Venturia spp. pathogenic on rosaceous fruit trees. Species-specific polymerase chain reaction primers designed to the 18S end of the internal transcribed spacer 1 region differentiated Venturia fruit tree pathogens reliably. V. pirina field isolates were pathogenic on pear, but only weak saprophytes on apple. In rare instances, when appressoria of V. pirina appeared to penetrate the cuticle of apple leaves, epidermal cells responded with a localized hypersensitive response (HR). To our knowledge, this is the first report of induction of HR-like events by V. pirina on its nonhost, apple, and also the first record of sexual reproduction of V. pirina on apple. It is assumed that V. pirina pseudothecia formed from saprophytic lesions in senescing apple leaves when active defense mechanisms such as HR were no longer induced.