超高压处理对牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)杀菌及贮藏品质的影响

以牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)为研究对象,研究了不同超高压处理条件对牡蛎体内微生物的消减作用,分析了冷藏过程中挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)和p H值的变化情况,对比了热加工和超高压处理对牡蛎滋味的影响。结果显示,经300 MPa处理15 min、400 MPa处理10、15 min和500 MPa处理5、10和15 min后,牡蛎体内的菌落总数均有2个对数以上的减少,表明超高压处理能有效消减牡蛎体内的微生物;牡蛎经300 MPa处理15 min、400 MPa处理10 min和500 MPa处理5 min,在4℃冷藏条件下保存,货架期延长至15 d;超高压处理能有效抑制牡蛎在4℃贮藏过程中挥发性盐基氮的产生,牡蛎经300 MPa处理15 min,冷藏20 d后TVB-N值仍小于10 mg/100 g,符合生鲜牡蛎要求;滋味方面,与加热处理相比,超高压处理后牡蛎更接近生鲜牡蛎,尤其300 MPa处理15 min的牡蛎同生鲜牡蛎最为接近。研究表明,选取300 MPa处理15 min作为牡蛎加工的最佳处理条件,即能有效消减牡蛎体内的微生物,同时能很好地保持牡蛎品质。     

生物保鲜对牡蛎冷藏保鲜效果的研究

对牡蛎采用复合生物保鲜剂处理和涂膜处理,在冷藏条件下(0～2℃)进行保鲜贮藏试验,探讨其在此过程中硫代巴比妥酸、游离脂肪酸、总挥发性盐基氮、Ca2+-ATPase等生化指标的变化。试验结果表明,冷藏条件下使用复合生物保鲜剂和涂膜处理,牡蛎的硫代巴比妥酸、游离脂肪酸、总挥发性盐基氮、Ca2+-ATPase等值明显优于对照组。据此可知,生物保鲜、涂膜保鲜在牡蛎冷藏保鲜过程中能有效地减缓脂肪氧化和蛋白质降解,延缓腐败变质。     

鲤鱼片真空包装与盐腌处理在冷藏过程中的品质变化规律研究

为了科学地了解鲤鱼(Cyprinuscarpio)鱼片贮藏过程中的品质变化规律,帮助建立高效的品质控制技术,研究了鲤鱼片生鲜真空包装及1.5%盐腌普通包装在4℃冷藏条件下,挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、p H、电导率、汁液损失和K值的变化情况。结果显示,在整个贮藏过程中,TVB-N、电导率、汁液损失和K值均随贮藏时间的延长而上升。其中,真空包装生鲜鲤鱼片的TVB-N在贮藏过程中上升较缓慢,与生鲜鱼片相比,盐腌鱼片的TVB-N在贮藏过程中上升较慢,但汁液损失和电导率明显偏高;真空包装能有效抑制鱼片K值的上升,但盐腌无明显抑制效果;p H在贮藏过程中呈"V"形变化,贮藏后期真空包装和腌制处理均能抑制p H的升高。研究表明,鲤鱼片生鲜真空包装和1.5%盐腌普通包装在冷藏期间均能保持较好的鱼肉品质,具有良好的应用前景。     

真空包装结合食盐水处理对海鲈鱼冷藏保鲜品质的影响

海鲈鱼采用浓度为10%和25%的食盐水溶液处理(24 h),放置于-1℃内冷藏,通过感官评价、菌落总数(TVC)、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)和pH值等指标来综合评价海鲈鱼贮藏品质。研究发现,不同浓度食盐水溶液处理具有减菌作用,冷藏过程中可以明显抑制细菌的生长,同时延缓微生物产生TVB-N的能力。通过Pearson相关分析,海鲈鱼冷藏过程中感官评分与TVC、TVB-N具有极显著相关性,而与pH值无显著相关性。海鲈鱼冷藏保鲜期需要结合3个指标进行综合评价;综合评估得出10%与25%食盐水溶液处理可以延长海鲈鱼达到优级品品质的冷藏期分别为4 d、8 d;达到合格品品质的冷藏期分别为8 d、12 d。     

凡纳滨对虾真空冷藏保鲜技术研究

研究了凡纳滨对虾在0～2℃条件下的真空保鲜技术。结果表明,在冷藏条件下,真空包装能有效防止对虾体内酚酶作用引起的黑变现象,抑制微生物的活动,降低总挥发性盐基氮的生成量和对虾热烫的失水率,保鲜期可达12d,与对照组相比,延长了6～7d。     

巴氏杀菌和超高压杀菌对即食小龙虾货架期的影响

为开发基于小龙虾(学名克氏原螯虾,Procambarus clarkii)的深加工产品,以质构、菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、pH、色差为评价指标,探讨两种不同杀菌方式(巴氏杀菌80℃/15 min;超高压杀菌300 MPa/15 min)对4℃贮藏温度下真空包装即食小龙虾品质的影响。研究显示:巴氏杀菌组的菌落总数和TVB-N分别在第13天(5.5 log(CFU/g))和第14天(20.94 mg/100 g)超过国家水产限量标准(分别为5.0 log(CFU/g)和20 mg/100 g),而超高压杀菌组,分别在第15天(5.15 log(CFU/g))和第16天(21.26 mg/100 g)超过国家水产限量标准;且超高压杀菌组即食小龙虾硬度(1 358.33 g)、粘着性(987.66)、咀嚼性(840.84)均显著(P0.05)高于巴氏杀菌组(分别为1 188.42 g、769.00和551.07);两组即食小龙虾pH均呈先下降后上升趋势,且无显著性差异(P0.05);此外,经超高压杀菌处理的即食小龙虾色泽也略优于巴氏杀菌组,但无显著性差异(P0.05)。结果表明:在4℃的贮藏条件下,超高压杀菌处理的即食小龙虾货架期为14 d,相比80℃巴氏杀菌处理组,延长了约2 d的货架期,但两种杀菌方式处理的即食小龙虾产品的理化性质和菌落总数差距不大。     

海虾超高压灭菌的试验研究

以新鲜海虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)为对象,研究了重复加压对超高压灭菌效果的影响.采用正交试验设计方法考察了不同工艺参数(处理压力、保压时间、加压次数)对海虾中微生物存活量的影响,确定超高压处理海虾的最佳工艺条件.试验结果表明,当处理压力为300～400 Mpa,保压时间为10～20 min,加压2~3次时,对海虾中各种微生物杀灭作用显著.在重复3次加压,压力为400 Mpa,保压时间为15 min的条件下,可以杀灭海虾中99.3%的微生物.     

电解水预处理对冷藏大黄鱼品质变化的影响

为探究电解水预处理对冷藏大黄鱼品质变化的影响,实验利用有效氯浓度分别为50、100和200 mg/L的电解水和1%NaCl溶液浸泡处理新鲜大黄鱼,考察其在4°C冷藏过程中的菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)值、ATP关联化合物含量、pH值、硬度、色泽、滋味和气味的变化。结果显示,伴随冷藏时间的延长,对照组鱼肉的菌落总数、TVB-N值、HxR含量、Hx含量、K值和pH值逐渐增加,而电解水处理抑制了这些品质指标的增加,抑制效果与有效氯浓度成正比。在同一冷藏时间下,鱼肉的黄度b*值随有效氯浓度的增加而增加。贮藏过程中,对照组鱼肉的苦味、苦味回味和丰富性逐渐增加,鲜味、咸味和甜味逐渐降低,而电解水处理组鱼肉的苦味回味和咸味均高于对照组。有效氯浓度为200mg/L的电解水预处理能减少鱼肉在冷藏4～10 d期间的挥发性气味,但在冷藏16 d后反而高于对照组。研究表明,电解水处理能有效延缓冷藏大黄鱼的品质变化,但当电解水的有效氯浓度较高时会导致鱼肉色泽变黄和腐败后的挥发性气味增加。研究结果为电解水在大黄鱼保鲜中的应用及其有效氯浓度的选择提供了理论参考。     

水溶性壳聚糖对鱼糜制品保鲜效果的影响

研究了添加不同质量分数的水溶性壳聚糖对鱼糜制品冷藏保鲜效果的影响。以感官评分、菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）、硫代巴比妥酸（TBA）和pH为指标,考察鱼糜制品在4℃冷藏过程中的品质变化。结果表明,水溶性壳聚糖能够明显抑制细菌的生长与繁殖,阻止感官品质的下降,延缓TVB-N和TBA的上升。其中,添加2.0%的水溶性壳聚糖保鲜效果最佳,与空白组相比,能将鱼糜制品的冷藏保鲜期从9 d延长至13～14 d。     

淡水鱼碳酸休眠法无水保活运输技术

采用碳酸休眠法,考察碳酸、温度及氯化钠对活鱼无水存活时间的影响.以挥发性盐基氮、乳酸含量等指标评判即杀鲫鱼的品质.结果表明,碳酸法能有效延长活鱼的无水保活时间,显著提高存活率.当碳酸含量在700 mg/L,温度10℃,氯化钠含量0.2%时,鲫鱼的无水保活时间达15 h,比对照组多7 h.无水保活至14 h时鲫鱼的挥发性盐基氮TVB-N值为14.30 mg/100g,仍处于Ⅰ级鲜度.     

Effect of High Pressure Processing on the Quality and Endogenous Enzyme Activities of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) Fillets Stored at 4ºC

ABSTRACT

This study assessed effects of high pressure processing on physicochemical quality and endogenous enzyme activities of grass carp fillets stored at 4 ºC for 21-day storage. Fresh fillets were vacuum-packed and subjected to high pressure processing (0.1, 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600 MPa at room temperature for 15 min). Results showed that high pressure processing significantly delayed microbial growth, and reduced total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels of grass carp fillets, especially for the 600 MPa group. On the 21st day, the corresponding increases of 6%, 35%, 45%, 43%, and 53% in hardness were observed for 200 MPa, 300 MPa, 400 MPa, 500 MPa, and 600 MPa samples compared with control samples, respectively. In addition, enzyme activities in different groups decreased during storage. Among them, calpain, and myofibril-bound serine proteinases (MBSP) activities were immediately reduced after high pressure treatments, while the activities of collagenase, cathepsin B, and cathepsin D were significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited when the pressure exceeded 400 MPa. However, the pressure treatments activated cathepsin L initially, and then the activity gradually decreased in treated samples. Generally, high pressure processing reduced activities of most of the endogenous enzymes and improved the quality and extended the shelf life by at least 4 ~ 6 days of refrigerated grass carp fillets.     

Effects of Ozonated Water Treatment on the Microbial Population,Quality, and Shelf Life of Shucked Oysters (Crassostrea plicatula)

An ozonated water treatment system was designed for the sanitation of shucked oysters (Crassostrea plicatula). The effects of ozone (O₃) on shelf life were examined under refrigerated conditions (4 ± 1°C). Microbiological, chemical, and color quality were also evaluated by determining total aerobic plate counts (APC), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), and L, a, and b values. Single and orthogonal experiment results showed that oysters treated with 9 mg/L of O₃ in aqueous solution (oyster: ozonated water = 1:6, w/v) for 10 min at 5°C significantly reduced the total APC by about 2-log—from 4.97 ± 0.11 to 2.93 ± 0.17 log CFU/g (p < 0.05). O₃ treatment did not cause significant changes in TVB-N, TBA, a, and b values, although L values were significantly affected. During refrigerated storage, O₃-treated samples expressed lower TVB-N, TBA, a, and b values and higher L values than control samples. The shelf life of O₃-treated samples was 20 to 25 days, while that for the controls was 5 to 10 days. The current study confirms that treatment with ozonated water can effectively prolong the shelf life and maintain the quality of oysters.     

Effects of High Pressure Treatment on Physicochemical Quality of Pre- and Post-Rigor Palm Ruff (Seriolella Violacea) Fillets

Fish and fish products are characterized for having a short shelf life. Nonthermal processing techniques such as high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) have increasingly been employed to extend shelf life of food products. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes on flesh physicochemical spoilage parameters (pH, total volatile bases (TVB-N), trimethylamine (TMA), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), and color) of palm ruff (Seriolella violacea) fillets in pre- and post-rigor conditions, subjected to two different HHP conditions: 450 MPa and 550 MPa, for 3 and 4 min each. Unpressurized and pressurized fillets were kept in chilled storage (4 ± 1°C) for 26 days to assess the effect of HHP on shelf life. pH and TBA values increased after HHP treatment and with storage time for both unpressurized and pressurized samples. This is attributable to pressure-induced lipid oxidation. Lightness (L*) values increased with pressure, where fish fillets had a cooked appearance. TMA and TVB-N values decreased after HHP treatment compared to the unpressurized samples, showing that HHP treatment is an efficient method to maintain the quality of palm ruff fillets. There was no clear difference between pre- and post-rigor in the parameters evaluated.     

Color,Yield, and Texture of Heat and High Pressure Processed Mussels During Ice Storage

High pressure processing (HPP) can shuck (open) shellfish, saving labor while conferring food safety and yield benefits. Mostly male New Zealand Greenshell? mussels (Perna canaliculus) were HPP-shucked (3 min at 500 MPa, 30°C) and assessed during 6-days’ ice storage (0°C) for cooked yield, color, and texture compared with heat processed (1 min at 70°C) and untreated samples. HPP-treated mussels had improved yields but lost more weight during ice storage. Male mussels from all treatments became darker with ice storage. HPP-treated mussels had firmer adductor muscles, while their guts required higher maximum force but less energy to puncture them.     

Research Issues in Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes Associated with New Zealand Greenshell Mussel Meat (Perna canaliculus) Using High-Pressure Processing

ABSTRACT

New Zealand Greenshell mussels are currently shucked by heat processing, and this can be used as a listericidal step. Shucking by high pressure processing (HPP) has potential benefits in product quality and increased yield, but processors need to understand the effects of this technology on the safety of their product with respect to Listeria monocytogenes. L. monocytogenes was mixed with minced mussel meat, and 2 g samples (in foil pouches) were subjected to HPP at various pressures, times, and temperatures. Of 10 tested strains of L. monocytogenes, the most resistant to HPP at 400 MPa (Food Science Australia strain 2655 isolated from Australian processed meat) was selected for subsequent work. This strain showed two-phase inactivation kinetics in response to time at 400 MPa. Approximately 5 log₁₀ cells/g were rapidly inactivated in a log-linear fashion with time while the remaining cells were inactivated at a slower rate. There was also some evidence of a shoulder in the inactivation curves. In the temperature range tested (10°C–40°C), the log-linear inactivation rates showed linear increases with increasing processing temperature at 400 MPa with a z value of 29.1 min.     

超高压处理对凡纳滨对虾虾仁蛋白质和微观结构的影响

为丰富超高压技术在虾类保鲜与加工中的应用基础理论并实现工业化生产,实验以未处理的凡纳滨对虾虾仁为对照,用超高压(100、300、500 MPa)分别处理虾仁5、10、20、30 min,分析蛋白质含量、组成和热稳定性的变化,观察虾仁肌肉组织的微观结构。结果显示,100 MPa处理使虾仁的肌浆蛋白含量增加,300和500 MPa处理使肌浆蛋白含量显著下降。超高压处理使肌原纤维蛋白含量显著下降,使虾仁蛋白质发生了变性、肌球蛋白和肌动蛋白的热稳定性降低;随着压强的升高和处理时间的延长,虾仁肌原纤维排列变得紧实致密,肌节严重收缩,肌纤维之间空隙变模糊而呈现出絮状结构。研究表明,超高压处理能使对虾蛋白质变性而产生凝胶化,从而有利于人体的消化和吸收,说明超高压可以用于加工即食虾类产品。     

在不同贮藏温度下鲢肌肉鲜度的变化

以总挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)和硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA)作为肌肉鲜度的评定指标,研究在冷藏(4℃)和冷冻(-18℃)条件下鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)背部和腹部肌肉鲜度的变化情况。结果表明,在贮存过程中,鲢背部和腹部肌肉的TVB-N和TBA均符合一级反应动力学模型;随着温度的升高,反应速率加快;在4℃条件下,鲢肌肉一级鲜度的保质期为27～38 h,二级鲜度为51～65 h,到81～88 h腐败变质;在-18℃条件下,鲢肌肉一级鲜度的保质期为11～18 d,二级鲜度为36～43 d,到73～77 d腐败变质;在同一贮存时间,腹部肌肉的TVB-N和TBA均高于背部;并且,鲢肌肉的TVB-N与TBA呈极显著(P<0.01)的正相关关系。     

竹叶抗氧化物浸泡结合乳清分离蛋白涂膜对冷藏富硒虹鳟食用品质的影响

为延长冷藏富硒虹鳟的货架期,实验以3种浓度的竹叶抗氧化物溶液(AOBS,质量浓度分别为0.5%、1.0%和1.5%)分别浸泡富硒虹鳟鱼块,再进行乳清分离蛋白溶液(WPIS)涂膜,(25±1)°C下鼓风吹干表面水后置于4°C冰箱贮藏1、4、7、10和13 d,测定鱼块的pH值、TVB-N值、K值、菌落总数和嗜冷菌数、结合水分含量和水分状态,分析涂膜对冷藏富硒虹鳟鱼块品质的影响。结果显示,随着冷藏时间的延长,鱼块的pH值、TVB-N值、K值、菌落总数和嗜冷菌数显著增加,水分含量显著降低,结合水和不易流动水向自由水迁移。其中,1.0%AOBS+WPIS组的pH值、TVB-N值、K值、菌落总数和嗜冷菌数的增加速率和水分含量的减少速率最慢,结合水与不易流动水的比例最高。1.0%竹叶抗氧化物浸泡结合乳清分离蛋白涂膜,提升了乳清分离蛋白涂膜的保鲜效果,可有效抑制富硒虹鳟冷藏过程中品质的劣变,延长货架期。根据TVB-N值、K值和菌落总数,1.0%AOBS+WPIS组可延长富硒虹鳟货架期3 d。本研究可以为富硒虹鳟的低温贮藏技术提供科学指导。     

Preliminary Studies on Spanish Mackerel Fresh-Keeping Method in High-Voltage Electric Field

An innovative fresh-keeping method for aquatic products is presented in this article. Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus niphonius) were treated with a high-voltage electric field (HVEF) at different voltages and times and then stored in a refrigerator at 4°C. Bacteria count, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), sensory index, proximate composition, and pH were measured to evaluate the fresh-keeping effect of the proposed method. Results indicate that HVEF can restrain bacteria growth, reduce TVB-N, and delay sensory score decline; and that 45 kV for 20 min is the optimal treatment parameter of HVEF for extending Spanish mackerel shelf life. Results also suggest a potential application for HVEF treatment in aquatic products preservation.     

Assessment of the Antibacterial Effect of Chitosan Coated with Heracleum persicum Oil on Rainbow Trout Quality

Today, due to the rapid spoilage of fish, the use of natural preservatives is a priority over those of synthetic varieties. Also, the natural antimicrobial effects of essential oils can help to increase shelf life. There are very few studies concerning the use of essential oils in this regard. In the present study, the antibacterial effect of chitosan coated with Heracleum persicum oil was investigated on the quality of rainbow trout. The control and the coated fish samples were analyzed periodically by generalized estimating equation (GEE) for total viable count (TVC), psychrophilic bacteria, total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), texture, taste, odor, and overall acceptance parameters. The results showed that by increasing the amount of chitosan, TVC, psychrophilic bacteria, and TVB-N decreased while PUFA, texture, taste, odor, and overall acceptance parameters increased.