绿僵菌MaFZ-13对油桐鹰尺蠖致病力的时间-剂量-死亡率模型分析

运用时间-剂量-死亡率模型分析绿僵菌MaFZ-13对油桐鹰尺蠖Biston suppressaria幼虫的时间效应和剂量效应,评价该菌株的致病力。结果表明:油桐鹰尺蠖幼虫累计死亡率随着绿僵菌孢子悬浮液浓度的增大和接种时间的延长而增加,接种10 d后,1.0×10^9,1.0×10^8,1.0×10^7,1.0×10^6,1.0×10^5孢子/mL浓度累计死亡率分别为100%,98.3%,91.7%,70%,48.3%。生物测定数据采用时间-剂量-死亡率(TDM)模型进行分析,所建模型可以通过Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合异质性检验,模型拟合良好;由模型估算出绿僵菌MaFZ-13对油桐鹰尺蠖幼虫的致死剂量和致死时间,随着接种时间延长,相应的LC50和LC90值逐渐降低,剂量效应增强,接种第4,5,6,7天致死中浓度值(LC50)的对数值分别为7.79,6.97,6.33,5.64。随孢子悬浮液浓度增大,致死时间(LT50和LT90)减小,当浓度为1.0×10^7,1.0×10^8,1.0×10^9孢子/mL时,LT50值分别为4.96,3.79,2.89 d,时间效应增强。绿僵菌MaFZ-13对油桐鹰尺蠖幼虫致病力较强,具有较好应用开发潜力。     

油桐尺蠖核型多角体病毒不同分离株的比较

该文对油桐尺蠖核型多角体病毒(Buzura suppressatia nucleopolyd rovirus,BusuNPV)的不同毒株进行了比较研究。毒株LF,SF,WF对2～3龄油桐尺蠖幼虫的LC50分别为4.39×104,6.65×104,1.02×105PIB/mL;LT50分别为5.59,5.69,5.17 d。各分离株均为单粒包埋核型多角体病毒,病毒粒子大小为(0.195～0.246)μm×(0.054～0.072)μm,多角体直径为0.85～1.50μm。对BusuNPV全基因组序列进行单酶解时,除EcoRⅠ外其它内切酶酶解条带均较少,分子量大,不易进行分离株比较。双酶解BusuNPV全基因组序列时,DNA充分被消化,条带较多,但各分离株的酶切条带数目、大小不存在差别。     

分月扇舟蛾颗粒体病毒生物测定

从黑龙江省双城林场采集健康的分月扇舟蛾2龄幼虫,将室内保存一年的分月扇舟蛾虫尸研碎,分离提纯得到纯净的颗粒体病毒。将病毒悬液稀释为1..58×103PIB·mL-1,1.58×104PIB·mL-1,1.58×105PIB·mL-1,1.58×106PIB·mL-1,1.58×107PIB·mL-1,1.58×108PIB·mL-1,1.58×109PIB·mL-17种浓度,采集新鲜的杨树叶分别浸入上述不同浓度的悬液,对采集的健康幼虫进行接毒。9天实验结果表明,浓度为1..58×103PIB·mL-1时校正死亡率最小(7.32%),浓度是1.58×109PIB·mL-1时校正死亡率最大(97.36%),浓度对数和死亡几率值的回归直线方程为y=1.946 0.558x,LC50为2.97×105PIB·mL-1。1.58×105PIB·mL-1,1.58×106PIB·mL-1,1.58×107PIB·mL-1,1.58×108PIB·mL-1,1.58×109PIB·mL-1w所对应的半致死时间(LT50)分别为8.55d,6.89d,5.9d,4.65d,4.08d。随着浓度的增大,LT50逐渐缩短,说明该病毒的毒力较强,作为杀虫剂具有很好的应用潜力。     

天幕毛虫核型多角体病毒对黄褐天幕毛虫幼虫的毒力测定

用天幕毛虫核型多角体病毒(Nucleus Polyhedrosis Virus,NPV)对黄褐天幕毛虫Malacosoma neustria testacea Motschulsky幼虫以胃毒方式进行生物测定.结果表明:NPV对黄褐天幕毛虫幼虫具有较强的致病力,幼虫感染后的死亡率与病毒浓度呈正相关.1.824×102,1.824×103,1.824×104,1.824 × 105,1.824 × 106,1.824×107 PIB/mL 6种病毒浓度接种天幕毛虫幼虫后死亡率分别为26.63％,34.78％,48.37％,72.83％,80.98％和94.57％,致死中浓度为1.096×104 PIB/ mL.接种1.824×10 7,1.824×106,1.824×105 PIB/mL浓度的幼虫致死中时分别为6.8,8.2,9.1d.     

球孢白僵菌WP对美国白蛾的毒力测定

于2011年在室内采用人工饲养法测定了生物农药400亿孢子/g球孢白僵菌WP对美国白蛾的生物活性,结果表明:400亿孢子/g球孢白僵菌WP对美国白蛾2～3龄幼虫具有很强的侵染力,其致死中浓度(LD50)为58.0229×10-6,LD90为154.4771×10-6。     

几株球孢白僵菌对纵坑切梢小蠹毒力测定

为筛选防治纵坑切梢小蠹Tomicus piniperda Linnaeus的高毒力生防真菌菌株,进行球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana菌株对纵坑切梢小蠹室内毒力生物测定试验。结果表明:5株供试菌株对纵坑切梢小蠹成虫和2龄幼虫均具有一定毒力;分离自甘薯小象甲的球孢白僵菌BbYM090515菌株的毒力最高,接种浓度为1.16×108孢子/mL的孢子悬浮液第10 d,成虫和2龄幼虫的校正死亡率分别为91.53%和96.43%,致死中浓度LC50分别为9.6943×103,6.6315×103孢子/mL,致死中时LT50分别为5.04,4.73 d;菌株BbYM090515具有良好的生防制剂开发潜力。     

茶尺蠖核型多角体病毒( EoNPV)的PCR检测方法及其生物活性研究

根据茶尺蠖核型多角体病毒(EoNPV)多角体蛋白基因建立了PCR检测方法,在茶尺蠖子代卵和蛹内检测到EoNPV存在,灵敏度达到1 fg,此方法可用于田间施用EoNPV后茶尺蠖种群带毒检测.PCR方法由于操作简单、检测灵敏度高、特异性好、重复性好等优点,值得应用.利用EoNPV感染茶尺蠖2龄幼虫,幼虫对EoNPV的敏感性很高,测得LC50为2.2×104PIB·mL-1,EoNPV感染浓度越高,则幼虫死亡越快,幼虫死亡时间与感染浓度呈正相关.     

寄生沙棘木蠹蛾白僵菌及其微胶囊剂对不同昆虫的毒力

室内采用虫体喷菌法,测定了球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana SJ-05菌悬液及其微胶囊剂对不同昆虫幼虫的致病力。SJ-05菌悬液对枸杞负泥虫Lema decempunctata幼虫的LC50为3.45×107个/mL孢子;SJ-05菌悬液及其微胶囊剂对落叶松毛虫Dendrolimus superans幼虫的LC50分别为2.92×107个/mL和1.03×107个/mL孢子;对沙棘木蠹蛾Holcocerus hippophaecolus幼虫的LC50分别为9.79×106个/mL孢子和2.95×106个/mL孢子。菌株SJ-05对不同昆虫的致死中浓度不同,对沙棘木蠹蛾幼虫的致死中浓度低,致病力强。微胶囊比同浓度分生孢子悬液的致病力更强。     

杨扇舟蛾颗粒体病毒室内增殖的研究

试验研究了对杨扇舟蛾幼虫饲喂杨扇舟蛾颗粒体病毒的龄期和饲毒浓度对幼虫体重、虫尸重和含毒量的影响.结果表明,饲毒龄期和饲毒浓度对幼虫体重增长均有不同程度的抑制作用,彼此间差异显著,饲毒龄期越小、饲毒浓度越高,体重增长越缓慢.而且饲毒时龄期越小、饲毒浓度越高,虫尸重也越小,其含毒量也越低.由于5龄幼虫饲毒后有50%个体发育至蛹期,没有全部死亡,室内增殖该病毒时,应选取4龄幼虫喂饲1.25×106 PIB/mL病毒为宜.     

应用白僵菌防治靖远松叶蜂的研究

利用病原菌防治害虫是森林可持续发展的重要途径。本研究采用2003年4月从山西省灵丘县下关林区油松林内采集的越冬油松毛虫DendrolimustabulaeformisTsaietLiu幼虫的僵虫尸,经实验室分离、培养和鉴定后得到的白僵菌Beauveriabassiana菌株,用2×108孢子/mL、2×107孢子/mL和2×106孢子/mL3种浓度的孢子液对靖远松叶蜂DiprionjingyuanensisXiaoetZhang幼虫分别进行室内和林间感染,试验结果显示:室内感染4龄幼虫校正致死率分别为83.37%、78.82%、62.05%,LT50分别为5.794d、6.237d、7.603d;感染5龄幼虫校正死亡率分别为68.23%、59.1%、45.79%,LT50分别为7.244d、8.414d、12.274d;林间感染幼虫校正死亡率分别为65.26%、54.21%、38.23%,LT50分别为16.788d、19.187d、30.2d。结果表明靖远松叶蜂幼虫校正死亡率与白僵菌孢子液浓度呈正相关,与LT50呈负相关,与龄期呈负相关。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。