樟树、檫树、闽楠种子的休眠和萌发特性

对樟科Lauraceae 3个属的代表性树种的种子休眠与萌发特性进行研究．结果表明:新采集的樟树Cinnamoumcamphora (linn．)Presl、檫树Sassafras Tzumu(Hemsl．)Hemsl和闽楠Phoebe bournei(Hemse．)Yang的种子胚形态发育正常,除檫树种子外,樟树和闽楠种子的离体胚能正常萌发,在黑暗条件下,3个树种的完整种子于15-35℃温度范围内,无论恒温和变温均不能萌发,闽楠种子仅在光照下30、35℃恒温和30℃日／20℃夜变温中较窄的温度范围内能萌发,但发芽迟缓、过程长、萌发率低;3个树种的种子均具生理休眠特性,种皮透气性差和存在发芽抑制物质是樟树种子休眠的原因,低温(5℃)层积80 d,不能完全解除休眠,在30℃日／20℃夜最适变温条件下．并给予适当光照,萌发率仅为41．00％;采用0．5％KNO3+0．10％GA3溶液浸种2 h后低温层积80 d,在光照条件下,萌发率可提高到74．00％;胚存在发芽抑制物质和种皮透气性差是引起檫树种子休眠的最初原因,经低温层积后,种皮防碍抑制物质向外渗透是种子不能完全解除休眠的关键因素,低温层积240 d,在25℃日／15℃夜最适温度下,光暗中的萌发率仅为59．00％-54．00％．而采用4％H2O2+0．10％GA3溶液浸种后低温层积．萌发率可高达87．00％;种皮透气性差,发芽要求特殊的温度和一定的光照是闽楠种子休眠的原因,低温层积60 d,在光照条件下,20、25℃恒温和30℃日／15℃夜变温适宜温度中,萌发率能达77．33％-85．33％．     

虎皮楠的育苗技术

虎皮楠是一种很有开发前景的景观绿化树种、用材树种和药用树种,又是云南的乡土树种,采用种子繁殖。通过3 a的育苗试验,基本掌握了虎皮楠从种子采收、处理、整地、播种及管理各环节的育苗技术,总结出一套播种育苗技术措施。     

光温条件对新热带干旱树种种子萌发和苗木建成的影响

测定了香红椿（Cedrela odorata）、神圣愈疮木（Guaiacum sanctum）和柠檬树（Calycophyllum candidissimum）种子萌发所需要的条件、并对光强对在尼加拉瓜开阔地、半开阔地和干旱森林林冠下所营造的香红椿和神圣愈疮木的苗存活率和生长的影响进行了研究。结果表明,在20-35℃常温条件下,柠檬树在有光照条件下种子萌发率显著高于黑暗条件的种子萌发率;香红椿和神圣愈疮木的种子在光照和黑暗条件下都有一定程度的萌发,最适萌发温度均为20-25℃。研究还表明,变温条件培养并没有提高3个树种的种子萌发率。在林冠层下和开阔地上神圣愈疮木苗木的存活率分别为70％和80％,两种条件下的周径相对生长速率分别为1．42mm／月和1．88mm／月。总的来说,在3个树种中,香红椿幼苗存活率较低,特别是在冠层内生长的幼苗。以上结果说明：柠檬树种子萌发需要光照;而香红椿和神圣愈疮木种子萌发对温度条件较为敏感。神圣愈疮木幼苗在裸地条件下存活率较高,可以作为退化土地造林备选树种。图2表2参43。     

水青树种子的需光萌发特性

对水青树Tetarcention sinense Oliv种子休眠和萌发的生理特性进行了研究.结果表明:水青树种子属典型的需光性种子,在黑暗条件和恒温中,新采集的种子完全不能萌发,在变温中也仅有9.75%~17.00%的萌发率,只有在萌发过程中给予1 000 lx光照强度和8 h光周期才能充分萌发,萌发率可高达64.75%~85.00%;种子的含水状况对光的效应有一定的影响,种子须浸种8 h,其含水量达饱和状态时,种子萌发快而整齐;用赤霉素溶液处理可以在很大程度上代替种子萌发时对光的需要,其适宜的质量分数为12×10-4;种子萌发的最适宜温度为光照下25℃恒温,其次是20℃恒温和25℃日/15℃夜、30℃日/15℃夜、30℃日/20℃夜变温.     

紫楠种子的休眠与萌发特性

【目的】探究紫楠种子休眠原因,确定其休眠类型,找到解除种子休眠的方法和适合紫楠种子萌发的最佳温度条件,为其苗木培育提供理论与技术支持。【方法】通过测定紫楠种皮的透水性、透气性、种子内含萌发抑制物,探究种子休眠的原因,通过低温层积处理研究打破紫楠种子休眠的方法,通过设置15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃、35℃恒温、日30℃夜20℃、日25℃夜15℃变温共7个温度处理研究适宜种子萌发的温度。【结果】1)新鲜种皮对种子具有明显的吸水障碍和呼吸障碍,去皮种子的吸水率是完整种子的1.92倍,去皮种子的呼吸速率是完整种子的2.24倍,对种子萌发具有抑制作用;2)紫楠种子的水浸提液和甲醇浸提液能显著抑制大白菜种子萌发和幼苗生长,由此可以说明紫楠种子具有水溶性和醇溶性的内源抑制物;3)低温层积能够打破紫楠种子的休眠,随着低温层积时间的延长,种子发芽提早,发芽速度加快,发芽率提高,低温层积100 d的种子发芽率显著高于其他处理,高达98.89%。GA3浸种对解除种子休眠的效果不理想;4)温度对紫楠种子的发芽率的影响较大,25℃的恒温条件下种子萌发的能力高于其他的温度处理。【结论】紫楠种子种皮造成的透水性透...     

PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫和温度对岩柿种子发芽的影响

为了解干旱胁迫和不同温度处理对岩柿种子萌发的影响，明确岩柿种子萌发适宜温度和耐旱程度，探讨岩柿种子萌发期的抗旱能力。以岩柿种子为材料，在10℃、15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃等不同温度下开展PEG-6 000溶液（0%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%）模拟干旱胁迫试验。试验结果表明：(1)低温（0℃、10℃）种子不能萌发，重度干旱胁迫(25%PEG)种子不萌发。(2)岩柿种子能在温度为15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃和PEG轻度干旱（5%PEG）、中度干旱（10%、15%PEG)和重度干旱（20%PEG)下萌发，超过10%PEG浓度种子萌发指标受到不同程度的抑制。(3)随着PEG浓度的增加，种子受胁迫程度越高，种子各项发芽指标均呈现先增加后减少的趋势。结论：岩柿种子萌发受温度和干旱胁迫的影响较大，种子萌发适宜温度为20℃～30℃，PEG耐旱范围是0～25%PEG的干旱条件。发芽率与PEG浓度有着显著的负相关（P<0.05)，发芽指数、活力指数与PEG浓度有着极显著的负相关（P<0.01)。抗旱指数与PEG浓度呈负相关，两者相关性不显著（P>0.05)。     

虎皮楠等三种阔叶树与马尾松带状混交早期生长效果的研究

通过对虎皮楠、光皮烨、火力楠三种7年生阔叶树在20米宽林带中生长效果的调查分析,结果表明三种树种在树高、胸径、每公顷蓄积三个方面,虎皮楠与火力楠间无显著差异,而光皮桦与虎皮楠、火力楠的差异均显著.     

温度老化和激素处理对鹅观草种子萌发的影响

以鹅观草种子为研究对象,探讨了不同的老化温度和激素处理对鹅观草种子萌发的影响。以蒸馏水处理为对照,在3种不同浓度的ABA、NAA和GA以及3个温度(30℃、40℃、50℃)下对种子进行了处理,观察种子发芽率。研究结果表明:温度老化处理下种子萌发率随着温度的升高而降低,30℃下的萌发率最佳,50℃发芽率最低;ABA促进了种子的休眠,降低了种子的发芽速率,10mmol/LABA处理下的种子萌发率显著低于其他浓度的萌发率,其他各浓度间无显著差别;GA打破了种子休眠,3mmol/L时萌发速度最快,高浓度GA处理下的种子萌发率显著降低;NAA显著降低了鹅观草的萌发速度和萌发率,高浓度的NAA对萌发起到了抑制作用。     

领春木种子休眠与萌发特性

领春木种子(翅果)具生理休眠特性.对光和温度有特殊的要求,在光照条件下恒温和变温中均能萌发;在黑暗条件下,则仅能在变温中萌发.低温(5 C)层积40 d促进了种子的萌发,但仍不能使黑暗条件下恒温中的种子萌发.果翅存在抑制物质是引起种子休眠的主要因素,去掉果翅可使种子在光照下迅速而充分萌发.种子(翅果)最适的萌发条件是光照条件下15、20℃恒温和30℃日/20℃夜变温.     

冷湿层积法对印度冷杉(Abies pindrow)和长叶云杉(Picea smithiana）种子萌发的影响

研究赤霉素(GA3),冷湿和温度 对五个种源的印度冷杉(Abies pindrow)和长叶云杉(Picea smithiana)种子萌发的影响.种子被浸泡在GA3 (10 mg(L-1)中24小时,然后在3(5(C温度的条件下冷藏15天.设计4个温度(10(C, 15(C, 20(C 和 25(C)条件来促进种子的萌发.结果表明,浸泡和冷湿处理明显增加种子的萌发率.在10 (C时种子的萌发率最高.总体结果表明,种子被浸泡在GA3 (10 mg(L-1)中24小时,冷湿藏15天,可以有效地促进印度冷杉和长叶云杉的种子萌发.统计数据表明,浸泡处理、温度和种源以及与温度的相互作用都对种子的萌发有明显的影响.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.