奶牛大肠杆菌性乳房炎的家兔病理模型建立

为了建立家兔乳房炎疾病模型,采用,选取体重4.0~5.0 kg的健康怀孕新西兰兔20只,随机分成对照组(n=4)和试验组,试验组于泌乳期(分娩后7~10 d)在健康家兔的第2对乳池内注入1.0 m L(106CFU/m L)致病性大肠杆菌制成的细菌悬液,并于灌注后8、16、32和64 h通过临床症状、乳腺组织病理变化、血常规等主要指标以及回归试验等方法验证造模是否成功。结果显示:自造模8 h后家兔出现食欲下降,呼吸、体温以及脉搏不同程度增加,乳腺出现不同程度肿胀,触诊敏感性增强等炎性表现;造模乳腺组织镜检发现有炎性细胞浸润、组织结构破坏等现象;血常规显示试验组白细胞、淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞总数与对照组相比显著增加(P<0.05);回归试验结果全部呈阳性,通过形态学以及生化鉴定为大肠杆菌。结果表明:致病性大肠杆菌诱发家兔乳房炎模型与炎症的病理过程一致,可用作乳房炎疾病模型使用。     

宫炎净中生物碱对子宫内膜炎家兔病理组织形态变化的影响

为研究中药复方宫炎净中生物碱对子宫内膜炎家兔子宫组织病理形态变化的影响,本实验通过子宫灌注混合菌液建立子宫内膜炎家兔模型,观察家兔在造模前后的临床症状以及白细胞分类计数变化,确认造模成功后给予不同剂量的生物碱治疗,并在末次给药后,取各组家兔的子宫,观察其病理变化。结果显示,通过子宫灌注病原菌可以导致家兔采食量减少,精神状态差,体温升高,白细胞总数及中性粒细胞数显著增多（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）、淋巴细胞显著减少（P〈0.05）,成功建立子宫内膜炎家兔模型;通过观察家兔子宫组织变化,结果表明,宫炎净中生物碱有一定的活血化瘀、抗菌消炎作用,对子宫内膜炎家兔有较好的治疗作用。     

家兔乳头管灌注脂多糖诱发血清急性期蛋白的动态变化

检测和分析经乳头管灌注脂多糖(LPS)前后家兔血清急性期蛋白含量的动态变化。11只泌乳家兔(产后7d)经乳头管灌注LPS建立乳房炎模型,在灌注前2h,灌注后6、12、24、48、72h和5、7d分别测定血清中结合珠蛋白(HP)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)和白蛋白(ALB)含量,同时取乳腺组织观察病理变化。组织病理学结果显示,灌注LPS后6h后乳腺组织出现病理变化,腺泡腔中观察到嗜中性粒白细胞;灌注24h时组织损伤加重,乳腺组织结构紊乱,浸润大量嗜中性粒白细胞;48h后乳腺组织开始自我修复,7d时恢复正常。灌注LPS前血清中HP含量低于检出限,灌注LPS后6h时HP含量显著升高(P<0.05),12h时达到峰值,48h开始显著降低(P<0.05);CRP含量在灌注LPS后6～72h内显著升高(P<0.05),12h时达到峰值,72h后逐渐降低,5d时恢复到健康水平;ALB含量在灌注LPS后12～72h内显著降低(P<0.05),5d时恢复到健康水平。结果表明,HP、CRP和ALB含量在灌注LPS前后发生了规律性的变化,其中HP含量对LPS诱导的急性乳房炎反应敏感,提示HP可作为评价乳腺组织炎症程度和乳房炎的早期诊断...     

利福昔明混悬乳剂的安全性试验

应用全身过敏性、皮肤刺激性、黏膜刺激性和乳腺刺激性试验,评定了利福昔明混悬乳剂的安全性。结果表明,致敏试验豚鼠均未出现过敏性反应。在皮肤刺激性试验中,单次敷药组家兔皮肤均未见异常变化,多次敷药组虽有1只试验兔皮肤出现了短暂性轻微红斑,但皮肤刺激反应积分平均值仅为0.2。在黏膜刺激性试验中,受试药物组有1只试验兔的阴道黏膜出现轻微的充血现象,阴道黏膜刺激反应积分平均值为0.2。乳腺刺激性试验羊乳房未见异常症状,乳腺组织未见充血、水肿和白细胞浸润等病理变化。综合评价试验结果表明,利福昔明混悬乳剂是一种安全性良好的制剂。     

家兔临床型乳腺炎病理模型的制备

为建立家兔乳腺炎模型,本试验将从乳房炎患牛奶样中分离出的金黄色葡萄球菌制成104CFU/mL细菌悬液,并分别注入选取的16只3～4 kg健康泌乳家兔的第3对乳池内(1 mL/乳区),诱发乳腺发炎。观察临床表现,乳腺组织形态学病理变化,并于造模后72 h采集乳腺组织匀浆液进行回归试验。结果显示:①造模后动物出现急性炎症反应,表现为饮食欲降低,甚至废绝;体温、心率和呼吸频率显著升高;造模乳区严重肿胀。②造模乳区的乳腺组织镜检发现有炎性细胞浸润、组织结构破坏等现象。③回归试验全部呈阳性,其生长菌落为金黄色葡萄球菌。结果表明,金黄色葡萄球菌诱发家兔临床型乳腺炎模型与炎症的病理过程和炎性反应一致,可用作病理模型使用。     

家兔血液中各种白细胞的辨认和注意事项

血液中各种白细胞的作用各不相同,如中性白细胞是严重感染和炎症初期最活跃的细胞,具有吞噬和杀菌作用;嗜酸性白细胞能作变形运动,常常出现在抗原抗体反应的部位,释放组胺酶灭活组胺,从而减弱过敏反应;嗜碱性白细胞具有抗凝血作用;淋巴细胞和单核细胞参与机体的免疫反应.另外,各种白细胞彼此之间形态存在着差异.因此,准确、快速地进行血液白细胞分类计数,对诊断和防治家兔疾病具有重要的临床意义.     

人工诱导家兔实验性乳房炎模型的建立

将48只分娩后7 d的健康新西兰泌乳家兔随机分成空白对照组(T1组)、金黄色葡萄球菌组(T2组)和大肠杆菌组(T3组),分别按每个乳腺0.5 m L量向家兔乳头管内灌注无菌肉汤、金黄色葡萄球菌菌液和大肠杆菌菌液,并于灌注前2 h和灌注后6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h、72 h、5 d、7 d,采集家兔耳缘静脉血和乳腺组织,测定全血中WBC、LYM和GRA总数以及血清中CRP含量。结果显示:家兔血液中WBC、LYM和GRA总数出现了相应的变化,T2组和T3组血清中的CRP含量有相应程度的升高,表明机体出现炎症反应。     

家兔氟乙酰胺中毒后血、尿指标的变化

为探讨动物氟乙酰胺中毒后血液和尿液指标的变化规律,将20只健康家兔随机分成4组,Ⅰ组为对照组,正常饲喂,Ⅱ、Ⅲ及Ⅳ组作为中毒组,分别经口灌服1.5、2.0、10.0 mg/kg体重的氟乙酰胺溶液(5.68×10-2 mg/L);各中毒组家兔死亡前从心脏采集血样,未死亡家兔和对照组家兔在试验第3天从心脏采集血样,进行红细胞、白细胞计数、白细胞分类计数和血红蛋白含量测定;通过膀胱穿刺采集尿液,用半自动生化仪测定亚硝酸盐、pH、葡萄糖、蛋白质、潜血、酮体、胆红素及尿胆素原等指标.结果显示,各中毒组家兔血红蛋白含量及红细胞总数较对照组显著降低(P＜0.05),白细胞总数显著增加(P＜0.05),其中淋巴细胞增加较为明显,中性粒细胞相对减少;各中毒组尿液中葡萄糖、蛋白质和尿胆素原含量较对照组都有所升高,pH显著降低(P＜0.05),尿中血红蛋白含量显著增加(P＜0.05).这些指标的测定可为动物氟乙酰胺中毒临床诊断提供参考.     

牛奶中体细胞数的控制

牛奶中的体细胞（SCC）,是指每毫升奶中的细胞总数,多数是白细胞（即巨噬细胞、多叶核白细胞、噬中性粒细胞和淋巴细胞）,约占牛体细胞数的93％～99％,其它1％～7％是乳腺组织死去脱落的上皮细胞。体细胞数反映了牛奶产量、质量及牛只的健康状况。目前,体细胞计数已经成为牧场管理和监控牛奶质量的重要手段,是衡量牛奶质量的“黄金标准”。     

姚牛乳房炎治疗之经验谈

奶牛乳房炎是指由各种病因引起的乳房的炎症．其主要特点是乳汁发生理化性质以及细菌学变化．乳腺组织发生病理学变化。临床性乳房炎容易确诊，但是由于大多数病例（隐性乳房炎）用手触诊乳腺难以发现异常，用肉眼检查乳汁也难于观察到病理性变化，所以现在有人把乳房炎定义为以感染乳腺乳汁中的白细胞计数显著增加的一种疾病，而更为准确的定义则依其病原来确定。[第一段]     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.