Depletion of conventional mature B cells and compromised specific antibody response in bovine immunoglobulin μ heavy-chain transgenic mice

In this study, we introduced the bovine immunoglobulin μ heavy-chain gene (the orphaned gene on BTA11) into mouse germline cells. Bovine IgM was highly expressed in selected transgenic lines, and it largely inhibited rearrangements of the endogenous immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) genes in these lines. The forced expression of bovine IgM resulted in reduced numbers of pro- and pre-B cells but increased the number of immature B cells in the transgenic mice. Bovine IgM-expressing B cells can migrate from the bone marrow to the spleen, but most of the cells are arrested at the T1 transitional B cell stage, leading to a significantly lower number of T2 transitional and mature B cells in the spleen. Although the serum concentrations of endogenous IgM and IgG in the transgenic mice were significantly decreased, the IgA levels were slightly increased compared to the WT mice. The bovine IgM level in the serum was only one-tenth to one-fifth of that of endogenous mouse IgM, suggesting that most of the serum immunoglobulin were contributed by endogenous IgH gene-expressing B cells. These transgenic mice also exhibited a lower frequency of unique complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) sequences in their VH repertoire and Vκ repertoire but exhibited an increased frequency of unique CDR3 in their Vλ repertoire. Compared to the WT mice, the transgenic mice had a significantly higher percentage of mouse IgM-expressing B cells that expressed λ chains. Finally, we showed that the transgenic mice were deficient in a specific antibody response to antigen stimulation.     

传染性法氏囊病病毒变异E株对法氏囊淋巴细胞形态及功能的影响

利用透射电镜连续观察了传染性法氏囊病病毒变异株人工感染雏鸡后不同时期法氏囊淋巴细胞的超微结构变化,并对法氏囊内SIgM,SIgG,SIgA3种抗体生成阳性细胞数量和血液中IgM,IgA,IgG抗体水平进行检测。观察结果表明,IBDV感染后法氏囊淋巴细胞出现了严重变性、坏死,表现为核染色质浓缩、碎裂、溶解,线粒体溶解呈空泡样结构,其他细胞器破坏溶解,在法氏囊淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞、网状上皮细胞等细胞的胞浆中可见不同类型和排列方式的病毒粒子。IBDV感染后法氏囊内抗体阳性细胞数量和血清中抗体水平均呈现不同程度的下降,揭示雏鸡机体体液免疫功能严重抑制。     

HTLV-I--associated B-cell CLL: indirect role for retrovirus in leukemogenesis

Serum containing antibodies to the human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) has been observed at a higher than expected frequency in patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in an area endemic for HTLV-I. An attempt was made to determine whether the cells from patients with this leukemia were HTLV-I antigen-committed B cells that had undergone malignant transformation. Cells from two HTLV-I seropositive Jamaican patients with CLL were fused with a human B-lymphoblastoid cell line. The hybridoma cells that resulted from the fusion of CLL cells from patient I.C. produced an immunoglobulin (IgM) that reacted with the p24 gag protein from HTLV-I, HTLV-II, and HTLV-III (now referred to as HIV), but showed preferential reactivity with HTLV-I. The specific immunoglobulin gene rearrangement (IgM, kappa) in the CLL cell was demonstrated in the hybridoma cell line, indicating that the captured immunoglobulin was from the CLL cells. The IgM secreted by the fusion of CLL cells from patient L.L. reacted only with HTLV-I-infected cells and with the HTLV-I large envelope protein (gp61) on Western blots. The CLL cells from these patients appear to be a malignant transformation of an antigen-committed B cell responding to HTLV-I infection, suggesting an indirect role for this retrovirus in leukemogenesis.     

四种方法对鲢血清免疫球蛋白的纯化及分子量测定

采用mannan-binding protein(MBP)、TG及免疫亲和层析法和饱和硫酸铵沉淀法纯化鲢血清免疫球蛋白IgM,并比较了4种纯化方法的纯化效果.SDS-PAGE显示鲢血清免疫球蛋白的重链和轻链分子量分别为76.4 kD和27.2 kD,推算其总分子量约828.8kD     

雏鸡感染IBDV后对异种抗原的免疫应答反应

本实验研究了雏鸡感染传染性法氏囊病毒(IBDV)后对异种抗原——小鼠红细胞(MRBC)和新城疫(ND)疫苗在外周血液的免疫应答反应。检测指标有IgG,IgM 和γ—球蛋白含量;血凝抗体滴度以及 T 细胞、B 细胞和淋巴细胞数量。实验结果表明,1日龄感染 IBDV 雏鸡接种 ND 疫苗后,血清 IgG,IgM 及γ—球蛋白含量和血液 B 细胞、T 细胞及淋巴细胞数量均明显低于对照雏鸡。1日龄和4周龄感染 IBDV 雏鸡接种 MRBC 后血凝抗体滴度,血清 IgG,IgM 及γ—球蛋白含量和血液 T 细胞及淋巴细胞数量也均低于未感染雏鸡。说明感染 IBDV 雏鸡对 ND 疫苗和 MRBC 的体液免疫和细胞免疫应答功能均明显降低。     

Density gradient separation of marrow cells restricted for antibody class

Primitive cells of (C3H x C57BL/10)F(1) mouse bone marrow, participating with thymocytes in immune responses to sheep erythrocytes, are already committed to the immunoglobulin M or immunoglobulin G antibody class. By equilibrium centrifugation in discontinuous gradients of bovine serum albumin, cells responsible for production of IgM immunocytes migrate to the denser regions, whereas those responsible for IgG immunocytes remain in the lower density regions.     

Antibody class switching mediated by yeast endonuclease-generated DNA breaks

Antibody class switching in activated B cells uses class switch recombination (CSR), which joins activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-dependent double-strand breaks (DSBs) within two large immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) locus switch (S) regions that lie up to 200 kilobases apart. To test postulated roles of S regions and AID in CSR, we generated mutant B cells in which donor Smu and accepter Sgamma1 regions were replaced with yeast I-SceI endonuclease sites. We found that site-specific I-SceI DSBs mediate recombinational IgH locus class switching from IgM to IgG1 without S regions or AID. We propose that CSR evolved to exploit a general DNA repair process that promotes joining of widely separated DSBs within a chromosome.     

The nucleocapsid of hepatitis B virus is both a T-cell-independent and a T-cell-dependent antigen

One characteristic of the immune response during hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in humans is the vigorous production and subsequent persistence of antibodies of immunoglobulin (Ig) classes M and G to the nucleocapsid antigen (HBcAg). In this study HBcAg was shown to be similarly immunogenic in mice. When injected into athymic (nude) B10.BR and athymic BALB/c mice, HBcAg induced IgM and IgG class antibodies to HBc in spite of the absence of T cells in nude mice. In euthymic mice, HBcAg efficiently stimulated T-cell proliferation in vitro and helper T-cell function in vivo. The dual functions of HBcAg as a T-cell-independent and a T-cell-dependent antigen may explain its enhanced immunogenicity. Denaturation of HBcAg yields a nonparticulate antigen designated HBeAg; when HBeAg was used as the immunogen, antibody production required helper T-cell function. Although HBcAg and HBeAg are serologically distinct, they are structurally related, and in these experiments were highly cross-reactive at the T-cell level. These results suggest that the elevated levels of IgM antibodies to HBc and the enhanced immunogenicity of HBcAg during HBV infection in humans reflect the ability of HBcAg to directly activate B cells to produce antibodies to HBc in the presence or absence of HBcAg- or HBeAg-sensitized T cells.     

Allelic exclusion in transgenic mice that express the membrane form of immunoglobulin mu

Antibody-producing cells display a special form of regulation whereby each cell produces immunoglobulin from only one of its two sets of antibody genes. This phenomenon, called allelic exclusion, is thought to be mediated by the product of one heavy chain allele restricting the expression of the other. Heavy chains are synthesized in two molecular forms, secreted and membrane bound. In order to determine whether it is specifically the membrane-bound form of the immunoglobulin M (IgM) heavy chain (mu) that mediates this regulation, transgenic mice were created that carry a human mu chain gene altered so that it can only direct the synthesis of the membrane-bound protein. The membrane-bound form of the human mu chain was made by most of the B cells in these animals as measured by assays of messenger RNA and surface immunoglobulins. Further, the many B cells that express the human gene do not express endogenous mouse IgM, and the few B cells that express endogenous mouse mu do not express the transgene. Thus, the membrane-bound form of the mu chain is sufficient to mediate allelic exclusion. In addition, the molecular structures recognized for this purpose are conserved between human and mouse systems.     

Maintenance of serological memory by polyclonal activation of human memory B cells

Production of antibodies can last for a lifetime, through mechanisms that remain poorly understood. Here, we show that human memory B lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells in response to polyclonal stimuli, such as bystander T cell help and CpG DNA. Furthermore, plasma cells secreting antibodies to recall antigens are produced in vivo at levels proportional to the frequency of specific memory B cells, even several years after antigenic stimulation. Although antigen boosting leads to a transient increase in specific antibody levels, ongoing polyclonal activation of memory B cells offers a means to maintain serological memory for a human lifetime.     

欧洲鳗鲡免疫球蛋白阳性细胞的组织化学定位与分布特点

采用蛋白A亲和层析法分离纯化欧洲鳗鲡(Anguilla anguila,欧鳗)血清免疫球蛋白(Ig),制备其特异性兔抗血清,并运用免疫组织化学技术研究了嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)感染的试验组鳗鲡和未经感染的对照组鳗鲡脾脏、肾脏和肝脏Ig阳性(Ig )细胞定位与分布特点.结果表明:纯化后的Ig经SDS-PAGE检测含有分子质量约68 ku重链和26 ku轻链的2条清晰蛋白条带,由其制备的兔抗Ig血清效价达1:51 200.对照组欧鳗脾脏Ig 细胞数较少,肾脏相对较多,肝脏未发现.试验组欧鳗脾脏Ig 细胞数量明显比对照组增多,肾脏中有所增多但不明显,肝脏中未发现.在试验组和对照组中,黑色素巨噬细胞在脾脏和肾脏中均见明显聚集并与淋巴细胞形成黑色素巨噬细胞中心(melano-macrophage centres,MMCs),其中脾脏MMCs多数位于血管附近,脾脏Ig 细胞均主要分布在MMCs及其周边,且在试验组中数量多而密集,而肾脏Ig 细胞在对照组中明显分布于MMCs及其周边,但在试验组不明显.与对照组相比,试验组中脾脏和肾脏黑色素巨噬细胞数量和体积均有明显增多.试验结果说明欧鳗肾脏和脾脏是具有Ig 细胞的重要免疫器官,其中黑色素巨噬细胞数量和体积变化与免疫应答过程密切相关.     

雏鸡服用AvBD13后体液免疫的动态变化

 【目的】探讨防御素AvBD13对雏鸡体液免疫的影响。【方法】雏鸡的饮水从1日龄添加AvBD13（1 μg?ml-1）,分别于1、4、7、10、17日龄随机采集雏鸡的血液、脾脏、法氏囊、十二指肠、空肠和盲肠。分别采用MTT方法、ELISA方法和免疫组织化学方法检测外周血液B淋巴细胞增殖功能、血清的免疫球蛋白含量和免疫器官、肠道的抗体生成细胞数量。【结果】与对照组比较,AvBD13明显提高了4～10日龄雏鸡血清中IgG和10～17日龄雏鸡血清中IgM含量(P＜0.05),提高了4～7日龄雏鸡脾脏红髓和法氏囊中IgG和IgM生成细胞数量(P＜0.05)。AvBD13组雏鸡肠道的IgG和IgM生成细胞的数量在4～10日龄高于对照组雏鸡,但无统计学差异(P＞0.05), 仅盲肠扁桃体的IgA生成细胞数量在4日龄明显高于对照组雏鸡（P＜0.05）。【结论】雏鸡口服AvBD13能够明显提高其系统体液免疫,对肠道黏膜体液免疫提高较小,AvBD13对免疫器官和局部黏膜免疫组织具有一定的选择特异性。     

Identification of Bovine Blood B Cells with the Immunoperoxidase Staining Method

The mechanism of formation and the receptor-binding and functional properties of the B-lymphocyte subpopulations in the various immune pathologies are the factors that can affect the basic principles of initiation of a specific immune response and its relationship with the innate immunity of an organism. Identification of the positions of the immunoglobulin receptors on the lymphocytes is the specific clinical information on more accurate disease pathogenesis and differential diagnosis. The survey has proven that the IgM C₂ and C₉ monoclonal antibodies interact with the bovine blood B-lymphocytes. The relative numbers of B cells in the animal peripheral blood and the variation in the positions of the Ig receptors have been determined with the method for direct immunoperoxidase staining.     

鸡源复合益生菌对青年白羽肉杂鸡免疫球蛋白和Toll样受体通路的影响

为研究鸡源复合益生菌对青年白羽肉杂鸡血清免疫球蛋白和肠道Toll样受体通路的影响,将180只健康的28日龄白羽肉杂鸡随机分为A(基础饲粮)、B(基础饲粮中添加10¹¹ CFU·kg^-1益生菌)、C(基础饲粮中添加2×10¹¹ CFU·kg^-1益生菌)3个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复20只鸡。试验期21 d。结果表明:与A组相比,B组和C组鸡血清中IgG、IgM水平显著(P<0.05)升高,B组和C组鸡肠道TLR2、TLR4、Myd88、TRAF-6、AP-1蛋白表达及mRNA相对表达量显著(P<0.05)升高。与B组相比,C组鸡血清IgG、IgM、IgA水平均无明显差异(P>0.05),鸡肠道TLR4、Myd88蛋白表达显著(P<0.05)升高,Myd88基因mRNA相对表达量显著(P<0.05)升高。综上,添加不同浓度的鸡源复合益生菌能够提高白羽肉杂鸡血清中IgG、IgM水平,通过Toll样受体通路增强肉鸡的免疫功能。     

Requirement for B cell linker protein (BLNK) in B cell development

Linker proteins function as molecular scaffolds to localize enzymes with substrates. In B cells, B cell linker protein (BLNK) links the B cell receptor (BCR)-activated Syk kinase to the phosphoinositide and mitogen-activated kinase pathways. To examine the in vivo role of BLNK, mice deficient in BLNK were generated. B cell development in BLNK-/- mice was blocked at the transition from B220+CD43+ progenitor B to B220+CD43- precursor B cells. Only a small percentage of immunoglobulin M++ (IgM++), but not mature IgMloIgDhi, B cells were detected in the periphery. Hence, BLNK is an essential component of BCR signaling pathways and is required to promote B cell development.     

感染鸡贫血病毒雏鸡接种新城疫疫苗后免疫保护效应及其机理研究

 雏鸡 1日龄人工感染鸡贫血病毒 (CAV) ,于 8日龄接种 L asota疫苗 ,免疫后 2 8d进行新城疫强毒 (v NDV)攻击 ,以同龄未感染 CAV和用 L asota疫苗免疫并经 v NDV攻毒雏鸡为对照 ,检测其免疫保护效应 ,胸腺和脾脏 T细胞数量及 T细胞增殖反应 ,法氏囊和脾脏 Ig G+、Ig M+、Ig A+抗体生成细胞数量 ,血清免疫球蛋白 Ig G、Ig M、Ig A含量 ,血凝抑制抗体 (HI)滴度等。结果表明 ,CAV人工感染并用新城疫 (ND)疫苗免疫雏鸡经 v NDV攻击后的免疫保护率为 6 0 % ,对照组雏鸡 v NDV攻击后免疫保护率为 10 0 % ,胸腺和脾脏 T细胞数量和 T细胞增殖反应、法氏囊和脾脏Ig G+ 、Ig M+ 、Ig A+ 抗体生成细胞数量、血清 Ig G、Ig M、Ig A含量及 HI抗体滴度 ,均较对照组雏鸡显著降低。说明感染鸡贫血病毒雏鸡接种新城疫疫苗后的免疫保护效应及免疫功能明显降低。     

44例多发性骨髓瘤实验室指标及Ig类型改变的分析

目的探讨骨髓细胞形态学检查结合血清蛋白电泳、免疫固定电泳、免疫球蛋白定量检查诊断多发性骨髓瘤,并探讨Ig类型改变的原因．方法对44例多发性骨髓瘤患者的骨髓细胞形态学检查、血清蛋白电泳、免疫固定电泳及免疫球蛋白的数据进行统计分析．结果44例MM患者中,骨髓瘤细胞〈10％的有40例（90．9％）,且浆细胞具有较高的异质性;血清蛋白电泳检出M蛋白带的比例为88．6％;免疫固定电泳检出率为100％,免疫分型IgG占50％,IgA占20．5％,IgM占2．2％,轻链型占27．3％;免疫球蛋白定量显示同型的免疫球蛋白含量显著升高,但轻链型的各免疫球蛋白含量却正常或降低．其中1例MM患者骨髓移植后出现Ig类型转换．结论综合各实验室指标,可以最大程度减少多发性骨髓瘤的漏诊、误诊,Ig类型的改变对多发性骨髓瘤的临床诊断及治疗有再要意义．     

Human X chromosome carries quantitative genes for immunoglobulin M

Concentrations of immunoglobulin M in serum were one-third higher in females than in males in the Black and White populations of Virginia. In family studies, a much closer correlation was shown between boys and their mothers than between boys and their fathers. The immunoglobulin M concentrations in girls were more closely correlated with those of their fathers than with those of their mothers. The higher mean values for IgM in females and the relative magnitudes of the correlation coefficients between parents and offspring support the hypothesis that the X chromosome of man carries genes with an effect on IgM concentration. These patterns were not demonstrated for immunoglobulins A or G.     

B cell ligand discrimination through a spreading and contraction response

B cells recognize foreign antigens by virtue of cell surface immunoglobulin receptors and are most effectively activated by membrane-bound ligands. Here, we show that in the early stages of this process, B cells exhibit a two-phase response in which they first spread over the antigen-bearing membrane and then contract, thereby collecting bound antigen into a central aggregate. The extent of this response, which is both signaling- and actin-dependent, determines the quantity of antigen accumulated and hence the degree of B cell activation. Brownian dynamic simulations reproduce essential features of the antigen collection process and suggest a possible basis for affinity discrimination. We propose that dynamic spreading is an important step of the immune response.