水相酶解法提取菜籽油与菜籽蛋白工艺的优化

为提高菜籽蛋白的利用率，采用水相酶解法提取菜籽油与菜籽蛋白，以超滤法分离菜籽蛋白，重点对酶处理的工艺参数进行了研究。试验对各种酶的作用效果进行了比较，确定采用纤维素酶、果胶酶按活力比3∶1配方的复合酶处理效果较好；由优化试验得出酶处理的工艺参数为：固液比1∶5，酶用量30 U/g，酶处理时间100 min；在最佳工艺条件下获得高质量的菜籽油与菜籽蛋白，油与蛋白质得率分别为92.6%、82.3%。     

苦荞麦麸皮总黄酮提取工艺及其数学模型研究

为充分利用荞麦资源，该文测定了苦荞麦麸皮总黄酮的含量，对苦荞麦麸皮总黄酮的提取工艺及其数学模型进行了研究。试验结果表明：苦荞麦麸皮总黄酮的含量为6.01%；乙醇提取法的最佳工艺条件为乙醇浓度80%，提取温度80℃，料液比1∶50，提取时间2.5 h，该工艺条件下总黄酮提取率达94.01%；建立了以总黄酮提取率为目标值，以各提取工艺参数为因子的二次多项式模型，经验证计算值与试验值拟合良好。     

芝麻叶中总黄酮的最佳提取工艺研究

该文测定了芝麻叶中总黄酮的含量，并对芝麻叶黄酮的提取工艺进行了研究。重点探讨了采用乙醇提取法和微波处理与乙醇提取相结合的方法提取芝麻叶黄酮类化合物的最佳工艺条件。试验结果表明：芝麻叶中总黄酮的含量为0.98%；乙醇提取法的最适工艺参数是浸提剂乙醇浓度为80%、浸提温度为80℃、料液比为1∶25、浸提时间为2.5 h，如此条件可使黄酮提取率达95.6%；微波处理与乙醇提取相结合的方法的最适工艺参数是微波功率200 W、微波处理时间70s，乙醇浓度为80%、浸提温度为80℃、料液比为1∶25、浸提时间为30 min，这种工艺可使黄酮提取率达95.8%。     

基于BP神经网络的脂肪酶酯化菜籽油脱臭馏出物的仿真研究

该文采用BP神经网络对脂肪酶催化酯化菜籽油脱臭馏出物的工艺条件进行了仿真研究。将中心组合试验和神经网络相结合，采用动量梯度下降法对网络进行训练仿真，并利用训练好的网络对催化酯化工艺条件进行预测。结果表明：经过训练的网络可以很好的模拟反应条件，得到了脂肪酶催化反应的最佳工艺参数，此时脂肪酸甲酯的含量为55.2%，维生素E保留率达到90%,为脱臭馏出物的酯化催化效果的预测提供了一条可行的途径。     

微波辅助提取多穗柯嫩叶黄酮工艺研究

该研究比较了微波辅助水提(MW)、微波辅助氢氧化钙溶液提取(MCW)、水提(W)、氢氧化钙溶液提取(CW)、乙醇回流(E)和甲醇回流(Me)等工艺提取多穗柯黄酮的效果，用正交设计筛选MCW工艺条件，并对材料预煮与微波处理时间的关系、氢氧化钙溶液浓度对提取效果的影响进行了探讨。结果表明，MCW提取效果明显优于W、CW、MW和E或Me；材料预煮和适当的氢氧化钙浓度可以明显提高MCW黄酮提取效果；研究得出的最佳工艺条件为：1.2%氢氧化钙水溶液，固液比1∶12，预煮时间5 min，高档功率微波处理25 min。此工艺提取率达到96%，提取物黄酮含量达到37%，是一种高效、无污染的提取多穗柯黄酮工艺。     

利用酒糟生物质发酵生产燃料乙醇的试验研究

研究了采用固态发酵工艺利用酒糟生物质生产燃料乙醇的工艺。向酒糟生物质中加入0.05%液化酶，0.06%糖化酶，0.8%纤维素酶，0.4‰TH-AADY，调整酒糟生物质的酸度为3.0，含水率为60%，起始温度为22～24℃，发酵周期为9 d的条件下，燃料乙醇产率可达4.18%。中试结果表明，该工艺可正常生产燃料乙醇，产率为4.03%。本研究可以为酒糟生物质资源的合理利用、消除酒糟对环境的污染、开发可再生新能源提供一条新工艺。     

复合组织蛋白挤压加工工艺的初步研究

该文利用FTS-50型双螺杆食品挤压机，进行了复合组织蛋白挤压加工工艺的研究。试验研究了各个工艺参数对产品组织化的影响，得出了较佳的工艺条件。结果表明：适量的油脂(2%～10%)可以降低主机功耗，并稳定组织化结构；原料的pH为6.5～7.5时，产品的纤维强度较好；淀粉添加量在10%以内，产品的纤维化结构明显而且口感适中；含水率和螺杆转速对挤压产品组织化质量有着复杂的影响；挤压变性段温度提高，产品的组织化程度提高。     

反刍动物高能量饲料添加剂脂肪酸钙制作工艺参数筛选

以猪脂肪、氢氧化钠、氯化钙为原料，在实验室条件下探索脂肪酸钙的加工工艺和加工过程。利用正交试验设计(L1645)对脂肪酸钙的加工工艺系数进行反复筛选，探索脂肪酸钙的最佳加工工艺参数。结果表明，脂肪酸钙的最佳加工工艺参数为氢氧化钠用量占脂肪重的27%、氯化钙用量占脂肪重的25%、皂化反应时间为5 h、复分解温度为90 ℃、用水量为脂肪的4倍。     

废弃食用油脂两相厌氧发酵酸化条件优化

油脂的水解和长链脂肪酸的降解是油脂厌氧发酵过程中的限速步骤,提高水解酸化阶段挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acid,VFA)的产率,有助于后续甲烷化反应的进行。利用响应面方法(response surface methodology,RSM)对废弃食用油脂两相厌氧发酵水解产挥发酸条件进行优化,考察了初始p H值、原料负荷、反应时间和接种量对产生挥发酸浓度的影响,提出采用该工艺的数学模型及优化后的工艺参数。结果表明,各影响因子对挥发酸的影响顺序为:接种量反应时间原料负荷初始p H值,方程的F值为15.65,相关系数为0.9359,调整相关系数为0.8761,说明数学模型可以较好地模拟真实的反应曲面。优化得到最佳的工艺参数为初始p H值6.2、负荷300 g/L、反应时间8 d、接种量40%,在该条件下,实际产挥发酸7 221.0 mg/L,与预测值7 224.0 mg/L吻合且重现性较好。厌氧产甲烷试验表明,酸化后废弃油脂较未酸化油脂在甲烷产量、甲烷含量、总化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)去除率及挥发性固体(volatile solid,VS)去除率方面分别提高了44%、11%、28%和51%,经酸化处理比未酸化油脂的厌氧发酵时间(完成一个厌氧发酵周期内总产气量的80%的时间)缩短了28%。该研究结果为废弃食用油脂的两相厌氧发酵中试提供了参考。     

酶法提取白灵菇深层发酵菌丝体多糖的研究

为提高白灵菇菌丝体多糖得率，采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计方法，对白灵菇液态深层发酵菌丝体多糖的酶法提取工艺条件中的酶用量、酶解温度、酶解时间、pH值4因子的最优化组合问题进行了研究，建立了具有良好预测性能的白灵菇菌丝体多糖提取条件模型，并利用回归模型结合Matlab软件对工艺条件的最优组合、各单因子效应以及双因素效应进行分析。结果表明，当酶用量为2.53%、酶解温度39.6℃、酶解时间3.2 h、pH值7.2时，多糖得率最高可达8.23%。     

雷公藤提取农药用总生物碱工艺的优化(简报)

为杀虫活性物质雷公藤生物碱的产业化开发利用奠定基础,以雷公藤根皮中总生物碱提取率为评价指标,综合考察pH值、提取时间、乙醇浓度、固液比和提取次数5个关键因素的影响,以L16(45)正交试验设计优选了雷公藤总生物碱的提取工艺条件,并利用人工神经网络进行仿真、评估和优化,最终获得了雷公藤根皮中总生物碱的提取优化工艺:根皮粉细度30目,pH2.5,固液比1︰10,乙醇浓度65%,提取时间2h,提取2次。该优化工艺条件不仅可减少成本,降低能耗,而且使雷公藤总生物碱提取率略有提高,在实际生产中具有较好的应用价值。     

Mikrobiologische Beurteilung biologischer Bodendekontaminationsverfahren im Modellversuch

Microbiological control of the biological decontamination of soils Five agricultural soils which were contaminated with n-tetradecane, 5-methyl-3-heptanone and naphthalene were used to follow the biological clean-up process of these soils. The hydrocarbon content, the microbial biomass (substrate-induced respiration), dehydrogenase activity and N-mineralisation were monitored for 20 weeks in the contaminated and control soils. Dehydrogenase activity followed similar patterns within various soils, the values being lowest at the beginning of the experiment and highest during the following weeks. N-mineralisation of four contaminated soils was reduced at the start of the experiment, but was increased afterwards. The influence of contamination on microbial activities was detected even after elimination of the hydrocarbons. The addition of compost of bark and pieces of bark increased the biological cleanup process of the Calcic Chernozem contaminated with 3,8% (w/w) fuel oil. The addition of both organic materials reduced the decontamination rate of the Haplic Chernozem. The ratio of N-mineralisation to microbial biomass of the Calcic Chernozem increased with the addition of compost of bark and pieces of bark, but decreased with the same treatment of the. Haplic Chernozem. The results of this study suggest that microorganisms immobilize nitrogen in the Haplic Chernozem ammended with pieces of bark to a great extent during the whole experiment. The high N-immobilization and the adsorption of hydrocarbons to the added organic material may be the main cause of the slow decontamination of the Haplic Chernozem.     

乙醇溶剂与超临界CO_2相结合提取高纯度卵黄磷脂的研究

采用乙醇溶剂首先提取蛋黄粉中的卵黄油 ,然后用超临界 CO2 萃取方法脱除卵黄油中的中性脂肪 ,获得高纯度的卵黄磷脂。考察了工艺参数对提取效果的影响。试验表明 :在乙醇溶剂提取卵黄油阶段 ,乙醇浓度是影响卵黄油提取率的最主要因素 ,温度是影响卵黄磷脂提取率的最主要因素 ;在超临界 CO2 萃取阶段 ,磷脂的溶解度随萃取温度的升高而降低 ,中性脂质在 5 5℃时溶解度最大。采用此工艺 ,卵黄磷脂得率为 17.6 6 % ,纯度 94.41% ,且不含胆固醇。     

Efficient Purification of Heavy-Metal-Contaminated Water by Microalgae-Activated Pine Bark

Batch experiments were performed to study metal sorption by pine bark and algae-treated bark. The biosorption of copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), and nickel (Ni) in synthetic multimetal aqueous solutions was studied as a function of metal content in solution, and amount and size of bark particles used for sorption. Influence of water hardness (Ca²⁺ only was tested) on the metal sorption process was also evaluated. Metal uptake from solutions with high heavy metal content (i.e. 10× the limit for leachate from landfills) was found to be independent of Ca²⁺ concentration. At low metal content in solution (i.e. 1× the limit for leachate from landfills), uptake of Cu, Zn, Ni, and Cd decreased with increasing Ca²⁺ content in water. Microalgae-treated bark was found to increase the metal sorption efficiency. Air-drying of bark-entrapped algae was shown to be the best method for sorbent drying. In general, the green algae, Chlorella sp. and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata showed the best results in metal uptake. Sorption of Co, Zn, Ni, and Cd from solution with high levels of both heavy metals and calcium increased by almost 50% with algae treatment of bark was applied. At low levels of metals and calcium content, 100% uptake of Cu and Pb in water was observed. Uptake of other metals from solution with low metal and Ca content was relatively high (50–60%). Low pH (pH 3.0) had no influence on metal sorption from solutions with high metal content. For solutions with low metal content a decrease of metal uptake by 10–15% was observed for all the metals but Pb. Thus, the treatment of bark with microalgae was successful and influenced positively the uptake capacity of the bark.     

Supercritical fluid extraction of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole from cork stoppers

2,4,6-Trichloroanisole (TCA) is the compound most often associated with cork taint in wines and has been shown to have a very low sensory threshold ( approximately 5 ng/L in wine). A supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method for TCA in bark cork stoppers was developed with quantification via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring. Supercritical carbon dioxide functioned as the extracting solvent, and temperature and pressure were optimized for the extraction. The method was validated using the stable isotope (2)H(5)-TCA as the internal standard. Recovery of TCA from spiked corks was found to be within 1-4% of the theoretical concentration with a coefficient of variation ranging from 2.6 to 9.7%. TCA levels in corks pulled from wines described as tainted by experienced judges ranged from 0.13 to 2.11 microg/g of cork. The SFE procedure offers a rapid, quantitative, nearly solvent-free, and automated method for the extraction of TCA from complex solid matrices such as cork.     

Temporal and Spatial Changes in Spruce Bark Acidity at the Scale of the Czech Republic in the Last Two Decades,and the Current Abundance of Epiphytic Lichen <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hypogymnia physodes</Emphasis>

Two large-scale national monitoring campaigns investigating changes in spruce bark extract acidity and long-term monitoring of bark acidity along elevation transects have been carried out in the Czech Republic. The investigations have revealed significant average changes in the pH values of bark extracts (4 g: 16 ml) from 2.35 to 2.60 between 1989 and 1995, and from 2.60 to 3.25 between 1995 and 2005. In comparison with 1990, the H⁺ concentrations in bark extracts had decreased by 10–15% in 1995 and by 70% in 2005. National emissions of acidic compounds were reduced by about 58% (1995) and 62% (2005), and the mean annual H⁺ deposition was reduced by about 60% (1995) and by about 80% (2005). However, neither inventoried current absolute amounts nor specific regional amounts of emitted acidic pollutants correlated significantly with bark acidity in 1995 and 2005. Bark acidity was not significantly affected by the elevation of the sampling plots or by the average tree defoliation. Along the altitudinal transects, considerably defoliated trees near the top of mountain ridges showed permanently lower bark acidity than trees lower down the mountain slopes. Significant differences in average bark acidity were found between defined mountain, highland and lowland elevation zones. In 2005, the epiphytic lichen Hypogymnia physodes was found at almost all sampling plots, with the exception of the most industrialised areas of two coal basins. The abundance of the lichen correlated significantly and negatively with spruce bark acidity and with total nitrogen and copper concentrations in moss growing at the bark sampling plots in 2005.     

制取淀粉用甘薯的最佳收获期及磨浆分离机的研究

通过对河北省甘薯集中产区“一窝红”和“卢选1号”两个具有代表性的甘薯品种,在不同收获时间甘薯淀粉亩产量的试验测定,确定出该区甘薯用来制取淀粉的最佳收获时间。同时,为在甘薯最佳收获时间内制取淀粉,提高甘薯淀粉的亩产量,研究设计了适合甘薯集中产区的6SF-20型薯类磨浆分离机。该机的淀粉分离率为96.4%,淀粉提取率为92.0%,达到国际先进水平     

酶解法提取黑木耳中胶原蛋白的工艺优化

为了提高提取黑木耳中胶原蛋白得率,研究黑木耳中胶原蛋白提取工艺路线优化酶法提取的最适条件,采用单因素试验与多元线性回归试验设计相结合的试验方法,经过数据计算统计分析,由回归方程可知,在一定范围内得率与pH值呈正相关,与液料比呈正相关,与酶添加量呈负相关,与酶解时间呈负相关,得出优化工艺参数为:采用胰蛋白酶,酶解pH值为8.0,液料比为52.5:1mL/g,酶添加量为8%,酶解时间为2h,其中在此条件下从黑木耳中提取胶原蛋白得率达到1.091%。研究结果为植物性胶原蛋白制备提供了参考。     

Aspen bark photosynthesis and its significance to remote sensing and carbon budget estimates in the boreal ecosystem

Aspen bark was investigated for photosynthetic function, pigment content, and spectral characteristics during the 1993–1994 Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) summer field campaigns in the boreal zone of Saskatchewan, Canada. Parameters related to photosynthetic function were similar for bark and leaves: chlorophyll (Chl) concentration; fluorescence responses; and spectral reflectance. Similar increases along a vertical gradient from base to tree top were observed for incident photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), photosynthetic pigment content, photosynthetic capacity, and spectral reflectance variables. Since transmittance of aspen bark periderm was 20–30% in the blue, and 50–60% in the red Chl absorption bands, the PAR available to the photosynthetic cortical layer in the natural, canopy environment (<1000 μmol m^?2 s^?1) was sufficient to support positive net assimilation (<8–10 νmol CO₂ m^?2 s^?1) under ideal conditions (e.g., light, temperature, saturating CO₂), a rate approximately 30–50% that of leaves. However, the respiring tissues comprising the greater fraction of bark tissue bias the balance of CO₂ exchange in favour of respiration for the whole bark. Therefore, net photosynthesis under ambient conditions on the whole bark was, in general, negative. The total bark surface area was estimated to contain 17–40% of the whole tree Chl. The contribution of the bark surface area fraction of the full canopy (leaves plus bark) increased with age (<60 years), with a similar trend expected for bark in total tree (and stand) photosynthesis. A spectral reflectance variable, the red edge inflection point (REIP), was related to total bark Chl content (r²=0.74). A better predictive relationship (r²=0.82) for total bark Chl was observed using a spectral index calculated from the reflectance ratio of two narrow wavebands (R3/R2: R2 and R3 are between 0.715–0.726 μm and 0.734–0.747 μm, respectively), which may have greater utility in landscape remote sensing. The bark spectra for Chlcontaining bark should improve understanding of carbon balance in aspen forests, based on landscape-level radiative transfer simulations.     

Physical and Chemical Changes in Container Media in Response to Bark Substitution for Peat

Physical and chemical properties of container media are important factors in controlling the supply and movement of water and nutrients for nursery plant growth. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the physical and chemical properties and quality of media formulated with systematic substitution of composted pine bark (bark) for sphagnum peat (peat) in the presence of sand. Ten formulations were prepared that contained 40-90% bark, 0-50% peat, and 10 or 20% sand by volume. Increasing the percentage of bark increased the percentage of coarse particles, and linearly decreased the medium-sized particles in media in either 10% or 20% sand. Increasing the percentage of bark in the media significantly decreased water holding capacity, whereas bulk and particle densities and total porosity were influenced by the interaction of bark x peat x sand. Increasing the percentage of bark increased electrical conductivity and total C, P, K, Ca, Fe, Cu and Zn. Availability of nutrients were also increased by increasing percentages of bark. Substitution of bark for peat did not influence the pH of the formulated media. Our results suggest that formulated media with 70 to 80% composted pine bark and 10 to 20% peat (V/V) exhibited physical and chemical properties considered optimum for the growth of container nursery plant crops.