南岭山地伯乐树天然种群和人工种群遗传多样性比较

为评价伯乐树迁地保护林的遗传完整性,采用ISSR分子标记技术对南岭山地伯乐树2个人工种群和4个天然种群的遗传多样性进行分析比较。结果显示:7条引物共检测出86个条带,其中62条为多态条带;各种群多态条带百分比(PPB)和Shannon表型多样性指数(HPOP)分别为36.05%～53.49%和0.2040～0.3079;天然种群PPB和HPOP分别为70.93%和0.3882,高于人工种群(PPB=53.49%,HPOP=0.2941)。分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明,天然种群的遗传分化(ΦST=0.3407)明显高于人工种群(ΦST=0.2248)。研究结果认为,伯乐树在物种水平和种群水平都具有较高的遗传多样性,已建立的迁地保护种群不能有效地保护南岭地区天然种群的遗传完整性,建议营建人工迁地保护种群尽可能地从多个不同种群中收集种质材料。     

森林生物多样性保护原理概述

热点地区的分析,为我们确定生物多样性保护的策略和优先等级提供了依据;由于人类的剧烈干扰,现在地球上有许多物种和生态系统都处于濒危的境地,热带雨林的生物多样性丧失最为严重;热点地区虽然在地球上所占的面积很小,但却拥有大量的物种,这些地区的生物多样性丧失应特别引起我们注意;每个物种灭绝的难易程度不同,稀有种和长寿命种特别易于灭绝,而关键种一旦受到威胁,依赖于其生存的许多物种也会有灭绝的危险。遗传多样性的丧失也是生物多样性丧失的重要方面,种群内遗传多样性的丧失主要来源于奠基者效应、统计瓶颈效应、遗传漂变和近亲交配４种因素。物种的概念影响到对物种的保护,物种保护应包括物种内遗传多样性的保护;种群的动态调节机制和源—汇种群动态对于生物多样性保护具有重要的意义。种群生存力分析是了解物种濒危机制的崭新手段。群落中的种间关系和自然干扰体系是生物多样性保护中应考虑的重要方面。人为的生境破碎与自然景观的异质性不同,生境破碎会造成边缘效应和拥挤效应等一系列的生物学后果。     

胡桃楸天然种群遗传多样性的ISSR分析

为了了解胡桃楸资源的遗传多样性状况,采用ISSR分子标记技术,对胡桃楸集中分布区内6个种群共180个样本的遗传多样性进行研究.从50条引物中筛选出14条用于扩增,共检测到140个位点,其中多态位点120个,多态位点百分率为85.71%.在物种水平上胡桃楸的Shannon信息指数为0.452 1,Nei指数为0.302 ...     

槭树分子标记研究进展综述

槭树(Acer L.)属槭树科，是世界范围内普遍使用的观赏树种，其品种丰富、种类繁多、用途广泛，具备很好的观赏价值、药用价值和用材价值。槭属植物不同种之间在物质组成上差异较大，因此某一种方法也许仅适用于某种或某类材料，想要找到相适宜的分子标记技术，应依据研究的应用目的及其研究对象不断地摸索、进步，从而选择既简单又可靠的DNA分子标记技术。现在已有数十种DNA分子标记技术，目前常用的分子标记方法有RFLP、RAPD、AFLP、SSR、ISSR、ITS、SRAP、SNP等，同时各种技术的结合使用也越来越受到重视。为了更有效的利用和保护槭属植物种质资源，使用分子标记技术对槭属进行遗传多样性分析、主成分分析、相关性分析和聚类分析等，以此有效对槭属植物进行遗传多样性和亲缘关系的研究分析、遗传图谱的构建、建立DNA指纹库、基因定位以及分子标记辅助育种等方面的研究应用。目前分子标记在槭属植物上的应用愈发广泛，技术也愈加成熟，但其存在的问题也无法忽视，在对槭属植物的分子标记技术应用的现状与目前存在的问题进行了探讨分析之后，对未来分子标记技术在槭属植物的研究方向这一重要目标提出了展望。     

云南九龙山自然保护区水青冈群落物种多样性及群落特征

采用典型样方调查法,对云南九龙山自然保护区内的水青冈群落生物多样性及群落特征进行研究,共设置7个30 m×30 m的样方,从群落的物种组成、重要值、物种多样性、种群年龄结构等方面进行分析。结果表明:云南九龙山水青冈群落中共有维管束植物81种,隶属48科71属,其中蔷薇科为优势科;物种丰富度、多样性、均匀度和优势度在所有群落中均表现为草本层>灌木层>乔木层;在水青冈种群年龄结构中,Ⅳ级和V级所占比例为21.4%、78.6%,未发现幼苗、幼树分布,表明种群自然更新不良,表现为衰退型。提出减少人为干扰因素,促进群落自然更新,建立种群动态数据库,在保持群落物种多样性的同时注重维持群落稳定性等保护建议。     

中国麋鹿迁地保护现状保护模式及保护建议

麋鹿是中国特有的、国家一级保护动物,是世界自然保护联盟IUCN红皮书野外灭绝物种。概述了我国麋鹿迁地保护种群的繁育现状、迁地保护取得的成绩,发现迁地保护存在遗传多样性贫乏、疾病影响严重、有效种群少、种群密度大、栖息地状况不佳、缺乏天敌,以及缺乏种群管理各环节的技术、标准及规范等问题。为了更好地保护我国这种失而复得的特有物种,提出了应进一步规范麋鹿保护模式,建立健全全国监测网络平台、迁地保护管理体系、健康监测技术及评估体系等,并建议实施全国统筹输出及基因交流管理,提高迁地保护场所目标种群的数量,扩大有效种群的建立,以及建立更多麋鹿自然保护区、制定狩猎制度及社区共管方案、发展生态旅游等。     

分子标记技术在槭树种质资源研究中的应用

中国是槭树种质资源丰富且分布集中的国家。为了更科学地开发和利用兼具观赏、药用、经济等多种珍贵价值的槭树种质资源,文中综述了国内分子生物学研究前期对槭树DNA和RNA提取的方法,以及RAPD、AFLP、ISSR、ITS和SRAP等分子标记技术在槭树植物研究中的应用,主要包括种质资源鉴定、种群遗传结构与遗传多样性、濒危植物保护、物种谱系地理分析等方面的研究;针对槭树类植物的分子生物学研究中存在的问题,提出了今后研究的重点和发展方向,以期为槭树植物的种质资源开发和深入研究提供参考。     

珙桐天然种群遗传多样性的ISSR标记分析

利用ISSR分子标记分析来自11个天然珙桐种群的遗传多样性。从100条引物中筛选出5条引物能扩增出稳定、清晰且具多态性的条带,共扩增出77个条带。其中74个为多态,多态条带百分率(PPB)为96.10%;各种群PPB值为37.66%～63.64%,平均为54.07%。种内Shannon多样性指数(HSP)为0.4849,种群内Shannon多样性指数(HPOP)为0.1886～0.3274,平均为0.2774。这表明珙桐在物种和种群水平上均维持较高的遗传多样性。分子方差分析显示,种群间与种群内遗传变异分别占总遗传变异的46.22%,53.78%,种群间呈高度遗传分化。种群间遗传距离与对应的地理距离呈显著正相关(r=0.546,P<0.01)。UPGMA法聚类分析将11个珙桐种群分为3组。研究结果为珙桐遗传资源保护策略制定提供有价值的种群遗传学信息。     

内蒙古沙拐枣群落多样性及种群格局研究

经实地调查,利用物种多样性指数和Ripley’s K点格局方法对内蒙古地区沙拐枣群落多样性及其种群空间格局进行研究,结果显示:沙拐枣群落共有种子植物51种,隶属于12科41属,种类组成贫乏,物种多样性水平较低,优势度指数与物种多样性指数呈现相反的变化趋势。不同地区沙拐枣种群分布格局整体呈集群分布,各地区种群聚集强度不同,为乌拉特后旗杭锦旗阿拉善左旗阿拉善右旗鄂托克旗二连浩特。研究结果对沙拐枣生存现状、资源利用及保护具有一定参考价值。     

黄土高原不同气象因子对中国沙棘亚居群遗传多样性的影响

利用ISSR分子标记技术,分析了甘肃省东部地区8个中国沙棘居群的遗传多样性和遗传分化,以及气象因子对它们的影响.共调查了8个居群的240个个体.利用11条引物扩增出165条带.扩增范围集中在300～1500 bp,其中157个位点表现为多态,占95.76%,分子变异分析(AMOVA)显示,居群内遗传分化程度高,76.15%的变异存在于居群内.基因分化系数(Gst)为0.2418,居群间基因流为1.5675.说明保护沙棘种群的遗传资源应优先考虑种群内个体.经Mamel检验发现.8个居群的地理距离和遗传距离显著相关(r=0.65,P=0.002).对气象因子与遗传多样性所作的回归分析显示,中国沙棘开花期间的风速与其遗传多样性呈显著正相关.说明开花期风速和地理距离是沙棘种群遗传多样性的重要影响因子.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.