甜菜抗丛根病新品种内甜抗203的选育

甜菜新品种内甜抗203（原名内102）是多胚型二倍体抗丛根病品种。该品种在内蒙古自治区甜菜品种抗病区域试验中,平均根产量44715．0kg／hm^2,比对照种甜研303提高97．7％;含糖率15．67％,比对照种提高1．34度;产糖量7006．8kg／hm^2,比对照种提高116．2％,丛根病病情指数17,比对照种降低18。在内蒙古自治区甜莱品种普通组生产试验中,根产量69225.0kg／hm^2,比对照提高62．0％;含糖率16．85％,比对照提高0．08度;产糖量11664.4kg／hm^2,比对照提高62．8％,达到丰产型品种标准;在内蒙古自治区甜菜品种抗病组生产试验中,根产量、含糖率、产糖量分别比对照提高182．6％、1．10度、203．8％,丛根病病情指数比对照降低47．9,达抗丛根病型品种标准。     

甜菜二倍体新品种—包育201的选育

甜菜二倍体新品种--包育201，是系统选育的普通二倍体杂交种。该品种产量稳定，含糖率较高，抗褐斑病性强，对丛根病、黄化毒病有较强耐病性。在1995～1997年的自治区甜菜品种区域试验中，1996-1997两年达到新品种标准，其块根产量、含糖率和产糖量两年平均比对照分别提高10.7%、0.73度和15.8%；在1998年的生产试验中，根产量、含糖率和产糖量分别比对照提高12.5%、0.6度和16.9%。     

甜菜多倍体新品种-包育302的选育

甜菜多倍体新品种—包育302系多倍体高糖型杂交种,由四倍体品系BS95429作母本,与自育二倍体品系BS79-1作父本杂交育成,该品种丰产性稳定,含糖高,抗病性强,对丛根病有较强耐病性。在2000～2001年的内蒙古自治区甜菜品种区域试验中,两年均达到高糖型品种标准,其块根产量、含糖率、产糖量两年平均比对照分别提高3.5%、1.00度和9.7%;在2001年的生产试验中,根产量、含糖率和产糖量分别比对照提高28.1%、1.28度和37.1%。     

丰产优质抗病甜菜新品种ZM202的选育

ZM202是美国BetaSeed公司和中国农业科学院甜菜研究所合作选育的甜菜二倍体多胚雄不育杂交种。该品种丰产性突出,含糖性状优良,抗丛根病,耐根腐病和褐斑病,适应性广,块根品质好。在2005～2006年的黑龙江省甜菜品种区域试验中,两年14个试验点次平均根产量44019.2kg/hm2,比对照品种甜研309提高37.2%;平均含糖率16.4%,比对照品种低0.8度;平均产糖量7285.6kg/hm2,比对照品种提高31.7%;对丛根病、根腐病的抗性明显优于对照品种,对褐斑病的抗性与对照品种相当。在2007年的黑龙江省甜菜品种生产试验中,5个试验点ZM202平均根产量45754.2kg/hm2,比对照品种甜研309提高48.7%;平均含糖率17.1%,比对照品种低0.2度;平均产糖量7729.2kg/hm2,比对照品种提高45.2%。该品种适宜在黑龙江省的齐齐哈尔、哈尔滨、大庆、黑河等甜菜产区种植推广。     

甜菜多倍体单粒品种BHK1的选育

甜菜多倍体新品种BHK1系多倍体雄不育单粒品种,由四倍体多粒品系BS95462作父本,与德国KWS种子公司KWS26194作母本杂交育成,该品种抗(耐)丛根病、抗根腐病、褐斑病、黄化毒病及立枯病性较好,在2006～2007年内蒙古自治区甜菜品种区域试验中,两年均达到新品种标准,其块根产量、含糖率、产糖量两年平均比时照分别提高21.14%、0.26度和23.42%;同时在2007年的普通组生产试验中,平均产量为69885kg/hm2,比对照增产24.3%,含糖率为14.9%,比对照低0.04度,达到新品种标准;在三级丛根病地生产试验中,平均产量为34680kg/hm2,含糖率为15.63%,达到抗(耐)丛根病标准.     

甜菜新品种新甜18号的选育

新甜18号是石河子甜菜研究所选育的抗丛根病二倍体雄性不育多粒型杂交种,在2006～2007年新疆维吾尔自治区甜菜品种区域试验中,两年14个点次的块根产量平均为82156.5kg/hm2,比对照KWS2409增产3.99%,含糖率平均15.21%,比对照低0.09度.产糖量平均12745.5kg/hm2,比对照增糖4.3%.在丛根病抗性鉴定中,两年平均块根产量为102182.3kg/hm2,比对照KWS2409增产33.92%,含糖率15.10%,比对照低0.08,度产糖量平均18475.5kg/hm2,较对照增糖35.0%.该品种丰产性能稳定,抗病性强,适应范围广.     

丰产抗病偏高糖甜菜新品种ZM201的选育

ZM201是中国农业科学院甜菜研究所和美国BetaSeed公司合作选育的甜菜二倍体单胚雄不育杂交种.2001年以单胚二倍体雄性不育系Beta96186M为母本,以二倍体有粉系PT37136为父本,配制杂交组合.该品种丰产性好,舍糖率较高,抗丛根病和褐斑病,耐根腐病,适应性广,块根品质好.在2005～2006年的国家甜菜品种区域试验中,全国两年42个试验点次平均根产量60770.0kg/hm2,比对照品种提高16.6%;平均含糖率17.5%,比对照品种提高0.1度;平均产搪量10631.4kg/hm2,比对照品种提高18.0%;时褐斑病、黄化毒病和白粉病的抗性与对照相仿,对根腐病、丛根病的抗性明显优于对照.在2006年的国家甜菜品种生产试验中,14个试验点平均根产量55039.7kg/hm2,比对照品种提高14.5%;平均含糖率18.6%,比对照品种提高0.4,度;平均产糖量10163.1 kg/hm2,比对照品种提高17.6%.该品种适宜在东北、西北和华北三大甜菜产区种植推广.     

优良甜菜新品种Beta866的引进

Beta866是美国BetaSeed公司选育,中国农业科学院甜菜研究所引进的甜菜二倍体单胚雄不育杂交种。该品种丰产性好,块根含糖较高,属标准偏丰产型品种;抗丛根病和褐斑病,耐根腐病;块根形状整齐,品质好,出糖率高,产质量稳定,适应性广。在2010—2011年的国家甜菜品种区域试验中,全国三大甜菜产区两年42个试验点次平均根产量72506.8kg/hm2,比对照品种提高25.4%;平均含糖率16.4%,比对照品种低0.4度;平均产糖量11867.8 kg/hm2,比对照品种提高23.2%;对丛根病的抗性明显优于对照品种,对褐斑病、根腐病、黄化毒病和白粉病的抗性与对照品种相当。在2009—20011年的黑龙江省区域试验中,Beta866两年15个点次平均根产量55565.3 kg/hm2,比对照品种提高9.8%;平均含糖率16.0%,比对照品种高0.2度;平均产糖量8910.1kg/hm2,比对照品种提高11.8%。该品种适宜在黑龙江的绥化、齐齐哈尔、哈尔滨、佳木斯、黑河、牡丹江,河北的张北,内蒙古的包头,新疆的伊犁、昌吉等地区种植推广。     

"大西北"牌多元微肥在甜菜上应用试验简报

甜菜喷施“大西北”牌多元微肥、丰甜液体肥和高效腐殖酸的大区对比试验结果表明,3种肥料对甜菜增产增糖均有促进作用,比对照提高根产量、含糖率和产糖量分别为4.7%～19.7%、0.13～1.05度和7.1%～27.4%,其中“大西北”牌多元微肥以200g加水30kg处理的效果最佳,平均比对照提高根产量、含糖率和产糖量分别为19.7%、1.05度和27.4%。3种肥料对降低甜菜有害氮含量也有一定作用。     

抗丛根病甜菜新品种—酒引抗4号

酒引抗4 号是1990 年从德国引进的甜菜新品种KWS5007 ,经多年多点小区试验、对比试验、区域试验、生产示范鉴定筛选的抗丛根病甜菜新品种。在1994～1996 年的生产示范中,酒引抗4 号平均根产量为59973kg/ hm2 , 比对照增产72% , 含糖15.5 % , 比对照提高3 .8 度, 平均产糖量为9300kg/hm2 ,比对照提高668 .3% ,并且抗甜菜丛根病,发病率比对照降低90 % ,适宜在甘肃省河西走廊甜菜丛根病区种植。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.