拟南芥诱导型启动子rd29A的克隆及其功能鉴定

以改善作物抗旱性为目的,采用PCR方法从拟南芥中克隆了诱导型启动子rd29A,序列分析发现克隆的rd29A启动子与已发表的rd29A启动子序列(D13044)的同源性为99.47%。利用DNA重组技术成功构建了rd29A启动子驱动GUS基因的植物表达载体p BI121-rd29-GUS,并通过农杆菌介导法转化烟草,转基因烟草叶片中GUS酶活性的组织化学检测结果表明,rd29A启动子能驱动目的基因的有效表达。因此,可以在后续的马铃薯抗旱转基因研究中直接应用。     

田旋花EPSPS基因表达载体的构建及拟南芥转化

根据田旋花(Convolvulus arvensis L.)EPSPS基因(Gen Bank登录号:EU698030)c DNA序列,设计含有酶切位点的特异性引物,以田旋花c DNA为模板,合成EPSPS基因并连接到含有35S启动子和GUS基因的p BI121载体上,成功构建植物超表达载体p BI-EPSPS。采用氯化钙冻融法将其转入根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)中,然后用根癌农杆菌介导法转化拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana),共获得15株卡那霉素抗性拟南芥苗。对其中的5株进行PCR和RT-PCR检测,结果表明EPSPS基因已整合到拟南芥的基因组中并可以表达。     

含双病原物诱导启动子植物安全表达载体的构建

 本研究用来自烟草的具有高度病原物特异性的两个诱导启动子EAS4和hsr203J,串联驱动GUS基因的表达,同时考虑到转基因植物的安全性,引入双边界序列,构建了含双病原物诱导启动子的植物安全表达载体。将表达载体转化烟草获得转基因植株。分析显示,在正常生长情况下转基因烟草检测不到GUS活性,或活性极低;而受疫霉激发子parasiticein、Phytophthora nicotianea[0]的孢子悬浮液和Ralstonia solanacarum的菌悬液诱导后,转基因烟草叶片中可检测到明显的GUS活性。结果表明,构建的植物表达载体所含双病原物诱导启动子均具有良好的诱导活性,可用于植物遗传转化。     

转基因水稻中β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因启动子缺失体P3的激发子诱导活性

 选择合适的启动子是植物抗病基因工程的关键性因素,病原菌诱导型启动子的获得将为植物提供更多的启动子选择。将大麦β-1,3-葡聚糖酶同工酶GⅢ基因启动子的缺失体片段P3与报告基因gus (β-葡聚糖酸醛苷酶基因)偶联,构建植物表达载体,通过农杆菌介导法转化水稻。PCR结果表明,所获得的10株潮霉素抗性水稻植株均呈PCR阳性;DNA印迹法结果显示,9株含P3/gus的融合基因已整合到水稻基因组DNA中。GUS组织化学染色及荧光法结果显示,P3缺失体驱动的gus在激发子诱导后,获得了高水平表达。T₁代种子的GUS组织化学染色结果也表明,激发子可以诱导高水平的P3活性。     

含有多个应答逆境元件的合成启动子在水稻中的表达分析

 存在于启动子中的各种顺式作用元件在基因应答逆境的过程中起重要的作用，对这些元件进行适当组合是构建诱导型合成启动子的重要可行途径之一。本研究利用多个逆境应答元件(S盒、D盒、Gst1盒、TCA盒和LURP1基因启动子的-85~-46区)和CaMV35S核心(-46-+8)序列相连，组成一个人工合成启动子PRBS，并构建了GUS为报告基因的转化载体，通过农杆菌介导的遗传转化方法获得其水稻转基因植株。利用T₁代转基因水稻株系，通过检测GUS酶活性，研究了PRBS在不同逆境及外源激素作用下的表达特征。结果发现PRBS组成型表达水平低，可不同程度地应答稻瘟病病原菌侵染，机械损伤和外源激素(ABA、SA和MeJA)处理，表明PRBS可作为诱导型启动子用于水稻抗逆基因工程遗传改良。     

一个水稻褐飞虱为害诱导型启动子的克隆

目前组成型启动子在基因工程中的应用最为广泛,然而驱动外源基因在各组织中持续恒定地表达可能引起植物发育迟缓等问题。诱导型启动子能够在特定条件下实现目的基因定时优势表达,最大限度减少由于非必需蛋白在转基因植物内的积累对其造成的伤害。依据基因芯片数据并通过定量RT-PCR验证,找到了一个受水稻褐飞虱(Nilaparavata lugens)为害诱导表达基因(LOC_Os01g73940)。用PCR技术从籼稻品种‘TN1’的基因组中获得Os01g73940上游1 953bp的启动子片段,命名为BPHIP。将BPHIP连接到带有β-glucuronidase(GUS)报告基因的植物表达载体上,通过农杆菌介导转化水稻品种‘中花11’。通过GUS组织化学染色法及定量RT-PCR检测证明,BPHIP是一个受褐飞虱为害和茉莉酸处理诱导上调的启动子。利用此类启动子在基因工程中可以减少对水稻生理方面产生的副作用,对抗虫转基因水稻具有良好的应用价值。     

基因枪法导入GUS基因获得小麦条锈菌突变体

 采用基因枪转化法用带有β-葡糖醛酸酶(GUS)报告基因的质粒pGUS6L20转化小麦条锈菌,建立了优化的转化体系;在转化当代的条锈菌中得到了GUS基因瞬时表达的菌株;连续继代转接培养后,在转化后第1代(T1)和第2代(T2)条锈菌中检测到了GUS基因稳定表达的菌株;利用GUS报告基因和毒性标记相结合的方法,经过3代筛选鉴定,在小麦条锈菌中国鉴别寄主尤皮Ⅱ号和抗引655上,各获得1个稳定的毒性突变体,经PCR及PCR-southern blot证实外源片段已整合到毒性突变菌株的基因组中。该研究表明基因枪转化法是获得条锈菌毒性突变体的有效方法。     

番茄黄化曲叶病毒北京分离物侵染性克隆的构建与其致病性

为明确番茄黄化曲叶病毒北京分离物（Beijing isolate of tomato yellow leaf curl virus,TYLCV-BJ）致病性的强弱,以感染TYLCV-BJ的番茄叶片DNA为模板PCR扩增获得该分离物基因组全长序列,并构建该分离物的侵染性克隆,将其分别接种到番茄、烟草和拟南芥植株上,比较该分离物和TYLCV上海分离物2(TYLCV-Shanghai 2,TYLCV-SH2)致病性的差异。结果显示,该分离物基因组全长序列同TYLCV-SH2的相似度为99.03%,在番茄和烟草植株上TYLCV-BJ比TYLCV-SH2发病更早,症状更重,TYLCV DNA和外壳蛋白积累量更高。TYLCV-BJ可以通过农杆菌Agrobacterium tumefaciens注射法在拟南芥中复制和系统侵染,而TYLCV-SH2不能有效侵染拟南芥。表明TYLCV-BJ的致病性强于TYLCV-SH2,所建立的侵染性克隆有广泛的研究和应用价值。     

小麦查尔酮合成酶基因及其启动子序列的克隆与分析

查尔酮合成酶(chalcone synthase,CHS)是植物抗病抗逆过程中的一个关键酶。根据小麦抑制消减杂交中分离得到的小麦查尔酮合成酶基因片段,结合TAIL-PCR技术从小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)叶片中克隆得到查尔酮合成酶基因,命名为Ta CHS,其序列全长为2 543 bp,包含1 264 bp的启动子区、1 185 bp编码区和一个94 bp的内含子。分析显示该基因编码的氨基酸具有CHS家族的所有保守功能位点。同源性分析表明,Ta CHS与已报道的其他禾本科植物CHS基因编码的氨基酸序列同源性高达88%以上。启动子序列分析显示Ta CHS启动子区域具有光反应元件、植物激素响应元件、真菌诱导元件、M YB结合位点、TATA-Box和CAAT-Box等多种顺式作用元件。Ta CHS基因在全蚀菌侵染小麦后的表达开始上调,侵染后4 d达到最大值,之后开始下调。以上结果表明Ta CHS基因可能与小麦防御全蚀菌侵染有关。     

大豆中疫霉诱导性GmDRRP基因启动子的克隆与功能分析

本研究根据大豆与疫霉互作的基因芯片数据,筛选了一个受疫霉诱导表达的大豆抗病相关基因(Gm DRRP,glycine max disease resistance response protein),并对其启动子响应疫霉侵染的功能进行了研究。序列分析表明该基因编码一个大豆抗病相关蛋白。分别用SA、Me JA、ABA、ETH和GA3五种激素处理后,发现该基因的表达受激素的抑制。克隆其转录起始位点上游1 590 bp的启动子区,生物信息学分析发现该区域包含多个已知与逆境响应相关的顺式元件。进一步将启动子构建在融合Gus报告基因的植物表达载体上,分别瞬时转化烟草和稳定转化大豆根毛,并检测了Gus报告基因的表达情况。结果表明,Gm DRRP启动子均能在两种体系中不同程度的受疫霉诱导,其表达模式为接种后0.5 h被快速诱导,并在2 h时显著提高。根据生物信息学对顺式元件的预测结果,对启动子进行了分段分析,获得了一个222 bp的小片段,其疫霉诱导表达能力是全长启动子的34%。以上结果表明大豆的Gm DRRP启动子能被疫霉快速诱导。     

Analysis of the expression patterns of the Arabidopsis thaliana tubulin-1 and Zea mays ubiquitin-1 promoters in rice plants in association with nematode infection

The temporal and spatial expression of three promoters was investigated in transgenic rice plants using promoter-β-glucuronidase (gusA) reporter gene fusions. The promoters studied were ubiquitin-1 (UBI-1) of Zea mays, Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S gene (CaMV35S) and a tubulin gene (TUB-1) of Arabidopsis thaliana. The TUB-1 promoter provided 7.32-fold more GUS activity in roots relative to tillers. This was significantly different from the corresponding value of 2.82-fold for CaMV35S but not from that of 4.55-fold for UBI-1, activity of both promoters was higher in the root tips and zone of elongation than mature roots. This younger root tissue represented a declining proportion of the expanding root system with time. Older tissue expressing GUS under control of the TUB-1 promoter showed a steeper decline in activity with time than occurred with the UBI-1 promoter. Nematode infection did not alter the overall pattern of expression from the two promoters, except that the giant cells induced by Meloidogyne incognita retained TUB-1 promoter activity as roots matured. Pratylenchus zeae invaded older root regions than M. incognita and no changes in promoter activity were detected where it fed. The results suggest the TUB-1 promoter has characteristics that favour its use for delivering anti-feedants, such as cysteine proteinase inhibitors, to M. incognita.     

A Promoter from Pea Gene DRR206 Is Suitable to Regulate an Elicitor-Coding Gene and Develop Disease Resistance

ABSTRACT Plant nonhost disease resistance is characterized by the induction of multiple defense genes. The pea DRR206 gene is induced following inoculation with pathogens and treatment with abiotic agents, and moderately induced by wounding. A deletion series of DRR206 promoter segments was fused with the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene and transiently transferred to tobacco, potato, and pea. GUS activity revealed that two upstream regions of the DRR206 promoter were particularly important for activation in the three plant species. Putative cis regulatory elements within the DRR206 promoter included a wound/pathogen- inducible box (W/P-box) and a WRKY box (W-box). Gel shift assays with nuclear extracts from treated and untreated tissue with the W/P-box revealed both similar and unique protein-DNA complexes from pea, potato, and tobacco. Tobacco was stably transformed with gene constructs of the DRR206 promoter fused with a DNase elicitor gene from Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli, FsphDNase. Pathogenicity tests indicated that the FsphDNase elicitor conferred resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci and Alternaria alternata in tobacco. Transgenic potatoes showed some sensitivity to the FsphDNase gene providing less protection against Phytophthora infestans. Thus, the elicitor-coding gene, FsphDNase, is capable of generating resistance in a heterologous plant system (tobacco) when fused with defined regions of the pea DRR206 promoter.     

转抗蚜GNA基因苜蓿的研究

将雪花莲凝集素基因GNA插入双元载体pBI121中的GUS基因的上游,得到植物表达载体pLG66m。GNA与GUS基因构成融合基因,共用一个CaMV35S启动子。将该表达载体导入农杆菌LBA4404,得到LBA4404／pLG66m菌株。利用LBA4404／pLG66m菌株培养液直接浸泡萌动的苜蓿种子,组织学检测表明GUS在种苗上3 d的瞬时表达效率超过90％。待苜蓿长出第3片真叶后检测,GUS表达效率明显下降。GNA基因在种苗期间的短期表达也积累GNA毒蛋白在苜蓿体内的含量,为苜蓿在苗期抗蚜起到一定作用。     

Expression of Oryzacystatin I and II in Alfalfa Increases Resistance to the Root-Lesion Nematode

ABSTRACT Digestive cysteine proteinases have been isolated from plant-parasitic nematodes as well as coleopteran and hemipteran insects. Phytocystatins, inhibitors of cysteine proteinases, are found in a number of plants where they may play a role in defense against pathogens and pests. The cDNAs of the phytocystatins from rice, oryzacystatin I (OC-I) and oryzacystatin II (OC-II), were expressed in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plants under the control of the potato protease inhibitor II (PinII) promoter and the plants were evaluated for resistance to the root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans). A PinII-beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene was introduced into alfalfa to determine the pattern of gene expression from this promoter. Constitutive GUS expression was observed in leaf and root vascular tissue, and in some plants, expression was observed in leaf mesophyll cells. Mechanical wounding of leaves increased GUS expression approximately twofold over 24 h. Inoculation with root-lesion nematodes resulted in localized GUS expression. Populations of root-lesion nematodes in alfalfa roots from one line containing the PinII::OC-I transgene and one line containing the PinII::OC-II transgene were reduced 29 and 32%, respectively, compared with a transgenic control line. These results suggest that oryzacystatins have the potential to confer increased resistance to the root-lesion nematode in alfalfa.     

Infection and colonization of peanut pods by Aspergillus parasiticus and the expression of the aflatoxin biosynthetic gene,nor-1, in infection hyphae

The aflatoxigenic fungi, Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus infect a wide variety of crops, all of which produce oil-rich seed. A histological study of the host–pathogen interaction between peanut,Arachis hyphogea , and A. parasiticus was performed in a system where peanuts remained attached to the plant and were inoculated without wounding. For infection studies, a genetically-tagged strain of A. parasiticus, G5, was engineered to harbor the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene under control of the nor-1 promoter from the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway. There was a similar temporal pattern of aflatoxin B1 production and appearance of GUS activity in cultures ofA. parasiticus G5. This strain was used to follow infection and aflatoxin production during colonization of undamaged, drought-stressed peanuts. The fungus colonized all tissues of the peanut pod and appeared to gain ingress through the corky layer of the pericarp. Both intra- and inter-cellular colonization were observed. Fungal colonization of the cotyledons resulted in visible depletion of storage bodies within cells. Two morphologically distinct types of hyphae, wider hyphae and narrower hyphae, were seen throughout the pod tissues. Statistical analysis revealed that the narrower hyphae were significantly more likely to produce GUS activity than wider ones. GUS activity was found in hyphae infecting the pericarp, embryo and cotyledons indicating expression of aflatoxin biosynthetic genes in these tissues. Interestingly, GUS activity was not observed in the hyphae colonizing the testa.     

Plasmodiophora brassicae -induced expression of pyk20, an Arabidopsis thaliana gene with glutamine-rich domain

The expression of the pyk20 gene of Arabidopsis thaliana, which encodes a protein containing a glutamine-rich domain is up-regulated during Plasmodiophora brassicae infection. Transgenic A. thaliana plants harbouring a β-glucuronidase (uid A) reporter gene under the control of the pyk20 gene promoter were grown in soil and infected with P. brassicae resting spores. GUS expression in non-infected plants was found in stipules, apical meristem, leaf vascular tissues, vascular tissue of roots and in the root tips. After infection with P. brassicae, GUS staining was observed in the root hairs during primary infection and in galls in roots and hypocotyls during secondary infection phase. GUS expression during primary infection was also detected in a small number (approx. 0.01%) of zoosporangia. Sections of the GUS-stained galls showed reporter gene expression in infected and non-infected tissues. Northern-blot analysis using a pyk20 cDNA clone as a probe confirmed responsiveness of the pyk20 gene to P. brassicae infection.