Development of suckers by two‐year‐old birch (Betula pendula Roth) at different temperatures and light intensities

Two‐year‐old seedlings of Betula pendula Roth of three provenances were cut to stump heights of 0 and 10 cm. The birch stumps were exposed to different light levels (25–400 μEm^?2s^?1) and temperatures (6–24°C) for 100 days in climate chambers. Birches were also cut down to seven stump heights (0, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 cm) and exposed to light intensity 25 and 200 μEm^?2s^?1 at 12/6°C for 100 days in climate chambers. In the third experiment 10 cm stumps of birch were exposed to different light intensities (10–400 μEm^?2s^?1) for 30 days in a greenhouse at 20°C. Starch content in root systems was analyzed before and after treatment. Ten stumps per treatment were used in the experiments except the third experiment where 15 stumps were used. The number of sprouting stumps was correlated with light intensity and temperature. None of the stumps exposed to 6 or 9°C produced suckers. At stump height 0 cm fewer sprouting stumps were produced than at 10 cm. The mean height of suckers was higher the higher the temperature both on 0 and 10 cm stumps. There were differences between provenances in height growth. The number of suckers per sprouting stump was not related to temperature or light intensity. Starch content in root systems of 10 cm high stumps was 4.0% compared with 14.7% in root systems of non‐stumped birch plants after 30 days in the greenhouse. Starch content decreased from 4.0 to 3.0% with decreasing light intensity (400–10 μEm^?2S^?1). The number of suckers and their mean height were correlated with starch content depending on light intensity.     

Sprouting ability of two‐year‐old Betula pendula stumps exposed to different light intensities during five years

Altogether 1 080 two‐year‐old silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) were planted in groups of 36 plants at aspacing of 20 x 20 Cm in spring 1983 on a nursery field at lat. 60° 15 N and long. 16°00 E. In spring 1984 all plants were cut with 10 cm high stumps and light screens were arranged on the stump groups. Relative ¡rradiance (RI) 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of full sunlight were used. After five growing seasons, all stumps exposed to 5 or 10% light intensity were dead, and 64–94% of stumps exposed to 25–100% RI were alive. 1.3–1.4 sprouts per living stump were living five years after cutting. The mean height of sprouts was highest on stumps exposed to 100% light. Also dry weights of leaves and sprouts, number of leaves per sprout, and leaf area were highest on stumps exposed to full sunlight. Stumps producting only one sprout five years after cutting have higher height and dry weight values than stumps with more sprouts. The biomass production per hectare and year for silver birch sprouts at a spacing of 0.2 m and with 90% survival was calculated as 5.4 tonnes. The biomass of leaves was 8.1 tonnes/ha/year five years after cutting.     

不同伐桩直径及高度对马占相思萌芽更新影响的研究*

对速生多用途树民占相思进行了不同伐桩高度（25cm,50cm,75cm和100cm)及不直径（4．1－8．0cm和8．1－12．0cm)萌芽更新影响的研究，结果表明，伐桩的萌芽率及平均萌条数随伐桩高度的增加而增加，随直径的增大而减少，萌条直径，长度及直萌条（可望生长成材之萌条）总断面积随伐桩的高低和大小而增减，伐桩最低的萌芽率比以往的结果高4倍以上，以短轮伐期经营的马占相思人工林，采用50－75cm伐桩高度萌芽更新效果好。     

Sprouting of Populus tremula L. in spruce regeneration areas following alternative treatments

We investigated the efficiency of three different methods to restrict sprouting in European aspen (Populus tremula L.) in regeneration areas of spruce in Finland. The methods compared were (1) traditional method (cutting at 10?C15 cm height) (2) cutting at 1 m height, and (3) fungus treatment (cutting at 10?C15 cm height, and mycelium of a white-rot fungus, Chondrostereum purpureum [Pers. Ex Fr.] Pouzar was applied to freshly cut stumps). The results indicated that the fungus treatment can restrict the emergence and growth of stump sprouts better than other methods, whereas cutting at 1 m seemed to yield the lowest numbers of root suckers. However, differences between the treatments were not significantly different (P values were > 0.05). For future experimentation, we suggest that the cutting of higher stumps to control the number of root suckers should be combined with application of C. purpureum to restrict the emergence and growth of stump sprouts. We also suggest developing more efficient C. purpureum isolates to control European aspen stump sprouting.     

Sprouting characteristics of a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest following clear-cutting in Okinawa,Japan

This study explores the sprouting characteristics of an evergreen broad-leaved forest after clear-cutting based on a survey of 1,893 stumps of 62 tree species in Okinawa, Japan. The sprouting capabilities of the stumps varied among tree species. The stumps of 60 species could produce sprouts, while those of the other two species could not. In 10 of the sprouting species, the mean sprout-stem number was higher than 4.0 stems per stump; nine sprouting species showed low sprouting capabilities. Additionally, Castanopsis sieboldii and Schima wallichii, the dominant species, exhibited high sprouting capabilities. Further, the sprouting capabilities varied with stump diameter at breast height (DBH). Stumps with a larger DBH tended to have a higher mean number of sprout stems per stump, higher DBH, and higher tree height than the smaller stumps. The forest stands regenerated by sprouting might recover into a tree community similar to that before clear-cutting.     

辽东栎伐桩萌苗的发育规律

通过对黄土高原黄龙山林区辽东栎林固定样地连续6年的调查,研究间伐强度分别为13.4％(弱度间伐)和30.0％(强度间伐)的辽东栎伐桩萌苗的存活与生长规律.结果表明:1)间伐第1年,辽东栎伐桩均有萌生枝发生,每桩萌生枝数量和萌生枝高度在不同强度间无显著差异;2)萌生枝数量受伐桩高度和直径的影响,当伐桩高度较低时,萌生枝数量随伐桩高度的增加而增加,超过20cm后随之减少,呈三次抛物线关系;伐桩萌生枝数量随着伐桩直径增加呈现先增加后减少的趋势,直径30～50cm的伐桩萌生枝数量最多;3)伐桩萌生枝数量与最长萌生枝高度呈显著线性负相关,存在“萌生枝数量——高度权衡”现象;4)间伐第6年,伐桩的存活率为97.01％,强度间伐区萌生枝高度显著高于弱度间伐区;5)调查期间,辽东栎伐桩萌生枝数量逐年下降,伐桩产生的萌生枝数量越多,后期萌生枝死亡的数量也越多,表明伐桩能够自我稀疏,存在“萌代主”现象.在黄土高原地区,辽东栎伐桩萌芽潜力很大,应合理利用;间伐时伐桩高度应尽量低于20cm;伐桩直径在30～50cm更有利于其无性更新;间伐后伐桩应及时除蘖定株,促进萌生枝生长;间伐强度30.0％(强度间伐)更有利于辽东栎伐桩萌生枝的生长.     

印度阿鲁纳恰尔邦温带阔叶混交林树桩周长和高度对受干扰的树形杜鹃再发芽的影响

Sprout contribution to natural regeneration of Rhododendron arboreum following the tree felling for fuel wood and other purposes was studied in two disturbed sites (Paipraw and Falockchar) of Rhododendron forest in Arunachal Pradesh, northeast India. Cut stumps were categorized into seven girth and height classes to evaluate the effect of stump girth and height on production of sprouts. Effect of stump girth on survival of sprouts was also investigated. Results show that highest number of cut stumps is recorded in medium girth classes (50–80, 80–110, and 110–140 cm) in both Paipraw and Falockchar stands. However, density of cut stumps is higher in Paipraw (1 210 stumps·ha⁻¹) than Falockchar (1 154 stumps·ha⁻¹). Nevertheless, a little higher percentage of sprouting is recorded in Falockchar (18%) than that of Paipraw (15%). Similarly, maximum number of cut stumps is observed in the medium height classes (50–80, 80–110 and 110–140 cm) in both the sites. Cut stumps with lower girths show greater ability of sprouting than that of larger girth classes. Significant correlations are observed between stump girth and sprout number and between stump height and number of sprouts. Survival of sprouts also depends on stump girth. Survival of sprout shows significant variations between different sampling times in both the sites. Though overall sprout regeneration of R. arboreum is very poor, sprouts arising from lower girth classes survive well than those of higher girth classes. The findings of this investigation signify that stump sprouting is not playing much role in the natural regeneration of R. arboreum though it has the ability to sprout. Sprout survival is not adequate to restore a stand where indiscriminate tree felling is continued and the species may be considered as a poor coppicer. Therefore, regeneration through seeds and seedlings should be preferred over regeneration through sprouting.     

桩径对尾叶桉萌芽更新的影响

试验对5.5年生尾叶桉实生林砍伐后，进行不同桩径的萌芽率、萌芽力、萌芽条的高和径生长调查。结果表明，桩径对萌发率的影响不显著，但对萌芽力有极显著的影响，在桩径3-17cm的范围内，萌芽数量随桩径的增大而增加；萌芽条的高和径的生长也随桩径的增大而显著增大。     

Factors influencing stump sprouting by pondcypress (Taxodium distichum var. nutans (Ait.) Sweet)

Sprouting can be an important mechanism of regeneration in harvested cypress (Taxodium sp.) wetlands; however, limited information exists on factors influencing sprouting. We examined the influence of harvesting practices, tree size, and site conditions on stump sprouting in eight pondcypress (Taxodium distichum var. nutans (Ait.) Sweet) wetlands in Florida, USA. Stumps were cut at three heights: 20 cm below high water level, at high water, and 40 cm above high water. Half of each site was harvested using a sawhead feller and the other half using shearhead. We monitored sprouting for 2 years post-harvest. Stump height affected first year sprouting, but the effect disappeared during year 2. Felling equipment did not affect sprouting; however, the shearhead caused greater stump damage. Sprouting declined with increasing parent tree size; percentage of stumps with sprouts after 2 years was 68% for trees 10–14 cm dbh and 28% for trees 20–24 cm dbh. Stump sprouting ranged among sites from 23 to 54% after 2 years. Results indicate that sprouting may be an important, but inadequate, form of regeneration. At sites with short hydroperiods, dense understories, and/or predominance of trees greater than 20 cm dbh, reduced sprouting may occur, and planting seedlings may be beneficial.     

伐桩高度对香樟萌芽性能的影响分析

对香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)在不同高度(5、10、20、30、40、50 cm)伐桩的萌芽性能和生长量的差异性进行研究,结果表明:萌芽点数不受伐桩高度影响;桩高为30 cm时萌芽条地径最大;单株平均生物量、萌芽条数、萌芽条高度随着伐桩的增高先增加后减小,且在桩高为20 cm时出现最大值,适合应用于樟树萌芽原料林营造。     

Regeneration dynamics of planted seedling-origin aspen (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus tremuloides</Emphasis> Michx.)

Aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) is a foundational tree species of the North American boreal forest. After disturbance, clonal aspen stands quickly achieve canopy closure by sending up numerous clonal shoots (root suckers) from their lateral root system. Controlled aboveground disturbance will commonly induce prolific root suckering and thereby increase stem density in clonal aspen stands, but it is unclear if increases in stem density will be observed in planted seedling-origin aspen stands. The objectives of this study were to determine (1) overall root suckering response of planted aspen to aboveground disturbance; (2) if different cut heights of the stem or infliction of root damage impact the number of root suckers produced. We found that planted aspen regenerated readily after disturbance, averaging five root suckers per cut tree. However, individual response was highly variable, ranging from zero to 29 root suckers per root system. Of the cut trees, 75% produced at least one root sucker and 60% produced at least one stump sprout. Cutting trees close to the soil surface produced more root suckers than leaving a 25 cm stump. While root system size (mass and length) was well correlated with aboveground measures of planted aspen, root suckering was not related to root system size. As a result of increased forest reclamation efforts in the boreal forest region the planting of aspen has become a more common practice, necessitating a better understanding of the regeneration dynamics and root suckering potential of these planted and seedling-origin aspen forests.     

平茬高度对砂生槐萌蘖的影响

砂生槐(Sophora moorcroftiana)是西藏"一江两河"地区农牧民的传统薪柴。为了合理经营砂生槐薪炭林,2012年11月,选择西藏拉萨北山封育10年的砂生槐灌丛设置试验地,研究3种平茬高度(0 cm、10 cm、20 cm)对砂生槐萌蘖、萌枝生长及生物量的影响。结果表明:萌蘖数量从大到小的排序为20 cm平茬10 cm平茬0 cm平茬;单个萌枝的生长(长度、基径)0 cm平茬10 cm平茬20 cm平茬。生物量从大到小的排序为10 cm平茬0 cm平茬和20 cm平茬。经营砂生槐薪炭林,为了获得较多的薪柴,建议采用距地面10 cm平茬。     

秦岭南坡不同生境条件下栓皮栎伐桩萌芽特性

以陕西省佛坪县的栓皮栎伐桩为研究对象,分析2种生境条件下栓皮栎伐桩直径和高度与萌苗数量、萌苗生长的关系,并通过2年跟踪观测研究伐桩的萌发能力。结果表明:1)阳坡伐桩上的萌苗数量多于阴坡,但阴坡的萌苗生长量(基径、高度和冠幅)优于阳坡;2)萌苗数量随伐桩直径增大先增加后减少,直径在15～25cm间的伐桩萌苗数量最多,萌苗生长量随伐桩直径增加先减小后增加;3)伐桩高度与萌苗数量的关系不明显,随着伐桩高度增加,萌苗生长量增加;4)萌苗基径随萌苗数量增多而减小,萌苗高度与之相反,阳坡萌苗数量与萌苗生长量的关系比阴坡密切;5)砍伐2年后,伐桩萌发能力和萌苗生长量均出现降低趋势。栓皮栎伐桩的萌苗数量不仅受到光照条件的影响,也受到伐桩直径和砍伐后时间长度的影响,但萌苗的生长则受到环境条件、伐桩直径、伐桩高度以及萌苗数量的共同影响。因此,择伐栓皮栎次生林中基径为15～25cm的个体最有利于林地快速恢复,在随后的经营管理中控制伐桩的萌苗数量并疏伐过密的萌苗丛有利于萌苗生长。     

Contributions of root and stump sprouts to natural regeneration of a logged tropical dry forest in Bolivia

A major impediment to the sustainable management of tropical dry forests in Bolivia is the scarcity of natural regeneration of commercial timber tree species. Where regeneration is present, true seedlings of many species are outnumbered by vegetative sprouts from roots, broken stems, and the stumps of felled trees. This study evaluates the importance of resprouts promoted by logging operations for the regeneration of commercially important canopy tree species. The objectives of the study were: (1) to characterize stump and root sprouting behaviors of canopy tree species harvested for timber; (2) to quantify the effect of logging on relative abundances and growth rates of stump sprouts, root sprouts, and true seedlings; (3) to relate the species-specific probabilities of stump sprouting to stump diameter and stump height; and (4) to explore how sprouting varies with the ecological requirements of canopy tree species. The study was carried out 1–5 years after logging of a privately owned land in a Bolivian tropical dry forest. Twenty-seven of the 31 species monitored resprouted at least occasionally, among which Centrolobium microchaete (Leguminosae-Fabaceae) and Zeyheria tuberculosa (Bignoniaceae) were the most frequent stump sprouters, and Acosmium cardenasii (Leguminosae-Fabaceae) and C. microchaete were the most frequent root sprouters. In all species the number of sprouts declined with increasing stump diameter and stump height. The probability of stump resprouting differed among species but did not vary consistently with stump diameter, except in Z. tuberculosa in which it declined. Approximately 45% of juveniles <2 m tall of canopy tree species originated from root or stem sprouts. Light-demanding species tended to regenerate more from seeds and root sprouts than from stumps. Seedling densities were higher in microsites opened by logging, while root and stem sprouts were equally common across microsites. Given their abundance and the fact that root and stem sprouts at least initially grew faster than true seedlings, we conclude that vegetative regeneration in this tropical dry forest is an important mode of post-logging regeneration especially for species that regenerate poorly from seed. Resprout management should be considered as a potentially effective strategy for the procurement of regeneration following logging, especially for species that do not readily recruit from seed.     

伐桩处理对毛竹林生产力影响研究

研究了4种伐桩处理强度(0株/hm²、225株/hm²、450株/hm²、675株/hm²)对毛竹林生产力的影响。结果表明:伐桩处理可以显著提高毛竹用材林的生产力和竹材质量;随伐桩处理强度加大,新竹生物量、新竹质量呈稳定提高的趋势;伐桩处理强度为675株/hm²的处理效果优于其他处理强度;在伐桩处理强度为675株/hm²的毛竹林中,新竹生物量高达35.4 t/hm²,较伐桩未处理林地提高了27.57%,大径级(DBH > 10 cm)新竹密度是伐桩未处理林地的1.43倍,新竹胸高处节间长度比伐桩未处理林地增加1.8 cm。此外,伐桩处理能显著提高中、小径级新竹的品质,继而提高毛竹材用林培育的整体效益。     

林龄、采伐方式对大叶相思萌芽更新的影响*

在海南省琼海县进行了不同林龄、不同采伐方式对大叶相思萌芽更新影响的研究，同时比较了保留不同萌条数量的萌芽林生长表现。结果表明：（１）林龄对伐桩萌芽率没有显著影响，但对伐桩存活率及萌条的径、高生长影响显著或极显著。林龄越大，萌芽更新效果越差；（２）皆伐和隔行采伐对大叶相思伐桩的萌芽率、萌条数量和存活率均无显著影响，但对萌条的径、高生长影响极显著。试验证明对大叶相思林分施以隔行采伐通过萌芽更新建立复层     

东北东部林区次生林主要阔叶树种的萌芽更新规律

对固定样地调查,采用伐桩的径、高度、萌芽的数量、萌芽的生长情况等指标,分析东北东部林区主要阔叶树种的伐桩萌芽更新规律。结果表明:在一定的伐桩径范围内,伐桩萌生枝数随着伐桩径的增大而增多;增长到一定程度后随着伐桩径的增大而减少;得出不同树种萌芽能力较强的年龄范围的伐桩径级。对于不同阔叶树种,伐桩高与当年生萌生枝数量的关系存在着不同的变化规律,研究地点具有产生萌芽能力的阔叶树种可划为3种类型:对数型、直线型、指数型,阔叶树的萌生枝高生长与伐桩径和伐桩高无明显关系。第2年伐桩萌生枝的数量与伐桩径的关系在总体趋势上与第1年基本相同,同时次年仍有新的萌生枝产生,但数量很少。与第1年不同之处在于萌生枝开始死亡,一方面,伐桩产生的萌生枝越多,死亡的数量也增大;另一方面,第2年的伐桩存活率在不同种类树种间差别较大:水曲柳高达96·2%,槭树为23·3%,榆树类为21·8%。所探讨的树种在研究区域内都有“萌代主”的能力,并且不同树种以及同一树种不同年龄,“萌代主”的能力和单个伐桩保存的萌生大树的数量不同。     

Remote sensing analysis of forest damage by selection logging in the Kabaung Reserved Forest, Bago Mountains, Myanmar

Selection logging is a principal management scheme in natural teak-bearing forests in Myanmar. Monitoring the spatial extent and intensity of selection logging is important for sustainable forest management. This study applied the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) image differencing method using two SPOT-5 pan-sharpened images (2.5 m spatial resolution) taken in October 2007 and January 2009 to analyze canopy changes associated with damage from forest harvesting. According to the pixel-based analysis, NDVI changes were larger in most logging road/log landing points whereas smaller NDVI changes were seen in most unlogged points. NDVI changes in teak stump areas were related to distance from a logging road and the number of stumps within the estimated crown area (a circular area with a 10 m radius from the center of each stump). A Fisher’s exact test showed that one of the main factors causing the high NDVI change in teak stump areas was the effect of road construction. The distribution pattern of teak stumps indicated that teak stumps with estimated crown areas that contained more than one stump had high mean change in NDVI. The spectral difference between before and after logging revealed that logging roads had a greater effect on canopy changes than teak stumps.