国外生物质能源产业发展的经验及启示

通过介绍国外生物质能源产业发展的成功经验和相关政策, 结合我国林木生物质能源产业发展的现状, 总结出几点启示, 以期为促进我国林木生物质能源的产业化发展提供借鉴和参考。     

中国与瑞典林业生物质能源产业政策对比分析

我国林业生物质能源发展潜力巨大，但开发利用尚处于初级阶段，相关政策法规仍需进一步完善。瑞典的林业生物质产业发展走在世界前列，其产业政策及法律体系相对完善。文中在对中国和瑞典2国林业生物质能源及产业发展状况进行总结的基础上，从林业生物质能源产业发展规划类政策、相关法律法规和产业经济扶持类政策3个方面对中、瑞林业生物质能源产业政策进行比较分析；结合我国国情，提出瑞典在发展林业生物质能源方面可借鉴的成功经验，即提高政策手段的关联性与系统性、调整补贴政策、积极实行配额制度以及加大宣传教育力度。     

低碳经济视角下河南林木生物质能源发展策略

低碳经济作为一种新的发展模式用于指导林木生物质能源发展,是改善能源结构,实现社会经济可持续发展的有效途径。文章分析了低碳经济和林木生物质能源的内涵及两者之间的关系;论述了河南省林木生物质能源资源总量、分布;主要林木生物质能源树种开发利用现状及存在的主要问题;从资源调查评价、开展战略研究、制定相关政策、加大研发力度、启动示范工程等方面分析了低碳视角下河南省林木生物质能源资源现状、趋势及发展对策。     

第五章中国林木生物质能源清洁发展机制和相关政策研究

目前,中国林木生物质能源发展尚处于起步阶段,市场机制和相关政策都尚未建立。在发展进程中要吸引一部分企业和民间资本投身于林木生物质能源试点示范,为今后发展积累经验。我们认为,在目前国家相关政策还不完善的情况下,可抓住目前《京都议定书》构建的碳信用交易平台,通过把林木生物质能源发展和清洁发展机制(C D M)相结合,使得开展林木生物质能源试点示范的企业能够通过参与国际碳信用交易,获得额外收益,以激励企业参与林木生物质能源生产和销售的试点示范,逐步推动林木生物质能源早期市场发育,并进一步推动国家建立有利于林木生物质能…     

芬兰的林木生物质能源概况

文中简要介绍了芬兰林木生物质能源的基本情况、相关目标及面临的主要问题, 着重阐述了芬兰林木生物质能源的政策与措施, 提出了借鉴芬兰经验, 加快我国林木生物质能源发展的政策建议。     

第五章 中国林木生物质能源清洁发展积制和相关政策研究

目前，中国林木生物质能源发展尚处于起步阶段，市场机制和相关政策都尚未建立。在发展进程中要吸引一部分企业和民间资本投身于林木生物质能源试点示范，为今后发展积累经验。我们认为，在目前国家相关政策还不完善的情况下，可抓住目前《京都议定书》构建的碳信用交易平台。通过把林木生物质能源发展和清洁发展机制（CDM）相结合，使得开展林木生物质能源试点示范的企业能够通过参与国际碳信用交易，获得额外收益。     

中国林木生物质能源发展向何方？——访北京林业大学校长宋维明

“未来林木生物质能源发展的方向是产业化。”北京林业大学校长宋维明教授在接受记者采访时反复强调了这一点。他认为,要在借鉴国外政策、经验的基础上,尽快出台新的资源政策、技术政策、投资政策、市场政策,以加速我国林木生物质能源产业化的步伐。     

我国林木生物质发电产业中政府角色与发展模式的思考

我国林木生物质能源十分丰富，适宜发展林木生物质发电产业。但是目前林木生物质发电产业仍处于初级发展阶段，产业发展模式还不够成熟，产业潜力未被充分挖掘。文中基于产业模式相关研究基础，结合我国林木生物质发电产业发展实践，设计了更为全面系统的林木生物质发电产业发展模式，根据政府对产业发展介入力度不同，将产业发展模式分为萌芽期（政府主导型产业发展模式）、成长期（政府引导型产业发展模式）、成熟期（政府规制型产业发展模式），并从资源、经济、社会、环境、技术5个方面论证林木生物质发电产业发展的可行性、有效性和持续发展的稳定性，以期为国家主管部门制定相关政策提供理论参考。     

挪威林业生物质能源产业发展现状与启示

挪威是欧洲重要的化石能源输出国,正在推动发展生物质能源产业。文中介绍挪威能源产业结构、化石能源与可再生能源比重、可再生能源发展战略,分析其推动发展生物质能源产业的环境保护要求与发展潜力2方面动因,总结挪威在制订发展战略、遵循可持续发展原则、设立项目发展机制、完善科研支撑体系等4个方面的经验,讨论林业生物质能源产业对环境和传统产业的影响及技术方面的不确定性等面临的3方面挑战,并从树立科学发展理念和确定科学发展行动2个层面提出对我国发展林业生物质能源产业的启示。     

美国林业生物质能源政策演进及启示

发展林业生物质能源对改善中国能源消费结构、应对气候变化以及实现“3060”双碳目标具有重要意义。文中梳理美国林业生物质能源政策演进过程;总结出美国林业生物质能源政策的主要特点,即始终以实现国家能源独立为核心目标,法律法规、财税支持、政府采购是主要手段,阶段目标与支持措施适时调整;提出促进我国林业生物质能源发展的建议:制定系统性的法律法规、明确发展路径,给予原料生产者补贴、完善向企业提供资金支持和税收优惠并强化科技创新力度等相关配套措施,适时调整阶段性的发展目标、重点解决好原料供应不足以及利用效率低下等问题。     

瑞典林业生物质能源产业政策

瑞典是全球发展林业生物质能源产业的典范。文中从克服市场机制失灵角度分析瑞典林业生物质能源产业政策目标, 介绍欧盟和瑞典本国的林业生物质能源产业相关法律法规, 瑞典为推动林业生物质产业发展出台的基础设施建设补贴、消费税免除、绿色采购等经济政策, 以及瑞典单独及与欧盟共同支持的相关科研项目, 提出对我国发展林业生物质能源产业的几点启示。     

Analysis of the role of forest,biomass policy legislation and other factors that may affect the future of Kenya’s forests: Use of Japanese forestry as a model

Forests are one of the most important ecosystems on earth that require careful management, conservation, and sustainable exploitation. As countries have their own guideline systems, each may learn and borrow from one another’s experience. One of such countries is Japan, which has elaborate forest policies, and rich in forest cover (67%) with its forest history dating many years back. On the other hand, Kenya, with a forest cover of just 7% and its policies demonstrating notable weaknesses, has a lot to learn from Japan. Therefore, we have attempted to do a comparative analysis of forest policies, technologies, and management practices between Kenya and Japan. Results indicate that Kenya’s forest policies do not place adequate emphasis on silvicultural practices and the establishment of forest plantations, and rarely focus on sustainable biomass utilization—factors that contributed significantly to forest growth and development in Japan. Additionally, policy legislation, revision, and implementation have not been given the deserved priority in Kenya. We conclude that Kenyan forest policy would benefit from both revision and thorough implementation. We also discuss the role of indirect factors such as economic growth and availability of nonwood-based energy sources in the future of Kenya’s forests.     

英国林业法规政策体系及启示

研究国外林业法规与政策有利于借鉴相关成功经验。文中概述英国全国性和地方性林业法规,分析人工造林、林地补助和绿色采购等林业政策及发展趋势,归纳乡村林业、城市林业发展和生物多样性保护等林业配套政策,总结英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士林业发展战略。英国林业法规层次分明体系完善、林业政策持续稳定与时俱进、配套政策系统全面效果明显、林业战略重视突出地方特色和实施森林可持续经营政策等5点启示对于指导我国林业法规制定和政策调整具有一定的参考作用。     

论我国林业生物质能源林培育与发展

能源危机和生态环境压力使世界发达国家纷纷转向发展和利用生物质能源,发展生物质能产业也是我国缓解能源供应压力和解决环境问题的途径之一。林业生物质能资源培育是一项系统工程,要从统筹资源培育和产业发展、进行现状及发展潜力调查评价、制定资源培育及产业发展总体规划、加强科技和加强优惠财税政策等方面做好工作;同时,处理好产业与生态、森林多目标培育的关系,处理好国家、企业和能源林经营者三者之间的关系,以促进我国林业生物质能产业健康快速发展。     

Forest policy and sustainable forest management in Bangladesh: an analysis from national and international perspectives

This paper includes a review of international sustainable forestry development followed by an analysis of forest policies in Bangladesh. There have been four different government forest policies in Bangladesh since 1894. The first two forest policies (1894 and 1955) were exploitative in nature. Most of the regulatory documents were developed during the first two policy periods. The third forest policy instituted in 1979 by the sovereign Bangladesh government had contradictory elements and mutually inconsistent policy statements. It addressed for the first time forestry extension through mass motivation campaign. Current forest policy formulated in 1994 has been considered to be the most elaborate policy in the history of the country. Under this policy, participatory social forestry has been institutionalized in Bangladesh. The analysis shows that, although it is possible to attain the stated policy targets, progress is slow and is blocked on several fronts. A number of identified technical, managerial and logistical problems are hindering policy and program implementation. In addition, corruption contributes to the observed problems. The real strength of Bangladesh forestry is locally based, participatory forestry, co-management of protected areas and highly motivated people who increasingly recognize the need for a healthy forest ecosystem that will provide future economic stability. Because it is the rich homestead forests of Bangladesh that generate the majority of commercial forestry products, it is important that education continues at the grass-roots level. In addition, educated forestry and environment professionals have been identified as the future driving forces towards better, and sustainable, forest management. Results of this study make it clear that Bangladesh and other developing countries are not presently in a position to accept and adopt internationally derived forest policies due to inadequate institutional support, political instability and poor governance. Therefore, along with development of criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management and forest certification, international policy scientists must consider institutional development, professional skill development, identification and adoption of indigenous technology and long-term financial support in developing countries. Without these, all international processes, policies and directives will be of little value and produce few substantive results.     

Governance approaches in Swiss forest biodiversity policy: Do they really work?

New forms of governance are detected in the Swiss forest reserve policy, a policy in the field of forest biodiversity, and they have helped its implementation. A survey on the implementation status of the Swiss forest reserve concept in the cantons shows that (1) governance elements are clearly favored over traditional command-and-control regulations, (2) 6.6% of the Swiss forest area is delimited forest reserves, (3) large forest reserves are still missing in most of the cantons. Impeding factors can be a lack of conviction of the forest owners, a complicated ownership structure or the weak financial condition of a canton. Improvements may be achieved by increasing consultation and financial incentives or through a purchase of ecologically valuable areas by the Confederation and the cantons.Until now, the Swiss forest reserve policy lacks integration with interacting policies such as climate policy. Climate change could promote forest reserves as sinks for carbon dioxide. Yet this could be counteracted by the support of timber as renewable energy. Integration between forest reserve policy and interacting policies needs to be strengthened, especially with respect to the biodiversity policy (national biodiversity strategy; Convention on Biological Diversity).     

Adaptation of the regional forestry administration to national forest, climate change and rural development policies in Finland

This paper examines the process of adaptation of the regional forestry administration in Finland to cross-scale socio-ecological changes in national policies and in the forest ecosystem. Self-organisation and knowledge building are the key elements employed in this case study conducted in the Southern Ostrobothnia Forestry Centre to analyse how the knowledge claims and networks are created in order to implement wood energy development projects. The case study method and the theory of adaptive co-management are found to be useful in explaining and understanding policy implementation and outcomes at the regional and local levels. A wood energy project met the forest, climate change and rural development policy targets by facilitating the establishment of a small heating business producing renewable energy from young forest thinnings. The practical outputs at the local level were energy generation from a renewable source; an increase in the area of young forest management; and increased rural entrepreneurship and employment. The unintentional output was that a new wood market arose. As a result of the case study, a two-level network has been introduced as an adaptive policy implementation practice.     

英国林产品政府绿色采购政策市场影响评估

英国是国际上率先推行林产品政府绿色采购政策的国家, 评估政策对市场的影响有助于了解政策的有效性。文中在简要回顾相关文献的基础上, 分析了英国林产品政府绿色采购政策的发展历程及带来的市场影响。研究表明, 该政策的实施逐步扩大了政府部门的绿色采购市场, 对木材行业影响深远, 大幅提升了森林认证产品市场供给, 但对热带木材供给并未造成较大波动。这为完善我国林产品绿色采购政策、推动森林认证提供了良好的借鉴。