海南南湾自然保护区蝗虫生物多样性的研究

海南南湾自然保护区共记录蝗虫５科２３属２６种，以隆Ｘ小车蝗Ｏｅｄａｌｅｕｓ ａｂｒｕｐｔｕｓ（Ｔｈｕｎｂｅｒｇ）花胫绿纹蝗Ａｉｏｌｏｐｕｓ ｔａｍｕｌｕｓ，疣蝗Ｔｒｉｌｏｐｈｉｄａｅ ａｎｎｕｌａｔａ，威廉剑角蝗Ａｃｒｉｄａ ｗｉｌｌｅｍｓｅｉ Ｄｉｒｓｈ为优势种。当地一年四季都有蝗虫在活动，以夏季的种类和数量最多，春季次之，冬季最少，南湾蝗虫可以分成三种主要群落类型，南湾蝗虫的Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ指数     

应用绿僵菜油剂防治内蒙草原蝗虫的效果

１９９９年在内蒙古草原进行了用绿僵菌油剂超低量喷雾防治蝗虫的试验。表明,对５种蝗虫（亚洲小车蝗、红翅皱膝蝗、毛足棒角蝗、白边痂蝗、轮纹异痂蝗）的防效显著。喷药后８天,对主要蝗虫亚洲小车蝗（占混合虫口的９２．２％）的防盗和达４８．０％,１２天后增至８８．１％。蝗虫死亡后２～３天,失水形成僵虫,７～１０天虫尸上出现绿色粉 绿例题菌孢子。孢子的扩散有可能继续起着控制蝗虫虫口的作用。     

新疆博尔塔拉蒙古自治州草原蝗虫多样性及群落结构特征

2015―2018年,利用百网和“Z”形取样法系统调查了博尔塔拉蒙古自治州草原七个草地类型的蝗虫群落多样性,明确其蝗虫的群落结构特征和多样性组成。经过调查分类鉴定,确定博州草原蝗虫有 65种,隶属于5科30属,优势种为黑腿星翅蝗、黑条小车蝗和小米纹蝗。在博州,黑条小车蝗垂直海拔分布的范围最广（257～2382 m）,亚洲飞蝗和绿纹蝗垂直海拔的分布范围最为狭窄,仅为187～195 m;小翅曲背蝗和西伯利亚蝗多分布于高海拔地区（2000～2200 m）,红斑翅蝗则多分布于低海拔区域（750～1200 m）。温性荒漠的特有种为简蚍蝗、红翅瘤蝗和红斑翅蝗,低地草甸的特有种为亚洲飞蝗、小垫尖翅蝗和绿纹蝗。蝗虫群落的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数在温性荒漠、温性草原化荒漠和温性荒漠草原要显著高于低地草甸;Pielou均匀度指数和Simpson优势度指数在七个草地类型间无显著性差异。温性荒漠草原和温性草原的蝗虫群落最为相似,两者Jaccard相似系数为0.56。     

微孢子虫饵剂的不同配方对新疆草原蝗虫的防治效果

在新疆用微孢子虫对３种草原蝗虫进行室内感病性试验，结果不同种蝗虫的感病率差异很大，红胫戟纹蝗的感病率高达８３．５％，而意大利蝗和西伯利亚蝗仅分别为３４．５％和１７．７％。用飞机在草原喷洒，微孢子虫饵剂每１００克加５０％马拉硫磷４ｍｌ和１０ｍｌ，对意大利蝗和红胫戟纹蝗虫口减退率可增加到７６．７％和７６．０％，明显高于单用微孢子虫饵剂的杀虫效果。作者认为在一般蝗虫发生年份，单用微孢子虫饵剂可压低虫口到防治指标（１０头／ｍ２）以下，蝗虫发生量大的年份，采用加微量农药的微孢子虫饵剂，既可提高防效，也可比单用农药减少对环境的副作用     

海南省撩荒地生态系统飞蝗的持续控制

针对海南蝗区飞蝗每年发生4代、世代重叠、发生为害时间长等特点，提出了应用蝗虫微孢子虫持续控制海南蝗区飞蝗灾害的新技术。研究结果表明，在第2代飞蝗发生期应用蝗虫微孢子虫防治低、中密度蝗群和采用蝗虫微孢子虫与卡死克互补协调应用技术防治高密度蝗群，处理后5周，校正虫口减退率分别达76．6％－97．2％和79．8％－88．3％；且存活蝗虫感病率分别达33．6％－95．0％和23．3％－26．7％。蝗虫微孢子虫防治第3代高密度蝻群，处理后2周，校正虫口减退率达50％左右，群居型蝗虫占整个蝻群的比例下降了90％以上，存活蝗虫感病率也在10％以上。1998年蝗虫微孢子虫处理地区，1999年蝗虫的虫口密度仍在防治指标以下，且存活蝗虫感病率达10．5％－31．3％。初步认为，在低、中密度下，每hm^2施用30个单位的微孢子虫，在高密度下，每hm^2施用45个单位的微孢子虫及卡死克（105ml/hm^2）与微孢子虫（60单元／hm^2）协调应用技术治理蝗群，均能达到预期效果。     

海南南湾自然保护区等翅目昆虫的生物多样性

海南南湾自然保护区共记录等翅目昆虫—白蚁３科５属１０种，其中天涯锯白蚁、海南土白蚁为优势种。南湾白蚁的Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ指数λ＝０．４１４，ＰＩＥ指数ＰＩＥ＝０．５８６，Ｓｈａｎｏｎ－Ｗｉｅｎｅｒ指数Ｈ１＝１．２９０，Ｐｉｅｌｏｕ指数Ｊ１＝０．５６０，Ｗｈｉｔａｋｅｒ指数βＷＳ＝３．１３。南湾白蚁物种组成分为二种类型：第一类型是天涯锯白蚁和细颚士白蚁，这一类型占调查样方的４２．１％；第二类型中有恒春新白蚁、台湾乳白蚁、异头乳白蚁、黄翅大白蚁、黑翅土白蚁、海南土白蚁以及天涯锯白蚁和细颚土白蚁等，这一类型占调查样方的５２．６％；第二类型仅出现在１个样方，有海南大白蚁、平行土白蚁、海南土白蚁、台湾乳白蚁、细颚土白蚁等。天涯锯白蚁、台湾乳白蚁、海南土白蚁和细颚土白蚁是影响白蚁物种组成类型的主要种类     

河南省函谷关附近蝗霉流行

河南省灵宝市函谷关附近，蝗霉（Ｅｎｔｏｍｏｐｈｔｈｏｒａｇｒｙｌｉ）流行，致使大量蚱蜢、蝗虫死亡。１９９３年８月上旬，蝗霉开始发生，蚱蜢、蝗虫感染蝗霉后行动迟缓，病死前沿着植株向上爬，虫尸都以胸足紧抱植物，下旬这种现象增多，９月上旬达到高峰。不仅果园...     

山西省中华稻蝗天敌记述

中华稻蝗（Ｏｘｙａｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）是山西省稻田蝗虫的优势种。１９８８～１９９３年，我们通过田间调查和室内饲养得知，中华稻蝗各虫态均有天敌侵害，天敌种类计十余种，以食卵（寄生、捕食）者对稻蝗抑制作用明显。天敌种群数量及对中华稻蝗抑制作用因年际间变幅...     

我国蝗虫微孢子虫治蝗的进展

我国蝗虫微孢子虫治蝗的进展严毓骅，张龙（北京农业大学植保系，１０００９４）蝗虫是我国农牧业生产中的重要害虫，至今蝗害尚未根除。目前我国治蝗仍以化学防治为主，为探索生物治蝗的新途径，北京农业大学生物治蝗课题组１９８６年与美国农业部开展了中美农业科学技术...     

微孢子虫饵剂的不同配方对新疆草原蝗虫的防治效果

在新疆用微孢子虫对３种草原蝗虫进行室内感病性试验，结果不同种蝗虫的感率差异很大，经胫戟纹蝗的感病率高达８３．５％，而意大利蝗和西伯利蝗仅分别为３４．５％和１７．７％。用飞机在草原喷洒，微孢子虫饵剂每１００克加５０％马拉硫磷４ｍｌ和１０ｍｌ，对意大利蝗和红胫戟纹蝗虫口减退率可增加到７６．７％和７６．０％，明显高于单用微孢子虫饵剂的杀虫效果。作者认为在一般蝗虫发生年份，单用微孢子虫饵剂可压低虫口到防治     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.